X-Git-Url: http://ncurses.scripts.mit.edu/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=doc%2Fhtml%2Fman%2Fncurses.3x.html;h=5a1ac23919121d4745dc582eba1a15f8ff0d64dc;hb=220f87b9ad8469e8e324d41ed00c9ec39f0fc940;hp=5054afdce0c94f5178a17263781bcdb81ac2a643;hpb=d90067f9008bb8338a77c1ed519bc108c275ed04;p=ncurses.git diff --git a/doc/html/man/ncurses.3x.html b/doc/html/man/ncurses.3x.html index 5054afdc..5a1ac239 100644 --- a/doc/html/man/ncurses.3x.html +++ b/doc/html/man/ncurses.3x.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-ncurses(3x) Library calls ncurses(3x) @@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization. This implementation is "new curses" (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued. - This describes ncurses version 6.4 (patch 20231217). + This describes ncurses version 6.4 (patch 20240302). The ncurses library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4 Unix ("SVr4"), and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known @@ -75,58 +73,59 @@ o "NOTES" describes matters and caveats of which any user of the ncurses API should be aware, such as limitations on the size of an underlying integral type or the availability of a preprocessor - macro for a function (which prevents its address from being taken). - This section also describes implementation details that will be - significant to the programmer but which are not standardized. - - o "EXTENSIONS" presents ncurses innovations beyond the X/Open Curses - standard and/or the SVr4 curses implementation. They are termed - extensions to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by + macro exclusive of a function definition (which prevents its + address from being taken). This section also describes + implementation details that will be significant to the programmer + but which are not standardized. + + o "EXTENSIONS" presents ncurses innovations beyond the X/Open Curses + standard and/or the SVr4 curses implementation. They are termed + extensions to indicate that they cannot be implemented solely by using the library API, but require access to the library's internal state. o "PORTABILITY" discusses matters (beyond the exercise of extensions) - that should be considered when writing to a curses standard, or to + that should be considered when writing to a curses standard, or to multiple implementations. - o "HISTORY" examines points of detail in ncurses and other curses + o "HISTORY" examines points of detail in ncurses and other curses implementations over the decades of their development, particularly where precedent or inertia have frustrated better design (and, in a few cases, where such inertia has been overcome). - A program using these routines must be linked with the -lncurses - option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library - -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator may also have installed these - libraries under the names -lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g - library generates trace logs (in a file called "trace" in the current - directory) that describe curses actions. See also the section on - ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS. - - The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and pad - manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; - control over terminal and curses input and output options; environment - query routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo + A program using these routines must be linked with the -lncurses + option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library + -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator may also have installed these + libraries under the names -lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g + library generates trace logs (in a file called "trace" in the current + directory) that describe curses actions. See section "ALTERNATE + CONFIGURATIONS" below. + + The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and pad + manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; + control over terminal and curses input and output options; environment + query routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabilities; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
- The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized. + The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized. That is normally done with setlocale(3): setlocale(LC_ALL, ""); - If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters - are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs. - You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of - the library when the locale has not been setup. + If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters + are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs. + You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of + the library when the locale has not been set up. - The function initscr or newterm must be called to initialize the - library before any of the other routines that deal with windows and - screens are used. The routine endwin(3x) must be called before + The function initscr or newterm must be called to initialize the + library before any of the other routines that deal with windows and + screens are used. The routine endwin(3x) must be called before exiting. - To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most interactive, - screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence should be + To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most interactive, + screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence should be used: initscr(); cbreak(); noecho(); @@ -137,79 +136,80 @@ keypad(stdscr, TRUE); Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be - set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output. This - can be done by executing the tput init command after the shell - environment variable TERM has been exported. (The BSD-style tset(1) + set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output. This + can be done by executing the tput init command after the shell + environment variable TERM has been exported. (The BSD-style tset(1) utility also performs this function.) See subsection "Tabs and Initialization" of terminfo(5).
- A curses library abstracts the terminal screen by representing all or - part of it as a WINDOW data structure. A window is a rectangular grid - of character cells, addressed by row and column coordinates (y, x), + A curses library abstracts the terminal screen by representing all or + part of it as a WINDOW data structure. A window is a rectangular grid + of character cells, addressed by row and column coordinates (y, x), with the upper left corner as (0, 0). A window called stdscr, the same - size as the terminal screen, is always available. Create others with + size as the terminal screen, is always available. Create others with newwin(3x). - A curses library does not manage overlapping windows. (See panel(3x) - if you desire this.) You can either use stdscr to manage one screen- + A curses library does not manage overlapping windows. (See panel(3x) + if you desire this.) You can either use stdscr to manage one screen- filling window, or tile the screen into non-overlapping windows and not - use stdscr at all. Mixing the two approaches will result in + use stdscr at all. Mixing the two approaches will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects. - Functions permit manipulation of a window and the cursor identifying - the cell within it at which the next output operation will occur. + Functions permit manipulation of a window and the cursor identifying + the cell within it at which the next output operation will occur. Among those, the most basic are move(3x) and addch(3x): these place the - cursor and write a character to stdscr, respectively. As a rule, - window-addressing functions feature names prefixed (or infixed, see + cursor and write a character to stdscr, respectively. As a rule, + window-addressing functions feature names prefixed (or infixed, see below) with "w"; these allow the user to specify a pointer to a WINDOW. - Counterparts not thus prefixed (or infixed) affect stdscr. Because - moving the cursor prior to another operation is so common, curses - generally also provides functions with a "mv" prefix as a convenience. - Thus, the library defines all of addch, waddch, mvaddch, and mvwaddch. - When both prefixes are present, the order of arguments is a WINDOW + Counterparts not thus prefixed (or infixed) affect stdscr. Because + moving the cursor prior to another operation is so common, curses + generally also provides functions with a "mv" prefix as a convenience. + Thus, the library defines all of addch, waddch, mvaddch, and mvwaddch. + When both prefixes are present, the order of arguments is a WINDOW pointer first, then a y and x coordinate pair. - Updating the terminal screen with every curses call can cause - unpleasant flicker or inefficient use of the communications channel to - the device. Therefore, after using curses functions to accumulate a - set of desired updates that make sense to present together, call - refresh(3x) to tell the library to make the user's screen look like - stdscr. ncurses optimizes its output by computing a minimal number of - operations to mutate the screen from its state at the previous refresh - to the new one. Effective optimization demands accurate information - about the terminal device: the management of such information is the - province of the terminfo(3x) API, a feature of every standard curses + Updating the terminal screen with every curses call can cause + unpleasant flicker or inefficient use of the communications channel to + the device. Therefore, after using curses functions to accumulate a + set of desired updates that make sense to present together, call + refresh(3x) to tell the library to make the user's screen look like + stdscr. ncurses optimizes its output by computing a minimal number of + operations to mutate the screen from its state at the previous refresh + to the new one. Effective optimization demands accurate information + about the terminal device: the management of such information is the + province of the terminfo(3x) API, a feature of every standard curses implementation. Special windows called pads may also be manipulated. These are windows - that are not constrained to the size of the terminal screen and whose + that are not constrained to the size of the terminal screen and whose contents need not be completely displayed. See curs_pad(3x). - In addition to drawing characters on the screen, rendering attributes - and colors may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such - modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that + In addition to drawing characters on the screen, rendering attributes + and colors may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such + modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that support such display enhancements. See curs_attr(3x). - curses predefines symbols for a small set of line graphics characters, - corresponding to the VT100 line drawing set. See waddch(3x) and - wadd_wch(3x). + curses predefines constants for a small set of line-drawing and other + graphics corresponding to the DEC Alternate Character Set (ACS), a + feature of VT100 and other terminals. See waddch(3x) and wadd_wch(3x). - curses is implemented using the operating system's terminal driver; - keystroke events are not received as scan codes but as byte sequences. - Graphical keycaps (alphanumeric and punctuation keys, and the space) + curses is implemented using the operating system's terminal driver; + keystroke events are received not as scan codes but as byte sequences. + Graphical keycaps (alphanumeric and punctuation keys, and the space) appear as-is. Everything else, including the tab, enter/return, - keypad, arrow, and function keys, appears as a control character or a - multibyte escape sequence. curses translates these into unique key + keypad, arrow, and function keys, appears as a control character or a + multibyte escape sequence. curses translates these into unique key codes. See getch(3x).
- The selection of an approprate value of TERM in the process environment - is essential to correct curses and terminfo library operation. A well- - configured system selects a correct TERM value automatically; tset(1) - may assist with troubleshooting exotic situations. + The selection of an appropriate value of TERM in the process + environment is essential to correct curses and terminfo library + operation. A well-configured system selects a correct TERM value + automatically; tset(1) may assist with troubleshooting exotic + situations. If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or if the curses program is executing in a graphical windowing environment, the @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ ncurses is the library in its "non-wide" configuration, handling only eight-bit characters. It stores a character combined with - attributes in a chtype datum. + attributes in a chtype datum, which is often an alias of int. Attributes alone (with no corresponding character) can be stored in variables of chtype or attr_t type. In either @@ -262,63 +262,62 @@ cchar_t corresponds to the non-wide configuration's chtype. It always a structure type, because it stores more - data than can fit into an integer. A character code - may be larger than can fit in a C char, and moreover - more than one character may occupy a cell (as with - accent marks and other diacritics). Each character - is of type wchar_t; a complex character contains one - spacing character and zero or more non-spacing - characters (see below). Attributes and color data - are stored in separate fields of the structure, not - combined as in chtype. - - Each cell (row and column) WINDOW is stored as a - cchar_t. - - The setcchar(3x) and getcchar(3x) functions store and + data than fits into an integral type. A character + code may not be representable as a char, and + moreover more than one character may occupy a cell + (as with accent marks and other diacritics). Each + character is of type wchar_t; a complex character + contains one spacing character and zero or more non- + spacing characters (see below). Attributes and + color data are stored in separate fields of the + structure, not combined as in chtype. + + Each cell of a WINDOW is stored as a cchar_t. + + The setcchar(3x) and getcchar(3x) functions store and retrieve the data from a cchar_t structure. The wide library - API of ncurses depends on two data types standardized by ISO + API of ncurses depends on two data types standardized by ISO C95. - wchar_t stores a wide character. Like chtype, this may be - an integer. Depending on the character encoding, a - wide character may be spacing, meaning that it - occupies a character cell by itself and typically - accompanies cursor advancement on input, or - combining, meaning that it occupies the same cell as - a spacing character, is often regarded as a - "modifier" of the base glyph with which it combines, - and typically does not advance the cursor on input. - - wint_t can store a wchar_t or the constant WEOF, - analogously to the int-sized character manipulation - functions of ISO C and their constant EOF. - - The wide library provides additional functions that - complement those in the non-wide library where the size of - the underlying character type is significant. A somewhat - regular naming convention relates many of the wide variants - to their non-wide counterparts; where a non-wide function - name contains "ch" or "str", prefix it with "_w" to obtain + wchar_t stores a wide character. Like chtype, it may be an + alias of int. Depending on the character encoding, + a wide character may be spacing, meaning that it + occupies a character cell by itself and typically + accompanies cursor advancement, or non-spacing, + meaning that it occupies the same cell as a spacing + character, is often regarded as a "modifier" of the + base glyph with which it combines, and typically + does not advance the cursor. + + wint_t can store a wchar_t or the constant WEOF, + analogously to the int-sized character manipulation + functions of ISO C and its constant EOF. + + The wide library provides additional functions that + complement those in the non-wide library where the size of + the underlying character type is significant. A somewhat + regular naming convention relates many of the wide variants + to their non-wide counterparts; where a non-wide function + name contains "ch" or "str", prefix it with "_w" to obtain the wide counterpart. For example, waddch becomes wadd_wch. - This convention is inapplicable to some non-wide function + This convention is inapplicable to some non-wide function names, so other transformations are used for the wide configuration: in the window background management functions, - "bkgd" becomes "bkgrnd"; the window border-drawing and + "bkgd" becomes "bkgrnd"; the window border-drawing and -clearing functions are suffixed with "_set".
The following table lists the curses functions provided in the non-wide - and wide APIs and the corresponding man pages that describe them. - Those flagged with "*" are ncurses-specific, neither described by + and wide APIs and the corresponding man pages that describe them. + Those flagged with "*" are ncurses-specific, neither described by X/Open Curses nor present in SVr4. curses Function Name Man Page --------------------------------------------- COLOR_PAIR curs_color(3x) - PAIR_NUMBER curs_attr(3x) + PAIR_NUMBER curs_color(3x) add_wch curs_add_wch(3x) add_wchnstr curs_add_wchstr(3x) add_wchstr curs_add_wchstr(3x) @@ -381,8 +380,8 @@ erasechar curs_termattrs(3x) erasewchar curs_termattrs(3x) exit_curses curs_memleaks(3x)* - exit_terminfo curs_memleaks(3x)* + exit_terminfo curs_memleaks(3x)* extended_color_content curs_color(3x)* extended_pair_content curs_color(3x)* extended_slk_color curs_slk(3x)* @@ -447,8 +446,8 @@ insdelln curs_deleteln(3x) insertln curs_deleteln(3x) insnstr curs_insstr(3x) - insstr curs_insstr(3x) + insstr curs_insstr(3x) instr curs_instr(3x) intrflush curs_inopts(3x) inwstr curs_inwstr(3x) @@ -513,8 +512,8 @@ mvin_wch curs_in_wch(3x) mvin_wchnstr curs_in_wchstr(3x) mvin_wchstr curs_in_wchstr(3x) - mvinch curs_inch(3x) + mvinch curs_inch(3x) mvinchnstr curs_inchstr(3x) mvinchstr curs_inchstr(3x) mvinnstr curs_instr(3x) @@ -579,8 +578,8 @@ nl curs_inopts(3x) nocbreak curs_inopts(3x) nodelay curs_inopts(3x) - noecho curs_inopts(3x) + noecho curs_inopts(3x) nofilter curs_util(3x)* nonl curs_inopts(3x) noqiflush curs_inopts(3x) @@ -645,8 +644,8 @@ start_color curs_color(3x) subpad curs_pad(3x) subwin curs_window(3x) - syncok curs_window(3x) + syncok curs_window(3x) term_attrs curs_termattrs(3x) termattrs curs_termattrs(3x) termname curs_termattrs(3x) @@ -711,8 +710,8 @@ wbkgrnd curs_bkgrnd(3x) wbkgrndset curs_bkgrnd(3x) wborder curs_border(3x) - wborder_set curs_border_set(3x) + wborder_set curs_border_set(3x) wchgat curs_attr(3x) wclear curs_clear(3x) wclrtobot curs_clear(3x) @@ -775,7 +774,7 @@ wvline curs_border(3x) wvline_set curs_border_set(3x) - Depending on the configuration, additional sets of functions may be + Depending on the configuration, additional sets of functions may be available: curs_memleaks(3x) - curses memory-leak checking @@ -788,38 +787,26 @@
- Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and an integer - value other than ERR upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted - in the routine descriptions. - - As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as - parameters, and handle this as an error. - - All macros return the value of the w version, except setscrreg, - wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx. The return values of - setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx are undefined - (i.e., these should not be used as the right-hand side of assignment - statements). - - Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform cursor movement using wmove - and return an error if the position is outside the window, or (for - "mvw" functions) if the WINDOW pointer is null. Most "mv"-prefixed - functions (except variadic functions such as mvprintw) are provided - both as macros and functions. + Unless otherwise noted, functions that return an integer return OK on + success and ERR on failure. Functions that return pointers return NULL + on failure. Typically, ncurses treats a null pointer passed as a + function parameter as a failure. - Routines that return pointers return NULL on error. + Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform cursor movement using wmove + and fail if the position is outside the window, or (for "mvw" + functions) if the WINDOW pointer is null.
- The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the - runtime behavior of the ncurses library. The most important ones have + The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the + runtime behavior of the ncurses library. The most important ones have been already discussed in detail. -
- When set, change occurrences of the command_character (i.e., the cmdch - capability) of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this - variable. Very few terminfo entries provide this feature. +
+ When set, change the command_character (cmdch) capability value of + loaded terminfo entries to the value of this variable. Very few term- + info entries provide this feature. Because this name is also used in development environments to represent the C compiler's name, ncurses ignores it if it does not happen to be a @@ -828,33 +815,33 @@
The debugging library checks this environment variable when the - application has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric - value is used for the baudrate. If no value is found, ncurses uses + application has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric + value is used for the baud rate. If no value is found, ncurses uses 9600. This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take - into account costs that depend on baudrate. + into account costs that depend on baud rate.
Specify the width of the screen in characters. Applications running in - a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the - window in which they are executing. If neither the COLUMNS value nor - the terminal's screen size is available, ncurses uses the size which + a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the + window in which they are executing. If neither the COLUMNS value nor + the terminal's screen size is available, ncurses uses the size which may be specified in the terminfo database (i.e., the cols capability). - It is important that your application use a correct size for the - screen. This is not always possible because your application may be - running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window + It is important that your application use a correct size for the + screen. This is not always possible because your application may be + running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user. - However, setting COLUMNS and/or LINES overrides the library's use of + However, setting COLUMNS and/or LINES overrides the library's use of the screen size obtained from the operating system. - Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified independently. This - is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal - descriptions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. - For best results, lines and cols should not be specified in a terminal + Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified independently. This + is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal + descriptions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. + For best results, lines and cols should not be specified in a terminal description for terminals which are run as emulations. - Use the use_env function to disable all use of external environment + Use the use_env function to disable all use of external environment (but not including system calls) to determine the screen size. Use the use_tioctl function to update COLUMNS or LINES to match the screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal database. @@ -862,31 +849,31 @@
Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will await - a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000 - milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable + a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000 + milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable to accommodate unusual applications. - The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to - work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot - read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the - terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will + The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to + work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot + read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the + terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will still see a timeout. - Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences - received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of - multiple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because - the timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the + Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences + received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of + multiple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because + the timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the individual clicks. In addition to the environment variable, this implementation provides a - global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not - rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the - environment variable rather than the global variable does not create + global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not + rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the + environment variable rather than the global variable does not create problems when compiling an application.
- Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is where it may read + Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is where it may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions: $HOME/.termcap @@ -894,13 +881,13 @@
- Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters. See + Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters. See COLUMNS for a detailed description.
- This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of - buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently + This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of + buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently from other platforms: 1 = left @@ -908,37 +895,37 @@ 3 = middle. This variable lets you customize the mouse. The variable must be three - numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not + numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not specified, ncurses uses 132.
- Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors - are white-on-black (see default_colors(3x)). You may set the - foreground and background color values with this environment variable - by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to - tell ncurses to not assume anything about the colors, set this to - "-1,-1". To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive + Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors + are white-on-black (see default_colors(3x)). You may set the + foreground and background color values with this environment variable + by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to + tell ncurses to not assume anything about the colors, set this to + "-1,-1". To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive value from zero to the terminfo max_colors value is allowed.
This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses. - The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call - CreateConsoleScreenBuffer is defective. Applications which use this + The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call + CreateConsoleScreenBuffer is defective. Applications which use this will hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call - by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original - screen contents. Setting the environment variable NCGDB has the same + by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original + screen contents. Setting the environment variable NCGDB has the same effect.
This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface. - If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal - names against which the TERM environment variable is matched. Setting - it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in + If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal + names against which the TERM environment variable is matched. Setting + it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in support for xterm, etc. If the environment variable is absent, ncurses will attempt to open GPM @@ -946,39 +933,39 @@
- ncurses may use tabs as part of cursor movement optimization. In some - cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set this + ncurses may use tabs as part of cursor movement optimization. In some + cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set this environment variable to any value to disable the feature. You can also adjust your stty(1) settings to avoid the problem.
- Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special - handling to make highlighting and other video attributes display + Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special + handling to make highlighting and other video attributes display properly. You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these terminals by setting this environment variable to any value.
- Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written - for real "hardware" terminals. Many people use terminal emulators + Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written + for real "hardware" terminals. Many people use terminal emulators which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications. - Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a - hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The - chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your - application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a - hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which - does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow, - preventing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for - your program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal + Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a + hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The + chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your + application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a + hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which + does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow, + preventing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for + your program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal does slowly, such as clearing the display. - As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have - delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not + As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have + delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not want to pay the performance penalty. - Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but - mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special + Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but + mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special control sequences such as flash. @@ -989,44 +976,44 @@ o continued though 5.9 patch 20130126 - ncurses enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This - was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing - purposes, both of ncurses and certain applications, this feature was - made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disabled output - buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered) + ncurses enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This + was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing + purposes, both of ncurses and certain applications, this feature was + made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disabled output + buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered) mode. - In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own buffering and - does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of + In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own buffering and + does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of the standard output. - The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and - other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain - nonconventional programs would mix ordinary stdio calls with ncurses - calls and (usually) work. This is no longer possible since ncurses is - not using the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same - file descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as putp + The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and + other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain + nonconventional programs would mix ordinary stdio(3) calls with ncurses + calls and (usually) work. This is no longer possible since ncurses is + not using the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same + file descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as putp still use the standard output. But high-level curses calls do not.
- During initialization, the ncurses library checks for special cases + During initialization, the ncurses library checks for special cases where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding alternate character set - capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing. - Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console - emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these. ncurses checks the - TERM environment variable for these. For other special cases, you - should set this environment variable. Doing this tells ncurses to use + capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing. + Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console + emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these. ncurses checks the + TERM environment variable for these. For other special cases, you + should set this environment variable. Doing this tells ncurses to use Unicode values which correspond to the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. That - works for the special cases cited, and is likely to work for terminal + works for the special cases cited, and is likely to work for terminal emulators. - When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value. - Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for + When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value. + Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for "linux" and "screen". - As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks for an - extended terminfo capability U8. This is a numeric capability which + As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks for an + extended terminfo capability U8. This is a numeric capability which can be compiled using tic -x. For example # linux console, if patched to provide working @@ -1038,67 +1025,67 @@ xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics, U8#1, use=xterm, - The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used + The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used by applications that use ncurses' termcap interface.
- During initialization, the ncurses debugging library checks the - NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric - value, ncurses calls the trace function, using that value as the + During initialization, the ncurses debugging library checks the + NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric + value, ncurses calls the trace function, using that value as the argument. - The argument values, which are defined in curses.h, provide several - types of information. When running with traces enabled, your + The argument values, which are defined in curses.h, provide several + types of information. When running with traces enabled, your application will write the file trace to the current directory. See curs_trace(3x) for more information.
- Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though + Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though many are similar. - TERM is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a - workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular + TERM is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a + workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular approximation, e.g., "ansi", "vt100", "xterm" rather than an exact fit. Not infrequently, your application will have problems with that approach, e.g., incorrect function-key definitions. - If you set TERM in your environment, it has no effect on the operation - of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work - within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (xterm(1) being a - rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify TERM as - a parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to + If you set TERM in your environment, it has no effect on the operation + of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work + within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (xterm(1) being a + rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify TERM as + a parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to match that setting.
- If the ncurses library has been configured with termcap support, - ncurses will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it + If the ncurses library has been configured with termcap support, + ncurses will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it is not available in the terminfo database. The TERMCAP environment variable contains either a terminal description - (with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the + (with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the information denoted by the TERM environment variable exists. In either - case, setting it directs ncurses to ignore the usual place for this + case, setting it directs ncurses to ignore the usual place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
- ncurses can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases. - The TERMINFO variable overrides the location for the default terminal - database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in + ncurses can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases. + The TERMINFO variable overrides the location for the default terminal + database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in terminal databases: o Normally these are stored in a directory tree, using subdirectories named by the first letter of the terminal names therein. This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use, - and the TERMINFO variable is used by curses applications on those + and the TERMINFO variable is used by curses applications on those systems to override the default location of the terminal database. - o If ncurses is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in + o If ncurses is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g., /usr/share/terminfo.db @@ -1107,30 +1094,30 @@ /usr/share/terminfo/ - The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster - than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the - existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than + The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster + than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the + existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than using the terminfo library calls. - o If ncurses is built with a support for reading termcap files - directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap + o If ncurses is built with a support for reading termcap files + directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap file. o If the TERMINFO variable begins with "hex:" or "b64:", ncurses uses - the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description. + the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description. You might produce the base64 format using infocmp(1m): TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)" export TERMINFO - The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal + The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal identified by the TERM variable. - Setting TERMINFO is the simplest, but not the only way to set location - of the default terminal database. The complete list of database + Setting TERMINFO is the simplest, but not the only way to set location + of the default terminal database. The complete list of database locations in order follows: - o the last terminal database to which ncurses wrote, if any, is + o the last terminal database to which ncurses wrote, if any, is searched first o the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable @@ -1139,31 +1126,31 @@ o locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable - o one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled + o one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled into the ncurses library, i.e., - o /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS + o /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS variable) o /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO variable)
- Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions. - Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the - section on the TERMINFO variable. The list is separated by colons + Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions. + Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the + section on the TERMINFO variable. The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX. - There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an + There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an extension developed for ncurses.
- If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses checks the TERMPATH - environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces + If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses checks the TERMPATH + environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX. - If the TERMPATH environment variable is not set, ncurses looks in the + If the TERMPATH environment variable is not set, ncurses looks in the files /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap, @@ -1171,37 +1158,37 @@ in that order. The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when - the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses + the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses setuid or setgid permissions: $TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
- Several different configurations are possible, depending on the - configure script options used when building ncurses. There are a few - main options whose effects are visible to the applications developer - using ncurses: + Many different ncurses configurations are possible, determined by the + options given to the configure script when building the library. Run + the script with the --help option to peruse them all. A few are of + particular significance to the application developer employing ncurses. --disable-overwrite The standard include for ncurses is as noted in SYNOPSIS: #include <curses.h> - This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when ncurses is + This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when ncurses is not the main implementation of curses of the computer. If ncurses - is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a + is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a subdirectory, e.g., #include <ncurses/curses.h> - It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use + It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use -lcurses to build executables. --enable-widec - The configure script renames the library and (if the - --disable-overwrite option is used) puts the header files in a - different subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w" + The configure script renames the library and (if the + --disable-overwrite option is used) puts the header files in a + different subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w" appended to them, i.e., instead of -lncurses @@ -1210,45 +1197,45 @@ -lncursesw - You must also enable the wide-character features in the header - file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the - extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables + You must also enable the wide-character features in the header + file when compiling for the wide-character library to use the + extended (wide-character) functions. The symbol which enables these features has changed since XSI Curses, Issue 4: - o Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol + o Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED but that was only valid for XPG4 (1996). - o Later, that was deemed conflicting with _XOPEN_SOURCE defined + o Later, that was deemed conflicting with _XOPEN_SOURCE defined to 500. - o As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation - require a _XOPEN_SOURCE feature greater than 600. However, + o As of mid-2018, none of the features in this implementation + require a _XOPEN_SOURCE feature greater than 600. However, X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700. - o Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining - NCURSES_WIDECHAR with the caveat that some other header file - than curses.h may require a specific value for _XOPEN_SOURCE + o Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining + NCURSES_WIDECHAR with the caveat that some other header file + than curses.h may require a specific value for _XOPEN_SOURCE (or a system-specific symbol). - The curses.h header file installed for the wide-character library - is designed to be compatible with the non-wide library's header. - Only the size of the WINDOW structure differs; few applications + The curses.h header file installed for the wide-character library + is designed to be compatible with the non-wide library's header. + Only the size of the WINDOW structure differs; few applications require more than pointers to WINDOWs. If the headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide- - character library's headers should be installed last, to allow + character library's headers should be installed last, to allow applications to be built using either library from the same set of headers. --with-pthread - The configure script renames the library. All of the library - names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by + The configure script renames the library. All of the library + names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by --enable-widec). The global variables such as LINES are replaced by macros to allow read-only access. At the same time, setter-functions are provided - to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require + to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require changes to work with this convention. --with-shared @@ -1258,38 +1245,38 @@ --with-debug --with-profile - The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their - suffixes, e.g., libncurses.so and libncurses.a. The debug and - profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root names + The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their + suffixes, e.g., libncurses.so and libncurses.a. The debug and + profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root names respectively, e.g., libncurses_g.a and libncurses_p.a. --with-termlib - Low-level functions which do not depend upon whether the library + Low-level functions which do not depend upon whether the library supports wide-characters, are provided in the tinfo library. - By doing this, it is possible to share the tinfo library between - wide/normal configurations as well as reduce the size of the + By doing this, it is possible to share the tinfo library between + wide/normal configurations as well as reduce the size of the library when only low-level functions are needed. Those functions are described in these pages: - o curs_extend(3x) - miscellaneous curses extensions + o curs_extend(3x) - miscellaneous curses extensions - o curs_inopts(3x) - curses input options + o curs_inopts(3x) - curses input options - o curs_kernel(3x) - low-level curses routines + o curs_kernel(3x) - low-level curses routines - o curs_termattrs(3x) - curses environment query routines + o curs_termattrs(3x) - curses environment query routines - o curs_termcap(3x) - curses emulation of termcap + o curs_termcap(3x) - curses emulation of termcap - o curs_terminfo(3x) - curses interfaces to terminfo database + o curs_terminfo(3x) - curses interface to terminfo database - o curs_util(3x) - miscellaneous curses utility routines + o curs_util(3x) - miscellaneous curses utility routines --with-trace - The trace function normally resides in the debug library, but it - is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library. + The trace function normally resides in the debug library, but it + is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library. Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather than assuming it is always in the debug library. @@ -1303,153 +1290,151 @@
- If standard output from a ncurses program is re-directed to something - which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error. - This was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses. + X/Open Curses permits most functions it specifies to be made available + as macros as well. ncurses does so + + o for functions that return values via their parameters, + + o to support obsolete features, + + o to reuse functions (for example, those that move the cursor before + another operation), and + + o a few special cases. + + If the standard output file descriptor of an ncurses program is + redirected to something that is not a terminal device, the library + writes screen updates to the standard error file descriptor. This was + an undocumented feature of SVr3. See subsection "Header files" below regarding symbols exposed by inclusion of curses.h.
- The ncurses library can be compiled with an option (-DUSE_GETCAP) that - falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup - code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this - feature is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire - termcap compiler in the ncurses startup code, at significant cost in - core and startup cycles. - - The ncurses library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on - certain terminals (including xterm). See the curs_mouse(3x) manual - page for details. - - The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to window - resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm. See the - resizeterm(3x) and wresize(3x) manual pages for details. In addition, - the library may be configured with a SIGWINCH handler. - - The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities - of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional - key sequences at runtime. See the define_key(3x) key_defined(3x), and - keyok(3x) manual pages for details. - - The ncurses library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which - implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an - application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and - background colors. From the users' perspective, the application is - able to draw colored text on a background whose color is set - independently, providing better control over color contrasts. See the - default_colors(3x) manual page for details. + ncurses enables an application to capture mouse events on certain + terminals, including xterm; see curs_mouse(3x). - The ncurses library includes a function for directing application - output to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the - curs_print(3x) manual page for details. + ncurses provides a means of responding to window resizing events, as + when running in a GUI terminal emulator application such as xterm; see + resizeterm(3x) and wresize(3x). + ncurses allows an application to query the terminal for the presence of + a wide variety of special keys; see has_key(3x). -
- The ncurses library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI - Curses. The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality (including color - support) is supported. + ncurses extends the fixed set of function key capabilities specified by + X/Open Curses by allowing the application programmer to define + additional key sequences at runtime; see define_key(3x), + key_defined(3x), and keyok(3x). - A small number of local differences (that is, individual differences - between the XSI Curses and ncurses calls) are described in PORTABILITY - sections of the library man pages. + ncurses can exploit the capabilities of terminals implementing + ISO 6429/ECMA-48 SGR 39 and SGR 49 sequences, which allow an + application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and + background colors. From a user's perspective, the application is able + to draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently, + providing better control over color contrasts. See default_colors(3x). + An ncurses application can choose to hide the internal details of + WINDOW structures, instead using accessor functions such as + is_scrollok(3x). -
- In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting - some of the SVr4 documentation. + ncurses enables an application to direct application output to a + printer attached to the terminal device; see curs_print(3x). - Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as - pointers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null. The main - reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer - error. The standard interface does not provide a way for the library - to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected. - Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the - portability of curses applications. + ncurses offers slk_attr(3x) as a counterpart of attr_get(3x) for soft- + label key lines, and extended_slk_color(3x) as a form of slk_color(3x) + that can gather color information from them when many colors are + supported. + Some extensions are only available if ncurses is compiled to support + them; see section "ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS" above. -
- Most of the extensions provided by ncurses have not been standardized. - Some have been incorporated into other implementations, such as - PDCurses or NetBSD curses. Here are a few to consider: + o Rudimentary support for multi-threaded applications may be + available; see curs_threads(3x). - o The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. - See the curs_getch(3x) manual page for details. + o Functions that ease the management of multiple screens can be + exposed; see curs_sp_funcs(3x). - o The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in - SVr4. See the curs_slk(3x) manual page for details. + o The compiler option -DUSE_GETCAP causes the library to fall back to + reading /etc/termcap if the terminal setup code cannot find a term- + info entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this feature is not + recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap compiler + in the ncurses startup code, at a cost in memory usage and + application launch latency. - o The routines getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse, mouseinterval, and - wenclose relating to mouse interfacing are not part of XPG4, nor - are they present in SVr4. See the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for - details. + PDCurses and NetBSD curses incorporate some ncurses extensions. + Individual man pages indicate where this is the case. - o The routine mcprint was not present in any previous curses - implementation. See the curs_print(3x) manual page for details. - o The routine wresize is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. - See the wresize(3x) manual page for details. +
+ X/Open Curses defines two levels of conformance, "base" and "enhanced". + The latter includes several additional features, such as wide-character + and color support. ncurses intends base-level conformance with X/Open + Curses, and supports nearly all its enhanced features. - o The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from - application programs. See curs_opaque(3x) for the discussion of - is_scrollok, etc. + Differences between X/Open Curses and ncurses are documented in the + "PORTABILITY" sections of applicable man pages. - o This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary - support for multi-threaded applications. See curs_threads(3x) for - details. - o This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of - functions which improve the ability to manage multiple screens. - See curs_sp_funcs(3x) for details. +
+ In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions, omitting + some of the SVr4 documentation. + + Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as + pointers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null. The main + reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer + error. The standard interface does not provide a way for the library + to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected. + Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the + portability of curses applications. -
- In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities cr, - ind, cub1, ff and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the Unix +
+ In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities cr, + ind, cub1, ff and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the Unix tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL - bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the - interface to the Unix kernel significantly and increases the package's + bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the + interface to the Unix kernel significantly and increases the package's portability correspondingly. -
- The header file curses.h itself includes the header files stdio.h and +
+ The header file curses.h itself includes the header files stdio.h and unctrl.h. X/Open Curses has more to say, but does not finish the story: - The inclusion of <curses.h> may make visible all symbols from the + The inclusion of <curses.h> may make visible all symbols from the headers <stdio.h>, <term.h>, <termios.h>, and <wchar.h>. Here is a more complete story: - o Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included + o Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included <stdio.h>. - BSD curses included <curses.h> and <unctrl.h> from an internal + BSD curses included <curses.h> and <unctrl.h> from an internal header file curses.ext ("ext" abbreviated "externs"). - BSD curses used <stdio.h> internally (for printw and scanw), but + BSD curses used <stdio.h> internally (for printw and scanw), but nothing in <curses.h> itself relied upon <stdio.h>. - o SVr2 curses added newterm(3x), which relies upon <stdio.h>. That + o SVr2 curses added newterm(3x), which relies upon <stdio.h>. That is, the function prototype uses FILE. SVr4 curses added putwin and getwin, which also use <stdio.h>. X/Open Curses documents all three of these functions. - SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to + SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to include <stdio.h> before including <curses.h>. Both document curses showing <curses.h> as the only required header. As a result, standard <curses.h> will always include <stdio.h>. - o X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding + o X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding <unctrl.h>. - As noted in curs_util(3x), ncurses includes <unctrl.h> from + As noted in curs_util(3x), ncurses includes <unctrl.h> from <curses.h> (like SVr4). o X/Open's comments about <term.h> and <termios.h> may refer to HP-UX @@ -1458,49 +1443,49 @@ HP-UX curses includes <term.h> from <curses.h> to declare setupterm in curses.h, but ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not. - AIX curses includes <term.h> and <termios.h>. Again, ncurses (and + AIX curses includes <term.h> and <termios.h>. Again, ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not. - o X/Open says that <curses.h> may include <term.h>, but there is no + o X/Open says that <curses.h> may include <term.h>, but there is no requirement that it do that. Some programs use functions declared in both <curses.h> and - <term.h>, and must include both headers in the same module. Very - old versions of AIX curses required including <curses.h> before + <term.h>, and must include both headers in the same module. Very + old versions of AIX curses required including <curses.h> before including <term.h>. - Because ncurses header files include the headers needed to define + Because ncurses header files include the headers needed to define datatypes used in the headers, ncurses header files can be included - in any order. But for portability, you should include <curses.h> + in any order. But for portability, you should include <curses.h> before <term.h>. - o X/Open Curses says "may make visible" because including a header + o X/Open Curses says "may make visible" because including a header file does not necessarily make all symbols in it visible (there are ifdef's to consider). - For instance, in ncurses <wchar.h> may be included if the proper - symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for wide-character - support. If the header is included, its symbols may be made - visible. That depends on the value used for _XOPEN_SOURCE feature + For instance, in ncurses <wchar.h> may be included if the proper + symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for wide-character + support. If the header is included, its symbols may be made + visible. That depends on the value used for _XOPEN_SOURCE feature test macro. - o X/Open Curses documents one required header, in a special case: - <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> to prototype the vw_printw and - vw_scanw functions (as well as the obsolete the vwprintw and + o X/Open Curses documents one required header, in a special case: + <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> to prototype the vw_printw and + vw_scanw functions (as well as the obsolete the vwprintw and vwscanw functions). Each of those uses a va_list parameter. - The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3. The other - functions were introduced in X/Open Curses. In between, SVr4 - curses provided for the possibility that an application might + The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3. The other + functions were introduced in X/Open Curses. In between, SVr4 + curses provided for the possibility that an application might include either <varargs.h> or <stdarg.h>. Initially, that was done - by using void* for the va_list parameter. Later, a special type - (defined in <stdio.h>) was introduced, to allow for compiler type- + by using void* for the va_list parameter. Later, a special type + (defined in <stdio.h>) was introduced, to allow for compiler type- checking. That special type is always available, because <stdio.h> is always included by <curses.h>. None of the X/Open Curses implementations require an application to - include <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> because they either have - allowed for a special type, or (like ncurses) include <stdarg.h> + include <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> because they either have + allowed for a special type, or (like ncurses) include <stdarg.h> directly to provide a portable interface. @@ -1514,7 +1499,7 @@ -ncurses 6.4 2023-12-17 ncurses(3x) +ncurses 6.4 2024-02-24 ncurses(3x)