+ Announcing ncurses 5.5
+
+ The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
+ curses in System V Release 4.0, and more. It uses terminfo format,
+ supports pads and color and multiple highlights and forms characters
+ and function-key mapping, and has all the other SYSV-curses
+ enhancements over BSD curses.
+
+ In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
+ considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the keepers of Unix
+ releases such as BSD/OS, FreeBSD and NetBSD to switch over to ncurses.
+
+ The ncurses code was developed under GNU/Linux. It has been in use for
+ some time with OpenBSD as the system curses library, and on FreeBSD
+ and NetBSD as an external package. It should port easily to any
+ ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX. It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!
- Announcing ncurses 4.2
-
- The ncurses (new curses) library is a freeware emulation of System V
- Release 4.0 curses. It uses terminfo format, supports pads and color
- and multiple highlights and forms characters and function-key mapping,
- and has all the other SYSV-curses enhancements over BSD curses.
-
- In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
- considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and is encouraging the keepers of
- Unix releases such as BSD/OS, freeBSD and netBSD to switch over to
- ncurses.
-
- The ncurses code was developed under Linux. It should port easily to
- any ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX. It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!
-
The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including
- a terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1),
- tput(1), tset(1), and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full
+ a terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1),
+ tput(1), tset(1), and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full
manual pages are provided for the library and tools.
-
- The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at the GNU
- distribution site [1]ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu. It is also
- available at [2]ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ncurses.
-
- Features of ncurses
-
+
+ The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at the GNU
+ distribution site [1]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ .
+ It is also available at [2]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
+
+ Release Notes
+
+ This release is designed to be upward compatible from ncurses 5.0
+ through 5.4; very few applications will require recompilation,
+ depending on the platform. These are the highlights from the
+ change-log since ncurses 5.4 release.
+
+ Interface changes:
+ * terminfo installs "xterm-new" as "xterm" entry rather than
+ "xterm-old" (aka xterm-r6).
+ * terminfo data is installed using the tic -x option (few systems
+ still use ncurses 4.2).
+ * modify C++ binding to work with newer C++ compilers by providing
+ initializers and using modern casts. Old-style header names are
+ still used in this release to allow compiling with not-so-old
+ compilers.
+ * modify parameter type in c++ binding for insch() and mvwinsch() to
+ be consistent with underlying ncurses library (was char, is
+ chtype).
+ * change NCursesWindow::err_handler() to a virtual function.
+ * form and menu libraries now work with wide-character data.
+ Applications which bypassed the form library and manipulated the
+ FIELD.buf data directly will not work properly with libformw,
+ since that no longer points to an array of char. The
+ set_field_buffer() and field_buffer() functions translate to/from
+ the actual field data.
+ * add symbol to curses.h which can be used to suppress include of
+ stdbool.h, e.g.,
+ #define NCURSES_ENABLE_STDBOOL_H 0
+ #include <curses.h>
+
+ * change SP->_current_attr to a pointer, adjust ifdef's to ensure
+ that libtinfo.so and libtinfow.so have the same ABI. The reason
+ for this is that the corresponding data which belongs to the
+ upper-level ncurses library has a different size in each model.
+ * winnstr() now returns multibyte character strings for the
+ wide-character configuration.
+ * assume_default_colors() no longer requires that
+ use_default_colors() be called first.
+ * data_ahead() now works with wide-characters.
+ * slk_set() and slk_wset() now accept and store multibyte or
+ multicolumn characters.
+ * start_color() now returns OK if colors have already been started.
+ start_color() also returns ERR if it cannot allocate memory.
+ * pair_content() now returns -1 for consistency with init_pair() if
+ it corresponds to the default-color.
+ * unctrl() now returns null if its parameter does not correspond to
+ an unsigned char.
+
+ New features and improvements:
+ * library
+ + environment variable NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS supports
+ miscellaneous terminal emulators which ignore alternate
+ character set escape sequences when in UTF-8 mode.
+ + modify initialization of key lookup table so that if an
+ extended capability (tic -x) string is defined, and its name
+ begins with 'k', ncurses will automatically treat it as a
+ key.
+ + change GPM initialization, using dl library to load it
+ dynamically at runtime.
+ + form, menu and panel libraries support debug-tracing.
+ * add NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html by Pradeep Padala (see
+ http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/).
+ * programs:
+ * infocmp:
+ + The -i option now matches 8-bit controls against its table
+ entries, e.g., so it can analyze the xterm-8bit entry.
+ + add "-x" option to infocmp like tic's "-x", for use in "-F"
+ comparisons. This modifies infocmp to only report extended
+ capabilities if the -x option is given, making this more
+ consistent with tic. Some scripts may break, since infocmp
+ previous gave this information without an option.
+ * tic:
+ + modify termcap-parsing to retain 2-character aliases at the
+ beginning of an entry if the "-x" option is used in tic.
+ + filter out long extended names when translating to termcap
+ format. Only two characters are permissible for termcap
+ capability names.
+ + correct translation of "%%" in terminfo format to termcap,
+ e.g., using "tic -C".
+ + modify the "-c -v" options to ignore delays when comparing
+ strings. Also modify it to ignore a canceled sgr string,
+ e.g., for terminals which cannot properly combine attributes
+ in one control sequence.
+ + add a check for improperly ended strings, i.e., where a
+ following line begins in column 1.
+ + add a check in tic for terminfo entries having an sgr0 but no
+ sgr string. This confuses Tru64 and HPUX curses when combined
+ with color, e.g., making them leave line-drawing characters
+ in odd places.
+ + add check (with debug configuration) that provides about the
+ runtime changes that would be made to sgr0 for termcap
+ applications.
+ * tset:
+ + add -c and -w options to allow user to suppress ncurses'
+ resizing of the terminal emulator window in the special case
+ where it is not able to detect the true size.
+
+ Major bug fixes:
+ * improve logic in tgetent() which adjusts the termcap "me" string
+ to work with ISO-2022 string used in xterm-new. This is a feature
+ that was incompletely implemented in ncurses 5.3. ncurses attempts
+ to provide termcap clients with the portion of the sgr0 (termcap
+ "me") string that does not reset line-drawing.
+ * cells in the WINDOW which are continuations of a multicolumn
+ character are encoded differently, making repainting more
+ reliable.
+ * amend change to setupterm() in ncurses 5.4 (20030405) which would
+ reuse the value of cur_term if the same output was selected. This
+ now reuses it only when setupterm() is called from tgetent(),
+ which has no notion of separate SCREENs. Note that tgetent() must
+ be called after initscr() or newterm() to use this feature.
+ * make setcchar() now works when its wchar_t* parameter is pointing
+ to a string which contains more data than can be converted.
+ * win_wchnstr() now works for more than one cell.
+ * resizeterm() now processes all levels of window hierarchy.
+ * disable GPM mouse support when $TERM happens to be prefixed with
+ "xterm". Gpm_Open() would otherwise assert that it can deal with
+ mouse events in this case.
+ * add SP->_screen_acs_map[], used to ensure that mapping of missing
+ line-drawing characters is handled properly. For example,
+ ACS_DARROW is absent from xterm-new, and it was coincidentally
+ displayed the same as ACS_BTEE.
+
+ Portability:
+ * configure script:
+ + new options:
+
+ --enable-largefile
+ set compiler and linker flags to use largefile
+ support.
+
+ --enable-ext-colors
+ Allow encoding of 256 foreground and background
+ colors, e.g., with the xterm-256color or
+ xterm-88color terminfo entries. This requires ABI 6
+ because it changes the size of cchar_t.
+
+ --enable-ext-mouse
+ This defines NCURSES_MOUSE_VERSION 2, and modifies
+ the encoding of mouse events to support wheel mice,
+ which may transmit buttons 4 and 5. This works with
+ xterm and similar terminal emulators. This requires
+ ABI 6 because it changes the encoding of mouse
+ events.
+
+ --with-chtype
+ overriding of the non-LP64 model's use of chtype
+
+ --with-mmask-t
+ overriding of the non-LP64 model's use of mmask_t
+
+ --without-xterm-new
+ Installs "xterm-old" as the "xterm" entry of the
+ terminfo database.
+
+ + The --with-termlib option now accepts a value which sets the
+ name of the terminfo library. This would allow a packager to
+ build libtinfow.so renamed to coincide with libtinfo.so
+ + fixes/improvements for cross-compiling:
+ o suppress $suffix in misc/run_tic.sh when
+ cross-compiling. This allows cross-compiles to use the
+ host's tic program to handle the "make install.data"
+ step.
+ o correct BUILD_CPPFLAGS substitution in
+ ncurses/Makefile.in, to allow cross-compiling from a
+ separate directory tree.
+ * library:
+ + add ifdef's for _LP64 in curses.h to avoid using wasteful
+ 64-bits for chtype and mmask_t, but add configure option
+ --disable-lp64 in case anyone used that configuration.
+ + modify C++ binding to use some C internal functions to make
+ it compile properly on Solaris (and other platforms).
+ + remove check in newwin() that prevents allocating windows
+ that extend beyond the screen (Solaris does this).
+ + check for nl_langinfo(CODESET), use it if available. This
+ replaces ad hoc tests of environment variables to check if
+ the terminal is setup for UTF-8 encoding. Applications which
+ do not call setlocale() should be corrected, to make them
+ work properly with UTF-8 encoding.
+ In particular, applications which assume (and do not call
+ setlocale()) that Latin-1 codes are printable will no longer
+ work in a UTF-8 locale since the ad hoc check of environment
+ variables to see if the locale was UTF-8 is not used when
+ nl_langinfo(CODESET) is available.
+ + use setlocale() to query the program's current locale rather
+ than using getenv(). This supports applications which rely
+ upon legacy treatment of 8-bit characters when the locale is
+ not initialized.
+
+ Features of Ncurses
+
The ncurses package is fully compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4)
curses:
-
- * All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are
+ * All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are
documented).
- * Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping,
- color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic
+ * Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping,
+ color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic
recognition of keypad and function keys.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting a stack of
+ * An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting a stack of
windows with backing store, is included.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting a uniform but
+ * An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting a uniform but
flexible interface for menu programming, is included.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting data collection
+ * An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting data collection
through on-screen forms, is included.
- * Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1)
- implementation are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format
+ * Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1)
+ implementation are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format
SVr4 curses uses.
* The utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo entries
- for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as the
+ for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as the
HP/UX and AIX ports.
-
+
The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
-
- * The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN
- curses specification, XSI Curses (that is, it implements all BASE
- level features, but not all EXTENDED features). Most
+ * The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN
+ curses specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE
+ level features, but not all EXTENDED features). Most
EXTENDED-level features not directly concerned with wide-character
- support are implemented, including many function calls not
- supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of all calls is
+ support are implemented, including many function calls not
+ supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of all calls is
documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
- * Unlike SVr4 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost
- corner of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character
+ * Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost
+ corner of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character
capability.
- * (PC-clone boxes only) Support for access to the IBM PC ROM
- characters 0-32 through the highlight A_ALTCHARSET.
* Ada95 and C++ bindings.
- * Support for mouse event reporting under xterm.
+ * Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and OS/2
+ console windows.
* Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
- * The function wresize() allows you to resize windows, preserving
+ * The function wresize() allows you to resize windows, preserving
their data.
* The function use_default_colors() allows you to use the terminal's
default colors for the default color pair, achieving the effect of
transparent colors.
* The functions keyok() and define_key() allow you to better control
- the use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
- or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given
+ the use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
+ or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given
key code.
* Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and XFree86 xterm.
- * Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
+ * Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
or System V's.
- * Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code
- incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it
- to make optimal use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and
- line-deletion for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more
+ * Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code
+ incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it
+ to make optimal use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and
+ line-deletion for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more
powerful than the 4.4BSD curses quickch() routine.
- * Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
- screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the
- magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before the
- beginning and after the end would step on a non-space character.
- It will automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so
- would make it possible to draw the highlight without changing the
+ * Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
+ screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the
+ magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before the
+ beginning and after the end would step on a non-space character.
+ It will automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so
+ would make it possible to draw the highlight without changing the
visual appearance of the screen.
- * It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
- fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal
- types even when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible
- (this may be useful for support of screen-oriented programs that
+ * It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
+ fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal
+ types even when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible
+ (this may be useful for support of screen-oriented programs that
must run in single-user mode).
* The tic(1)/captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the ability
- to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T extension
+ to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T extension
sets.
* A BSD-like tset(1) utility is provided.
* The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
- entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that
- directory if it exists and the user has no write access to the
- system directory. This feature makes it easier for users to have
- personal terminfo entries without giving up access to the system
+ entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that
+ directory if it exists and the user has no write access to the
+ system directory. This feature makes it easier for users to have
+ personal terminfo entries without giving up access to the system
terminfo directory.
- * You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
- descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
- generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System
+ * You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
+ descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
+ generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System
V.)
- * In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
+ * In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
- compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the
+ compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the
user's $HOME/.terminfo directory.
- * A script (capconvert) is provided to help BSD users transition
- from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a TERMCAP
- environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file and
- converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under
+ * A script (capconvert) is provided to help BSD users transition
+ from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a TERMCAP
+ environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file and
+ converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under
$HOME/.terminfo.
- * Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
- when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is
- neither fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have
+ * Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
+ when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is
+ neither fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have
to, but it's there.
- * The table-of-entries utility toe makes it easy for users to see
+ * The table-of-entries utility toe makes it easy for users to see
exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
* The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry point
- have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
- prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
+ have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
+ prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
#undef.
- * An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document
- provides a narrative introduction to the curses programming
+ * An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document
+ provides a narrative introduction to the curses programming
interface.
-
+
State of the Package
-
+
Numerous bugs present in earlier versions have been fixed; the library
- is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
- `dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
- according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks
+ is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
+ `dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
+ according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks
and arena corruption by the Purify memory-allocation tester.
-
- The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
- including:
-
+
+ The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
+ including (versions starting with those noted):
+
+ cdk
+ Curses Development Kit
+ [3]http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
+ [4]http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
+
ded
- directory-editor [3]ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ded.
-
+ directory-editor
+ [5]http://invisible-island.net/ded/
+
dialog
- the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the
- basis for similar applications on Linux.
-
- lynx-2.7
+ the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the
+ basis for similar applications on GNU/Linux.
+ [6]http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
+
+ lynx
the character-screen WWW browser
-
- Midnight Commander 4.1
+ [7]http://lynx.isc.org/release/
+
+ Midnight Commander
file manager
-
- mutt 0.88
+ [8]http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
+
+ mutt
mail utility
-
- ncftp 2.0
+ [9]http://www.mutt.org/
+
+ ncftp
file-transfer utility
-
+ [10]http://www.ncftp.com/
+
nvi
New vi versions 1.50 are able to use ncurses versions 1.9.7 and
later.
-
- taper
- tape archive utility
-
+ [11]http://www.bostic.com/vi/
+
+ pinfo
+ Lynx-like info browser.
+ [12]http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
+
+ tin
+ newsreader, supporting color, MIME [13]http://www.tin.org/
+
vh-1.6
Volks-Hypertext browser for the Jargon File
-
+ [14]http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
+
as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
-
- minicom-1.75
+
+ minicom
terminal emulator
-
- tin-unoff
- tin 1.4 newsreader, supporting color, MIME
- [4]ftp://ftp.akk.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/news/clients/tin-unoff.
-
+ [15]http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
+
vile
- vi-like-emacs [5]ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/vile.
-
- The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
+ vi-like-emacs
+ [16]http://invisible-island.net/vile/
+
+ The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
(including a few games).
-
+
Who's Who and What's What
- The original developers of ncurses are [6]Zeyd Ben-Halim and [7]Eric
- S. Raymond. Ongoing work is being done by [8]Thomas Dickey and
- [9]Jürgen Pfeifer. [10]Florian La Roche acts as the maintainer for the
- Free Software Foundation, which holds the copyright on ncurses.
- Contact the current maintainers at [11]bug-ncurses@gnu.org.
-
- To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
+ Zeyd Ben-Halim started it from a previous package pcurses, written by
+ Pavel Curtis. Eric S. Raymond continued development. Jürgen Pfeifer
+ wrote most of the form and menu libraries. Ongoing work is being done
+ by [17]Thomas Dickey. Thomas Dickey acts as the maintainer for the
+ Free Software Foundation, which holds the copyright on ncurses.
+ Contact the current maintainers at [18]bug-ncurses@gnu.org.
+
+ To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org containing the line:
subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development
and testing of this package.
-
- Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made
- available at [12]ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ncurses.
-
+
+ Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made
+ available at [19]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
+
Future Plans
- * Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization
+ * Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization
support.
* Ports to more systems, including DOS and Windows.
-
- We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in
+
+ We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in
working on them, please join the ncurses list.
-
+
Other Related Resources
- The distribution includes and uses a version of the terminfo-format
- terminal description file maintained by Eric Raymond.
- [13]http://earthspace.net/~esr/terminfo.
-
- You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics not
- covered in the terminfo file at [14]Richard Shuford's archive.
+ The distribution provides a newer version of the terminfo-format
+ terminal description file maintained by [20]Eric Raymond . Unlike the
+ older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided in the same
+ file.
+
+ You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics not
+ covered in the terminfo file at [21]Richard Shuford's archive .
References
- 1. ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu
- 2. ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ncurses
- 3. ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ded
- 4. ftp://ftp.akk.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/news/clients/tin-unoff
- 5. ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/vile
- 6. mailto:zmbenhal@netcom.com
- 7. http://www.ccil.org/~esr/home.html
- 8. mailto:dickey@clark.net
- 9. mailto:Juergen.Pfeifer@T-Online.de
- 10. mailto:florian@gnu.org
- 11. mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org
- 12. ftp://ftp.clark.net/pub/dickey/ncurses
- 13. http://earthspace.net/~esr/terminfo
- 14. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html
+ 1. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
+ 2. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+ 3. http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
+ 4. http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
+ 5. http://invisible-island.net/ded/
+ 6. http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
+ 7. http://lynx.isc.org/release/
+ 8. http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
+ 9. http://www.mutt.org/
+ 10. http://www.ncftp.com/
+ 11. http://www.bostic.com/vi/
+ 12. http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
+ 13. http://www.tin.org/
+ 14. http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
+ 15. http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
+ 16. http://invisible-island.net/vile/
+ 17. mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net
+ 18. mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org
+ 19. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+ 20. http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/
+ 21. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html