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30 * @Id: tput.1,v 1.50 2017/01/07 23:03:28 tom Exp @
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42 <H1 class="no-header">tput 1</H1>
44 <STRONG><A HREF="tput.1.html">tput(1)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="tput.1.html">tput(1)</A></STRONG>
49 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
50 <STRONG>tput</STRONG>, <STRONG>reset</STRONG> - initialize a terminal or query terminfo
54 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
55 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> [<STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>] <EM>capname</EM> [<EM>parameters</EM>]
56 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> [<STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>] <STRONG>clear</STRONG>
57 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> [<STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>] <STRONG>init</STRONG>
58 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> [<STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>] <STRONG>reset</STRONG>
59 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> [<STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>] <STRONG>longname</STRONG>
60 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-S</STRONG> <STRONG><<</STRONG>
61 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-V</STRONG>
64 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
65 The <STRONG>tput</STRONG> utility uses the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database to make the
66 values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information
67 available to the shell (see <STRONG>sh(1)</STRONG>), to initialize or reset
68 the terminal, or return the long name of the requested
69 terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's
73 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> writes the string to the standard output. No
74 trailing newline is supplied.
77 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> writes the decimal value to the standard out-
78 put, with a trailing newline.
81 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> simply sets the exit code (<STRONG>0</STRONG> for TRUE if the
82 terminal has the capability, <STRONG>1</STRONG> for FALSE if it
83 does not), and writes nothing to the standard out-
86 Before using a value returned on the standard output, the
87 application should test the exit code (e.g., <STRONG>$?</STRONG>, see
88 <STRONG>sh(1)</STRONG>) to be sure it is <STRONG>0</STRONG>. (See the <STRONG>EXIT</STRONG> <STRONG>CODES</STRONG> and <STRONG>DIAG-</STRONG>
89 <STRONG>NOSTICS</STRONG> sections.) For a complete list of capabilities
90 and the <EM>capname</EM> associated with each, see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
93 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Options">Options</a></H3><PRE>
94 <STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM> indicates the <EM>type</EM> of terminal. Normally this
95 option is unnecessary, because the default is taken
96 from the environment variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG>. If <STRONG>-T</STRONG> is spec-
97 ified, then the shell variables <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>
100 <STRONG>-S</STRONG> allows more than one capability per invocation of
101 <STRONG>tput</STRONG>. The capabilities must be passed to <STRONG>tput</STRONG> from
102 the standard input instead of from the command line
103 (see example). Only one <EM>capname</EM> is allowed per
104 line. The <STRONG>-S</STRONG> option changes the meaning of the <STRONG>0</STRONG>
105 and <STRONG>1</STRONG> boolean and string exit codes (see the EXIT
108 Again, <STRONG>tput</STRONG> uses a table and the presence of param-
109 eters in its input to decide whether to use
110 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tparm(3x)</A></STRONG>, and how to interpret the parameters.
112 <STRONG>-V</STRONG> reports the version of ncurses which was used in
113 this program, and exits.
116 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Commands">Commands</a></H3><PRE>
118 indicates the capability from the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> data-
119 base. When <STRONG>termcap</STRONG> support is compiled in, the
120 <STRONG>termcap</STRONG> name for the capability is also accepted.
122 If the capability is a string that takes parame-
123 ters, the arguments following the capability will
124 be used as parameters for the string.
126 Most parameters are numbers. Only a few terminfo
127 capabilities require string parameters; <STRONG>tput</STRONG> uses a
128 table to decide which to pass as strings. Normally
129 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> uses <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tparm(3x)</A></STRONG> to perform the substitution.
130 If no parameters are given for the capability, <STRONG>tput</STRONG>
131 writes the string without performing the substitu-
134 <STRONG>init</STRONG> If the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database is present and an entry
135 for the user's terminal exists (see <STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM>, above),
136 the following will occur:
138 (1) first, <STRONG>tput</STRONG> retrieves the current terminal
139 mode settings for your terminal. It does this
140 by successively testing
142 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the standard error,
144 <STRONG>o</STRONG> standard output,
146 <STRONG>o</STRONG> standard input and
148 <STRONG>o</STRONG> ultimately "/dev/tty"
150 to obtain terminal settings. Having retrieved
151 these settings, <STRONG>tput</STRONG> remembers which file
152 descriptor to use when updating settings.
154 (2) if the window size cannot be obtained from the
155 operating system, but the terminal description
156 (or environment, e.g., <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> vari-
157 ables specify this), update the operating sys-
158 tem's notion of the window size.
160 (3) the terminal modes will be updated:
162 <STRONG>o</STRONG> any delays (e.g., newline) specified in
163 the entry will be set in the tty driver,
165 <STRONG>o</STRONG> tabs expansion will be turned on or off
166 according to the specification in the
169 <STRONG>o</STRONG> if tabs are not expanded, standard tabs
170 will be set (every 8 spaces).
172 (4) if present, the terminal's initialization
173 strings will be output as detailed in the <STRONG>ter-</STRONG>
174 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">minfo(5)</A></STRONG> section on <EM>Tabs</EM> <EM>and</EM> <EM>Initialization</EM>,
176 (5) output is flushed.
178 If an entry does not contain the information needed
179 for any of these activities, that activity will
182 <STRONG>reset</STRONG> This is similar to <STRONG>init</STRONG>, with two differences:
184 (1) before any other initialization, the terminal
185 modes will be reset to a "sane" state:
187 <STRONG>o</STRONG> set cooked and echo modes,
189 <STRONG>o</STRONG> turn off cbreak and raw modes,
191 <STRONG>o</STRONG> turn on newline translation and
193 <STRONG>o</STRONG> reset any unset special characters to
196 (2) Instead of putting out <EM>initialization</EM> strings,
197 the terminal's <EM>reset</EM> strings will be output if
198 present (<STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs2</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs3</STRONG>, <STRONG>rf</STRONG>). If the <EM>reset</EM>
199 strings are not present, but <EM>initialization</EM>
200 strings are, the <EM>initialization</EM> strings will
203 Otherwise, <STRONG>reset</STRONG> acts identically to <STRONG>init</STRONG>.
205 <STRONG>longname</STRONG>
206 If the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database is present and an entry
207 for the user's terminal exists (see <STRONG>-T</STRONG><EM>type</EM> above),
208 then the long name of the terminal will be put out.
209 The long name is the last name in the first line of
210 the terminal's description in the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database
211 [see <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>].
214 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Aliases">Aliases</a></H3><PRE>
215 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> handles the <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>init</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG> commands specially:
216 it allows for the possibility that it is invoked by a link
219 If <STRONG>tput</STRONG> is invoked by a link named <STRONG>reset</STRONG>, this has the
220 same effect as <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>reset</STRONG>. The <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG> utility also
221 treats a link named <STRONG>reset</STRONG> specially.
223 Before ncurses 6.1, the two utilities were different from
226 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>tset</STRONG> utility reset the terminal modes and special
227 characters (not done with <STRONG>tput</STRONG>).
229 <STRONG>o</STRONG> On the other hand, <STRONG>tset</STRONG>'s repertoire of terminal capa-
230 bilities for resetting the terminal was more limited,
231 i.e., only <STRONG>reset_1string</STRONG>, <STRONG>reset_2string</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset_file</STRONG>
232 in contrast to the tab-stops and margins which are set
235 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The <STRONG>reset</STRONG> program is usually an alias for <STRONG>tset</STRONG>,
236 because of this difference with resetting terminal
237 modes and special characters.
239 With the changes made for ncurses 6.1, the <EM>reset</EM> feature
240 of the two programs is (mostly) the same. A few differ-
243 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The <STRONG>tset</STRONG> program waits one second when resetting, in
244 case it happens to be a hardware terminal.
246 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The two programs write the terminal initialization
247 strings to different streams (i.e.,. the standard
248 error for <STRONG>tset</STRONG> and the standard output for <STRONG>tput</STRONG>).
250 <STRONG>Note:</STRONG> although these programs write to different
251 streams, redirecting their output to a file will cap-
252 ture only part of their actions. The changes to the
253 terminal modes are not affected by redirecting the
256 If <STRONG>tput</STRONG> is invoked by a link named <STRONG>init</STRONG>, this has the same
257 effect as <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>init</STRONG>. Again, you are less likely to use
258 that link because another program named <STRONG>init</STRONG> has a more
259 well-established use.
262 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></H2><PRE>
263 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>init</STRONG>
264 Initialize the terminal according to the type of ter-
265 minal in the environmental variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG>. This com-
266 mand should be included in everyone's .profile after
267 the environmental variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> has been exported, as
268 illustrated on the <STRONG>profile(5)</STRONG> manual page.
270 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-T5620</STRONG> <STRONG>reset</STRONG>
271 Reset an AT&T 5620 terminal, overriding the type of
272 terminal in the environmental variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG>.
274 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>cup</STRONG> <STRONG>0</STRONG> <STRONG>0</STRONG>
275 Send the sequence to move the cursor to row <STRONG>0</STRONG>, column
276 <STRONG>0</STRONG> (the upper left corner of the screen, usually known
277 as the "home" cursor position).
279 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>clear</STRONG>
280 Echo the clear-screen sequence for the current termi-
283 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>cols</STRONG>
284 Print the number of columns for the current terminal.
286 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-T450</STRONG> <STRONG>cols</STRONG>
287 Print the number of columns for the 450 terminal.
289 <STRONG>bold=`tput</STRONG> <STRONG>smso`</STRONG> <STRONG>offbold=`tput</STRONG> <STRONG>rmso`</STRONG>
290 Set the shell variables <STRONG>bold</STRONG>, to begin stand-out mode
291 sequence, and <STRONG>offbold</STRONG>, to end standout mode sequence,
292 for the current terminal. This might be followed by
293 a prompt: <STRONG>echo</STRONG> <STRONG>"${bold}Please</STRONG> <STRONG>type</STRONG> <STRONG>in</STRONG> <STRONG>your</STRONG> <STRONG>name:</STRONG>
294 <STRONG>${offbold}\c"</STRONG>
296 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>hc</STRONG>
297 Set exit code to indicate if the current terminal is
298 a hard copy terminal.
300 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>cup</STRONG> <STRONG>23</STRONG> <STRONG>4</STRONG>
301 Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 23, col-
304 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>cup</STRONG>
305 Send the terminfo string for cursor-movement, with no
306 parameters substituted.
308 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>longname</STRONG>
309 Print the long name from the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database for
310 the type of terminal specified in the environmental
311 variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG>.
313 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-S</STRONG> <STRONG><<!</STRONG>
314 <STRONG>></STRONG> <STRONG>clear</STRONG>
315 <STRONG>></STRONG> <STRONG>cup</STRONG> <STRONG>10</STRONG> <STRONG>10</STRONG>
316 <STRONG>></STRONG> <STRONG>bold</STRONG>
317 <STRONG>></STRONG> <STRONG>!</STRONG>
319 This example shows <STRONG>tput</STRONG> processing several capabili-
320 ties in one invocation. It clears the screen, moves
321 the cursor to position 10, 10 and turns on bold
322 (extra bright) mode. The list is terminated by an
323 exclamation mark (<STRONG>!</STRONG>) on a line by itself.
326 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
327 <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG>
328 compiled terminal description database
330 <STRONG>/usr/share/tabset/*</STRONG>
331 tab settings for some terminals, in a format appro-
332 priate to be output to the terminal (escape
333 sequences that set margins and tabs); for more
334 information, see the <EM>Tabs</EM> <EM>and</EM> <EM>Initialization</EM>, sec-
335 tion of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>
338 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXIT-CODES">EXIT CODES</a></H2><PRE>
339 If the <STRONG>-S</STRONG> option is used, <STRONG>tput</STRONG> checks for errors from each
340 line, and if any errors are found, will set the exit code
341 to 4 plus the number of lines with errors. If no errors
342 are found, the exit code is <STRONG>0</STRONG>. No indication of which
343 line failed can be given so exit code <STRONG>1</STRONG> will never appear.
344 Exit codes <STRONG>2</STRONG>, <STRONG>3</STRONG>, and <STRONG>4</STRONG> retain their usual interpretation.
345 If the <STRONG>-S</STRONG> option is not used, the exit code depends on the
346 type of <EM>capname</EM>:
349 a value of <STRONG>0</STRONG> is set for TRUE and <STRONG>1</STRONG> for FALSE.
351 <EM>string</EM> a value of <STRONG>0</STRONG> is set if the <EM>capname</EM> is defined
352 for this terminal <EM>type</EM> (the value of <EM>capname</EM> is
353 returned on standard output); a value of <STRONG>1</STRONG> is
354 set if <EM>capname</EM> is not defined for this terminal
355 <EM>type</EM> (nothing is written to standard output).
358 a value of <STRONG>0</STRONG> is always set, whether or not <EM>cap-</EM>
359 <EM>name</EM> is defined for this terminal <EM>type</EM>. To
360 determine if <EM>capname</EM> is defined for this termi-
361 nal <EM>type</EM>, the user must test the value written
362 to standard output. A value of <STRONG>-1</STRONG> means that
363 <EM>capname</EM> is not defined for this terminal <EM>type</EM>.
365 <EM>other</EM> <STRONG>reset</STRONG> or <STRONG>init</STRONG> may fail to find their respective
366 files. In that case, the exit code is set to 4
367 + <STRONG>errno</STRONG>.
369 Any other exit code indicates an error; see the DIAGNOS-
373 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a></H2><PRE>
374 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> prints the following error messages and sets the cor-
375 responding exit codes.
377 exit code error message
378 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
379 <STRONG>0</STRONG> (<EM>capname</EM> is a numeric variable that is not specified in
380 the <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> database for this terminal type, e.g.
381 <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-T450</STRONG> <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>-T2621</STRONG> <STRONG>xmc</STRONG>)
382 <STRONG>1</STRONG> no error message is printed, see the <STRONG>EXIT</STRONG> <STRONG>CODES</STRONG> section.
383 <STRONG>2</STRONG> usage error
384 <STRONG>3</STRONG> unknown terminal <EM>type</EM> or no <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database
385 <STRONG>4</STRONG> unknown <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> capability <EM>capname</EM>
386 <STRONG>>4</STRONG> error occurred in -S
387 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
390 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
391 The <STRONG>tput</STRONG> command was begun by Bill Joy in 1980. The ini-
392 tial version only cleared the screen.
394 AT&T System V provided a different <STRONG>tput</STRONG> command, whose
395 <STRONG>init</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG> subcommands (more than half the program)
396 were incorporated from the <STRONG>reset</STRONG> feature of BSD <STRONG>tset</STRONG> writ-
397 ten by Eric Allman. Later the corresponding source code
398 for <EM>reset</EM> was removed from the BSD <STRONG>tset</STRONG> (in June 1993,
399 released in 4.4BSD-Lite a year later).
401 Keith Bostic replaced the BSD <STRONG>tput</STRONG> command in 1989 with a
402 new implementation based on the AT&T System V program
403 <STRONG>tput</STRONG>. Like the AT&T program, Bostic's version accepted
404 some parameters named for <EM>terminfo</EM> <EM>capabilities</EM> (<STRONG>clear</STRONG>,
405 <STRONG>init</STRONG>, <STRONG>longname</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG>). However (because he had only
406 termcap available), it accepted <EM>termcap</EM> <EM>names</EM> for other
407 capabilities. Also, Bostic's BSD <STRONG>tput</STRONG> did not modify the
408 terminal I/O modes as the earlier BSD <STRONG>tset</STRONG> had done.
410 At the same time, Bostic added a shell script named
411 "clear", which used <STRONG>tput</STRONG> to clear the screen.
413 Both of these appeared in 4.4BSD, becoming the "modern"
414 BSD implementation of <STRONG>tput</STRONG>.
417 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
418 This implementation of <STRONG>tput</STRONG> differs from AT&T <STRONG>tput</STRONG> in two
421 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <EM>capname</EM> writes to the standard output. That need
422 not be a regular terminal. However, the subcommands
423 which manipulate terminal modes may not use the stan-
426 The AT&T implementation's <STRONG>init</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG> commands use
427 the BSD (4.1c) <STRONG>tset</STRONG> source, which manipulates terminal
428 modes. It successively tries standard output, stan-
429 dard error, standard input before falling back to
430 "/dev/tty" and finally just assumes a 1200Bd terminal.
431 When updating terminal modes, it ignores errors.
433 Until changes made after ncurses 6.0, <STRONG>tput</STRONG> did not
434 modify terminal modes. <STRONG>tput</STRONG> now uses a similar
435 scheme, using functions shared with <STRONG>tset</STRONG> (and ulti-
436 mately based on the 4.4BSD <STRONG>tset</STRONG>). If it is not able
437 to open a terminal, e.g., when running in <STRONG>cron</STRONG>, <STRONG>tput</STRONG>
438 will return an error.
440 <STRONG>o</STRONG> AT&T <STRONG>tput</STRONG> guesses the type of its <EM>capname</EM> operands by
441 seeing if all of the characters are numeric, or not.
443 Most implementations which provide support for <EM>capname</EM>
444 operands use the <EM>tparm</EM> function to expand parameters
445 in it. That function expects a mixture of numeric and
446 string parameters, requiring <STRONG>tput</STRONG> to know which type
449 This implementation uses a table to determine the
450 parameter types for the standard <EM>capname</EM> operands, and
451 an internal library function to analyze nonstandard
452 <EM>capname</EM> operands.
454 The <STRONG>longname</STRONG> and <STRONG>-S</STRONG> options, and the parameter-substitu-
455 tion features used in the <STRONG>cup</STRONG> example, were not supported
456 in BSD curses before 4.3reno (1989) or in AT&T/USL curses
459 IEEE Std 1003.1/The Open Group Base Specifications Issue
460 7 (POSIX.1-2008) documents only the operands for <STRONG>clear</STRONG>,
461 <STRONG>init</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG>. There are a few interesting observations
462 to make regarding that:
464 <STRONG>o</STRONG> In this implementation, <STRONG>clear</STRONG> is part of the <EM>capname</EM>
465 support. The others (<STRONG>init</STRONG> and <STRONG>longname</STRONG>) do not corre-
466 spond to terminal capabilities.
468 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Other implementations of <STRONG>tput</STRONG> on SVr4-based systems
469 such as Solaris, IRIX64 and HPUX as well as others
470 such as AIX and Tru64 provide support for <EM>capname</EM> op-
473 <STRONG>o</STRONG> A few platforms such as FreeBSD recognize termcap
474 names rather than terminfo capability names in their
475 respective <STRONG>tput</STRONG> commands. Since 2010, NetBSD's <STRONG>tput</STRONG>
476 uses terminfo names. Before that, it (like FreeBSD)
477 recognized termcap names.
479 Because (apparently) <EM>all</EM> of the certified Unix systems
480 support the full set of capability names, the reasoning
481 for documenting only a few may not be apparent.
483 <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses Issue 7 documents <STRONG>tput</STRONG> differently, with
484 <EM>capname</EM> and the other features used in this implemen-
487 <STRONG>o</STRONG> That is, there are two standards for <STRONG>tput</STRONG>: POSIX (a
488 subset) and X/Open Curses (the full implementation).
489 POSIX documents a subset to avoid the complication of
490 including X/Open Curses and the terminal capabilities
493 <STRONG>o</STRONG> While it is certainly possible to write a <STRONG>tput</STRONG> program
494 without using curses, none of the systems which have a
495 curses implementation provide a <STRONG>tput</STRONG> utility which
496 does not provide the <EM>capname</EM> feature.
499 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
500 <STRONG><A HREF="clear.1.html">clear(1)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>stty(1)</STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="tabs.1.html">tabs(1)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="tset.1.html">tset(1)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>,
501 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>.
503 This describes <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> version 6.0 (patch 20170107).
507 <STRONG><A HREF="tput.1.html">tput(1)</A></STRONG>
511 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
512 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
513 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
515 <li><a href="#h3-Options">Options</a></li>
516 <li><a href="#h3-Commands">Commands</a></li>
517 <li><a href="#h3-Aliases">Aliases</a></li>
520 <li><a href="#h2-EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></li>
521 <li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
522 <li><a href="#h2-EXIT-CODES">EXIT CODES</a></li>
523 <li><a href="#h2-DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
524 <li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
525 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
526 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>