curs_util 3x

curs_util(3x)                                                    curs_util(3x)




NAME

       delay_output, filter, flushinp, getwin, key_name, keyname, nofilter,
       putwin, unctrl, use_env, use_tioctl, wunctrl - miscellaneous curses
       utility routines


SYNOPSIS

       #include <curses.h>

       char *unctrl(chtype c);
       wchar_t *wunctrl(cchar_t *c);
       char *keyname(int c);
       char *key_name(wchar_t w);
       void filter(void);
       void nofilter(void);
       void use_env(bool f);
       void use_tioctl(bool f);
       int putwin(WINDOW *win, FILE *filep);
       WINDOW *getwin(FILE *filep);
       int delay_output(int ms);
       int flushinp(void);


DESCRIPTION


unctrl

       The unctrl routine returns a character string which is a printable rep-
       resentation of the character c, ignoring attributes.   Control  charac-
       ters  are  displayed  in the ^X notation.  Printing characters are dis-
       played as is.  The corresponding wunctrl returns a printable  represen-
       tation of a wide character.


keyname/key_name

       The keyname routine returns a character string corresponding to the key
       c:

       o   Printable characters are displayed as themselves, e.g., a one-char-
           acter string containing the key.

       o   Control characters are displayed in the ^X notation.

       o   DEL (character 127) is displayed as ^?.

       o   Values  above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not
           been initialized, or if meta(3x) has been called with a TRUE param-
           eter),  shown  in the M-X notation, or are displayed as themselves.
           In the latter case, the values may not be printable;  this  follows
           the X/Open specification.

       o   Values above 256 may be the names of the names of function keys.

       o   Otherwise  (if there is no corresponding name) the function returns
           null, to denote an error.  X/Open also lists an "UNKNOWN  KEY"  re-
           turn value, which some implementations return rather than null.

       The  corresponding key_name returns a character string corresponding to
       the wide-character value w.  The two functions do not return  the  same
       set  of strings; the latter returns null where the former would display
       a meta character.


filter/nofilter

       The filter routine, if used, must be called before initscr  or  newterm
       are called.  Calling filter causes these changes in initialization:

       o   LINES is set to 1;

       o   the  capabilities  clear,  cud1,  cud, cup, cuu1, cuu, vpa are dis-
           abled;

       o   the capability ed is disabled if bce is set;

       o   and the home string is set to the value of cr.

       The nofilter routine cancels the effect of  a  preceding  filter  call.
       That  allows  the  caller to initialize a screen on a different device,
       using a different value of $TERM.  The limitation  arises  because  the
       filter routine modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.


use_env

       The  use_env  routine,  if  used,  should  be  called before initscr or
       newterm are called (because those compute the screen size).   It  modi-
       fies  the way ncurses treats environment variables when determining the
       screen size.

       o   Normally ncurses looks first  at  the  terminal  database  for  the
           screen size.

           If  use_env  was called with FALSE for parameter, it stops here un-
           less use_tioctl was also called with TRUE for parameter.

       o   Then it asks for the screen size via operating  system  calls.   If
           successful, it overrides the values from the terminal database.

       o   Finally  (unless  use_env was called with FALSE parameter), ncurses
           examines the LINES or COLUMNS environment variables, using a  value
           in  those to override the results from the operating system or ter-
           minal database.

           Ncurses also updates the screen size in response to  SIGWINCH,  un-
           less overridden by the LINES or COLUMNS environment variables,


use_tioctl

       The  use_tioctl  routine,  if  used, should be called before initscr or
       newterm are called (because those  compute  the  screen  size).   After
       use_tioctl  is  called  with  TRUE as an argument, ncurses modifies the
       last step in its computation of screen size as follows:

       o   checks if the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables are set to  a
           number greater than zero.

       o   for  each,  ncurses  updates the corresponding environment variable
           with the value that it has obtained via operating  system  call  or
           from the terminal database.

       o   ncurses  re-fetches  the value of the environment variables so that
           it is still the environment variables which set the screen size.

       The use_env and use_tioctl routines combine as summarized here:

           use_env   use_tioctl   Summary
           ----------------------------------------------------------------
           TRUE      FALSE        This is the default  behavior.   ncurses
                                  uses operating system calls unless over-
                                  ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment
                                  variables.
           TRUE      TRUE         ncurses   updates  $LINES  and  $COLUMNS
                                  based on operating system calls.
           FALSE     TRUE         ncurses ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us-
                                  es  operating  system  calls  to  obtain
                                  size.
           FALSE     FALSE        ncurses relies on the terminal  database
                                  to determine size.


putwin/getwin

       The  putwin routine writes all data associated with window (or pad) win
       into the file to which filep points.  This information can be later re-
       trieved using the getwin function.

       The  getwin  routine  reads  window  related data stored in the file by
       putwin.  The routine then creates and initializes a  new  window  using
       that  data.   It  returns a pointer to the new window.  There are a few
       caveats:

       o   the data written is a copy of the WINDOW structure, and its associ-
           ated  character cells.  The format differs between the wide-charac-
           ter (ncursesw) and non-wide (ncurses) libraries.  You can  transfer
           data between the two, however.

       o   the  retrieved  window  is always created as a top-level window (or
           pad), rather than a subwindow.

       o   the window's character cells contain the color pair value, but  not
           the  actual  color  numbers.   If cells in the retrieved window use
           color pairs which have not been created in  the  application  using
           init_pair, they will not be colored when the window is refreshed.


delay_output

       The  delay_output  routine  inserts  an ms millisecond pause in output.
       This routine should not be used extensively because padding  characters
       are  used  rather  than a CPU pause.  If no padding character is speci-
       fied, this uses napms to perform the delay.


flushinp

       The flushinp routine throws away any typeahead that has been  typed  by
       the user and has not yet been read by the program.


RETURN VALUE

       Except  for  flushinp,  routines that return an integer return ERR upon
       failure and OK (SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than  ERR")
       upon successful completion.

       Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.

       X/Open does not define any error conditions.  In this implementation

          flushinp
               returns an error if the terminal was not initialized.

          putwin
               returns  an  error if the associated fwrite calls return an er-
               ror.


PORTABILITY


filter

       The SVr4 documentation describes the  action  of  filter  only  in  the
       vaguest  terms.   The  description  here is adapted from the XSI Curses
       standard (which erroneously fails to describe the disabling of cuu).


keyname

       The keyname function may return the names of user-defined string  capa-
       bilities  which  are defined in the terminfo entry via the -x option of
       tic.  This implementation automatically assigns at run-time keycodes to
       user-defined  strings  which  begin  with  "k".   The keycodes start at
       KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for different runs
       because  user-defined  codes  are merged from all terminal descriptions
       which have been loaded.  The use_extended_names(3x)  function  controls
       whether  this  data  is loaded when the terminal description is read by
       the library.


nofilter/use_tioctl

       The nofilter and use_tioctl routines are  specific  to  ncurses.   They
       were  not  supported on Version 7, BSD or System V implementations.  It
       is recommended that any code depending on ncurses extensions be  condi-
       tioned using NCURSES_VERSION.


putwin/getwin

       The putwin and getwin functions have several issues with portability:

       o   The  files  written  and read by these functions use an implementa-
           tion-specific format.  Although the format is an obvious target for
           standardization, it has been overlooked.

           Interestingly  enough,  according to the copyright dates in Solaris
           source, the functions (along with scr_init, etc.)  originated  with
           the University of California, Berkeley (in 1982) and were later (in
           1988) incorporated into SVr4.  Oddly, there are no  such  functions
           in the 4.3BSD curses sources.

       o   Most implementations simply dump the binary WINDOW structure to the
           file.  These include SVr4 curses, NetBSD and PDCurses, as  well  as
           older ncurses versions.  This implementation (as well as the X/Open
           variant of Solaris curses, dated 1995) uses textual dumps.

           The implementations which  use  binary  dumps  use  block-I/O  (the
           fwrite  and  fread  functions).   Those  that use textual dumps use
           buffered-I/O.  A few applications may happen to write extra data in
           the  file  using these functions.  Doing that can run into problems
           mixing block- and buffered-I/O.  This  implementation  reduces  the
           problem  on writes by flushing the output.  However, reading from a
           file written using mixed schemes may not be successful.


unctrl/wunctrl

       The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these functions.  It  states
       that unctrl and wunctrl will return a null pointer if unsuccessful, but
       does not define any error conditions.  This implementation  checks  for
       three cases:

       o   the  parameter  is  a  7-bit  US-ASCII code.  This is the case that
           X/Open Curses documented.

       o   the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 control code.  If
           use_legacy_coding  has  been  called with a 2 parameter, unctrl re-
           turns the parameter, i.e., a one-character string with the  parame-
           ter  as  the  first  character.   Otherwise, it returns "~@", "~A",
           etc., analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.

           X/Open Curses does not document whether unctrl can be called before
           initializing curses.  This implementation permits that, and returns
           the "~@", etc., values in that case.

       o   parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range.  unctrl returns a null
           pointer.

       The strings returned by unctrl in this implementation are determined at
       compile time, showing C1 controls from the upper-128 codes with  a  "~"
       prefix  rather  than "^".  Other implementations have different conven-
       tions.  For example, they may show both sets of control characters with
       "^", and strip the parameter to 7 bits.  Or they may ignore C1 controls
       and treat all of the upper-128 codes as printable.  This implementation
       uses  8  bits  but  does  not modify the string to reflect locale.  The
       use_legacy_coding function allows the caller to change  the  output  of
       unctrl.

       Likewise,  the meta(3x) function allows the caller to change the output
       of keyname, i.e., it determines whether to  use  the  "M-"  prefix  for
       "meta"  keys  (codes  in the range 128 to 255).  Both use_legacy_coding
       and meta succeed only after curses is initialized.  X/Open Curses  does
       not  document the treatment of codes 128 to 159.  When treating them as
       "meta" keys (or if keyname is called before initializing curses),  this
       implementation returns strings "M-^@", "M-^A", etc.

       X/Open Curses documents unctrl as declared in <unctrl.h>, which ncurses
       does.  However, ncurses' <curses.h> includes <unctrl.h>,  matching  the
       behavior of SVr4 curses.  Other implementations may not do that.


use_env/use_tioctl

       If  ncurses  is  configured  to provide the sp-functions extension, the
       state of use_env and use_tioctl may be  updated  before  creating  each
       screen  rather  than  once  only  (curs_sp_funcs(3x)).  This feature of
       use_env is not provided by other implementation of curses.


SEE ALSO

       legacy_coding(3x),   curses(3x),   curs_initscr(3x),   curs_inopts(3x),
       curs_kernel(3x),   curs_scr_dump(3x),   curs_sp_funcs(3x),   curs_vari-
       ables(3x), legacy_coding(3x).



                                                                 curs_util(3x)