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- * @Id: curs_addch.3x,v 1.56 2021/06/17 21:30:22 tom Exp @
+ * @Id: curs_addch.3x,v 1.76 2023/12/23 16:27:51 tom Exp @
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-<H1 class="no-header">curs_addch 3X</H1>
+<H1 class="no-header">curs_addch 3x 2023-12-23 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
-<B><A HREF="curs_addch.3X.html">curs_addch(3X)</A></B> <B><A HREF="curs_addch.3X.html">curs_addch(3X)</A></B>
+<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
- <B>addch</B>, <B>waddch</B>, <B>mvaddch</B>, <B>mvwaddch</B>, <B>echochar</B>, <B>wechochar</B> - add a character
- (with attributes) to a <B>curses</B> window, then advance the cursor
+ <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echochar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> - add a <EM>curses</EM>
+ character to a window and advance the cursor
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
- <B>#include</B> <B><curses.h></B>
+ <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
- <B>int</B> <B>addch(const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>waddch(WINDOW</B> <B>*</B><I>win</I><B>,</B> <B>const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>mvaddch(int</B> <I>y</I><B>,</B> <B>int</B> <I>x</I><B>,</B> <B>const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>mvwaddch(WINDOW</B> <B>*</B><I>win</I><B>,</B> <B>int</B> <I>y</I><B>,</B> <B>int</B> <I>x</I><B>,</B> <B>const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>addch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>waddch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvaddch(int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwaddch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
- <B>int</B> <B>echochar(const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>wechochar(WINDOW</B> <B>*</B><I>win</I><B>,</B> <B>const</B> <B>chtype</B> <I>ch</I><B>);</B>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echochar(const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wechochar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
-</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Adding-
characters">Adding characters</a></H3><PRE>
- The <B>addch</B>, <B>waddch</B>, <B>mvaddch</B> and <B>mvwaddch</B> routines put the character <I>ch</I>
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Adding-
Characters">Adding Characters</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG> and <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG> routines put the character <EM>ch</EM>
into the given window at its current window position, which is then
- advanced. They are analogous to <B>putchar(3)</B> in <B>stdio(3)</B>. If the
- advance is at the right margin:
+ advanced. They are analogous to the standard C library's <STRONG>putchar(3)</STRONG>.
+ If the advance is at the right margin:
- <B>o</B> The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the next line.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the next line.
- <B>o</B> At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if <B>scrollok</B> is
- enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled up one line.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG>
+ is enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled up one line.
- <B>o</B> If <B>scrollok</B> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right
- margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not
- possible to wrap to a new line
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower
+ right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is
+ not possible to wrap to a new line.
- If <I>ch</I> is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the cursor is
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the cursor is
moved appropriately within the window:
- <B>o</B> Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the left edge of
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the left edge of
a window it does nothing.
- <B>o</B> Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left margin on the
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left margin on the
current line.
- <B>o</B> Newline does a <B>clrtoeol</B>, then moves the cursor to the window left
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Newline does a <STRONG>clrtoeol</STRONG>, then moves the cursor to the window left
margin on the next line, scrolling the window if on the last line.
- <B>o</B> Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The tab interval
- may be altered by setting the <B>TABSIZE</B> variable.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The tab interval
+ may be altered by setting the <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable.
+
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is any other nonprintable character, it is drawn in printable
+ form, using the same convention as <STRONG><A HREF="unctrl.3x.html">unctrl(3x)</A></STRONG>:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not
+ been initialized, or if <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">meta(3x)</A></STRONG> has been called with a <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> E
+ parameter), shown in the <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation, or are displayed as
+ themselves. In the latter case, the values may not be printable;
+ this follows the X/Open specification.
- If <I>ch</I> is any other nonprintable character, it is drawn in printable
- form, i.e., the <B>^</B><I>X</I> notation used by <B><A HREF="unctrl.3X.html">unctrl(3X)</A></B>. Calling <B>winch</B> after
- adding a nonprintable character does not return the character itself,
- but instead returns the printable representation of the character.
+ Calling <STRONG>winch</STRONG> after adding a nonprintable character does not return the
+ character itself, but instead returns the printable representation of
+ the character.
Video attributes can be combined with a character argument passed to
- <B>addch</B> or related functions by logical-ORing them into the character.
+ <STRONG>addch</STRONG> or related functions by logical-ORing them into the character.
(Thus, text, including attributes, can be copied from one place to
- another using <B><A HREF="curs_inch.3X.html">inch(3X)</A></B> and <B>addch</B>.) See the <B><A HREF="curs_attr.3X.html">curs_attr(3X)</A></B> page for
+ another using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">inch(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG>addch</STRONG>.) See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> page for
values of predefined video attribute constants that can be usefully
OR'ed into characters.
-</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Echoing-
characters">Echoing characters</a></H3><PRE>
- The <B>echochar</B> and <B>wechochar</B> routines are equivalent to a call to <B>addch</B>
- followed by a call to <B><A HREF="curs_refresh.3X.html">refresh(3X)</A></B>, or a call to <B>waddch</B> followed by a
- call to <B>wrefresh</B>. The knowledge that only a single character is being
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Echoing-
Characters">Echoing Characters</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> and <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> routines are equivalent to a call to <STRONG>addch</STRONG>
+ followed by a call to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, or a call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> followed by a
+ call to <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that only a single character is being
output is used and, for non-control characters, a considerable
performance gain may be seen by using these routines instead of their
equivalents.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
The following variables may be used to add line drawing characters to
- the screen with routines of the <B>addch</B> family. The default character
- listed below is used if the <B>acsc</B> capability does not define a terminal-
+ the screen with routines of the <STRONG>addch</STRONG> family. The default character
+ listed below is used if the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability does not define a terminal-
specific replacement for it, or if the terminal and locale
configuration requires Unicode but the library is unable to use
Unicode.
The names are taken from VT100 nomenclature.
- <B>ACS</B> <B>ACS</B> <B>acsc</B> <B>Glyph</B>
- <B>Name</B> <B>Default</B> <B>char</B> <B>Name</B>
+ <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
---------------------------------------------------------
ACS_BLOCK # 0 solid square block
ACS_BOARD # h board of squares
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
- All routines return the integer <B>ERR</B> upon failure and <B>OK</B> on success (the
- SVr4 manuals specify only "an integer value other than <B>ERR</B>") upon
+ All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success (the
+ SVr4 manuals specify only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon
successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine
descriptions.
Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using
- <B>wmove</B>, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if
+ <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if
the window pointer is null.
If it is not possible to add a complete character, an error is
returned:
- <B>o</B> If <B>scrollok</B> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right
- margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not
- possible to wrap to a new line
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower
+ right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is
+ not possible to wrap to a new line.
- <B>o</B> If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a
sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the
resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
- Note that <B>addch</B>, <B>mvaddch</B>, <B>mvwaddch</B>, and <B>echochar</B> may be macros.
+ Note that <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> may be macros.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
- All these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4.
- The defaults specified for forms-drawing characters apply in the POSIX
+ These functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4. The
+ defaults specified for forms-drawing characters apply in the POSIX
locale.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ACS-Symbols">ACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE>
- X/Open Curses states that the <I>ACS</I><B>_</B> definitions are <B>char</B> constants. For
- the wide-character implementation (see <B>curs_add_wch</B>), there are
- analogous <I>WACS</I><B>_</B> definitions which are <B>cchar_t</B> constants. Some
+ X/Open Curses states that the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> definitions are <STRONG>char</STRONG> constants. For
+ the wide-character implementation (see <STRONG>curs_add_wch</STRONG>), there are
+ analogous <STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> definitions which are <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> constants. Some
implementations are problematic:
- <B>o</B> Some implementations define the ACS symbols to a constant (such as
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Some implementations define the ACS symbols to a constant (such as
Solaris), while others define those to entries in an array.
- This implementation uses an array <B>acs_map</B>, as done in SVr4 curses.
- NetBSD also uses an array, actually named <B>_acs_char</B>, with a <B>#define</B>
+ This implementation uses an array <STRONG>acs_map</STRONG>, as done in SVr4 curses.
+ NetBSD also uses an array, actually named <STRONG>_acs_char</STRONG>, with a <STRONG>#define</STRONG>
for compatibility.
- <B>o</B> HPUX curses equates some of the <I>ACS</I><B>_</B> symbols to the analogous <I>WACS</I><B>_</B>
- symbols as if the <I>ACS</I><B>_</B> symbols were wide characters. The
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> HP-UX curses equates some of the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols to the analogous
+ <STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> symbols as if the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols were wide characters. The
misdefined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not
used for line-drawing.
- <B>o</B> X/Open Curses (issues 2 through 7) has a typographical error for
- the ACS_LANTERN symbol, equating its "VT100+ Character" to <B>I</B>
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses (issues 2 through 7) has a typographical error for
+ the ACS_LANTERN symbol, equating its "VT100+ Character" to <STRONG>I</STRONG>
(capital I), while the header files for SVr4 curses and the various
- implementations use <B>i</B> (lowercase).
+ implementations use <STRONG>i</STRONG> (lowercase).
None of the terminal descriptions on Unix platforms use uppercase-
- I, except for Solaris (i.e., <I>screen</I>'s terminal description,
+ I, except for Solaris (i.e., <STRONG>screen</STRONG>'s terminal description,
apparently based on the X/Open documentation around 1995). On the
- other hand, the terminal description <I>gs6300</I> (AT&T PC6300 with EMOTS
+ other hand, the terminal description <EM>gs6300</EM> (AT&T PC6300 with EMOTS
Terminal Emulator) uses lowercase-i.
Some ACS symbols (ACS_S3, ACS_S7, ACS_LEQUAL, ACS_GEQUAL, ACS_PI,
ACS_NEQUAL, ACS_STERLING) were not documented in any publicly released
- System V. However, many publicly available terminfos include <B>acsc</B>
+ System V. However, many publicly available terminfos include <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
strings in which their key characters (pryz{|}) are embedded, and a
second-hand list of their character descriptions has come to light.
- The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for <B><A HREF="ncurses.3X.html">ncurses(3X)</A></B>.
+ The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
- The <I>displayed</I> values for the <I>ACS</I><B>_</B> and <I>WACS</I><B>_</B> constants depend on
+ The <EM>displayed</EM> values for the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> and <STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> constants depend on
- <B>o</B> the library configuration, i.e., <B>ncurses</B> versus <B>ncursesw</B>, where the
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the library configuration, i.e., <EM>ncurses</EM> versus <EM>ncursesw</EM>, where the
latter is capable of displaying Unicode while the former is not,
and
- <B>o</B> whether the <I>locale</I> uses UTF-8 encoding.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> whether the <EM>locale</EM> uses UTF-8 encoding.
In certain cases, the terminal is unable to display line-drawing
characters except by using UTF-8 (see the discussion of
- <B>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</B> in <B><A HREF="ncurses.3X.html">ncurses(3X)</A></B>).
+ <STRONG>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</STRONG> in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Character-Set">Character Set</a></H3><PRE>
- X/Open Curses assumes that the parameter passed to <B>waddch</B> contains a
- single character. As discussed in <B><A HREF="curs_attr.3X.html">curs_attr(3X)</A></B>, that character may
+ X/Open Curses assumes that the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> contains a
+ single character. As discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, that character may
have been more than eight bits in an SVr3 or SVr4 implementation, but
in the X/Open Curses model, the details are not given. The important
distinction between SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses is that the non-
character information (attributes and color) was separated from the
- character information which is packed in a <B>chtype</B> to pass to <B>waddch</B>.
+ character information which is packed in a <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> to pass to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
- In this implementation, <B>chtype</B> holds an eight-bit character. But
- ncurses allows multibyte characters to be passed in a succession of
- calls to <B>waddch</B>. The other implementations do not do this; a call to
- <B>waddch</B> passes exactly one character which may be rendered as one or
+ In this implementation, <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> holds an eight-bit character. But
+ <EM>ncurses</EM> allows multibyte characters to be passed in a succession of
+ calls to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>. The other implementations do not do this; a call to
+ <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> passes exactly one character which may be rendered as one or
more cells on the screen depending on whether it is printable.
- Depending on the locale settings, ncurses will inspect the byte passed
- in each call to <B>waddch</B>, and check if the latest call will continue a
- multibyte sequence. When a character is <I>complete</I>, ncurses displays the
+ Depending on the locale settings, <EM>ncurses</EM> will inspect the byte passed
+ in each call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and check if the latest call will continue a
+ multibyte sequence. When a character is <EM>complete</EM>, <EM>ncurses</EM> displays the
character and moves to the next position in the screen.
If the calling application interrupts the succession of bytes in a
- multibyte character by moving the current location (e.g., using <B>wmove</B>),
- ncurses discards the partially built character, starting over again.
+ multibyte character by moving the current location (e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>),
+ <EM>ncurses</EM> discards the partially built character, starting over again.
For portability to other implementations, do not rely upon this
behavior:
- <B>o</B> check if a character can be represented as a single byte in the
- current locale before attempting call <B>waddch</B>, and
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> check if a character can be represented as a single byte in the
+ current locale before attempting call <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and
- <B>o</B> call <B>wadd_wch</B> for characters which cannot be handled by <B>waddch</B>.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> call <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> for characters which cannot be handled by <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE>
- The <B>TABSIZE</B> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of
- curses, but is not part of X/Open curses (see <B><A HREF="curs_variables.3X.html">curs_variables(3X)</A></B> for
+ The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of
+ curses, but is not part of X/Open curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG> for
more details).
- If <I>ch</I> is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the
current row of the window. This is true of other implementations, but
is not documented.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
- <B><A HREF="curses.3X.html">curses(3X)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_attr.3X.html">curs_attr(3X)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_clear.3X.html">curs_clear(3X)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_inch.3X.html">curs_inch(3X)</A></B>,
- <B><A HREF="curs_outopts.3X.html">curs_outopts(3X)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_refresh.3X.html">curs_refresh(3X)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_variables.3X.html">curs_variables(3X)</A></B>, <B>putc(3)</B>.
+ <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>,
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>
Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are
- described in <B><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3X.html">curs_add_wch(3X)</A></B>.
+ described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
- <B><A HREF="curs_addch.3X.html">curs_addch(3X)</A></B>
+ncurses 6.4 2023-12-23 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
-<li><a href="#h3-Adding-characters">Adding characters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#h3-Echoing-characters">Echoing characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Adding-Characters">Adding Characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Echoing-Characters">Echoing Characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
projects / ncurses.git / blobdiff