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-<H1 class="no-header">curs_initscr 3x</H1>
+<H1 class="no-header">curs_initscr 3x 2024-04-13 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
<PRE>
-<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
+<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
Library calls <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>, <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>isendwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG>, <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> screen
- initialization and manipulation routines
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>, <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>isendwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG>, <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> - initialize,
+ manipulate, or tear down <EM>curses</EM> terminal interface
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*initscr(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin(void);</STRONG>
+
<STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>isendwin(void);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*newterm(char</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>type</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>outfd</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>infd</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+
+ <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*newterm(const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>type</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>outf</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>inf</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*set_term(SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>new</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>delscreen(SCREEN*</STRONG> <EM>sp</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
it; these are <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">slk_init(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>ripoffline</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>. For multiple-
terminal applications, <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> may be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>.
- The initscr code determines the terminal type and initializes all <STRONG>curs-</STRONG>
- <STRONG>es</STRONG> data structures. <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> also causes the first call to <STRONG><A HREF="curscurs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>
- to clear the screen. If errors occur, <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> writes an appropriate
- error message to standard error and exits; otherwise, a pointer is re-
- turned to <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
+ The initscr code determines the terminal type and initializes all
+ <STRONG>curses</STRONG> data structures. <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> also causes the first call to
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> to clear the screen. If errors occur, <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> writes an
+ appropriate error message to standard error and exits; otherwise, a
+ pointer is returned to <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-newterm">newterm</a></H3><PRE>
routine for each terminal instead of <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. A program that needs to
inspect capabilities, so it can continue to run in a line-oriented mode
if the terminal cannot support a screen-oriented program, would also
- use <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. The routine <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> should be called once for each termi-
- nal. It returns a variable of type <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG> which should be saved as a
+ use <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>.
+
+ The routine <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> should be called once for each terminal. It
+ returns a variable of type <EM>SCREEN</EM> <EM>*</EM> which should be saved as a
reference to that terminal. <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>'s arguments are
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the <EM>type</EM> of the terminal to be used in place of <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>,
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> a file pointer for output to the terminal, and
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> an output stream connected to the terminal, and
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> another file pointer for input from the terminal
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> an input stream connected to the terminal
If the <EM>type</EM> parameter is <STRONG>NULL</STRONG>, <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG> will be used.
+ The file descriptor of the output stream is passed to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG>,
+ which returns a pointer to a <EM>TERMINAL</EM> structure. <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>'s return
+ value holds a pointer to the <EM>TERMINAL</EM> structure.
+
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-endwin">endwin</a></H3><PRE>
The program must also call <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> for each terminal being used before
<STRONG>o</STRONG> moves the cursor to the lower left-hand corner of the screen,
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> clears the remainder of the line so that it uses the default col-
- ors,
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> clears the remainder of the line so that it uses the default
+ colors,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> sets the cursor to normal visibility (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_set(3x)</A></STRONG>),
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> stops cursor-addressing mode using the <EM>exit</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>ca</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>mode</EM> terminal capa-
- bility,
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> stops cursor-addressing mode using the <EM>exit</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>ca</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>mode</EM> terminal
+ capability,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> restores tty modes (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">reset_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-set_term">set_term</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> routine is used to switch between different terminals.
- The screen reference <STRONG>new</STRONG> becomes the new current terminal. The previ-
- ous terminal is returned by the routine. This is the only routine
- which manipulates <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> pointers; all other routines affect only the
+ The screen reference <EM>new</EM> becomes the new current terminal. The
+ previous terminal is returned by the routine. This is the only routine
+ which manipulates <EM>SCREEN</EM> pointers; all other routines affect only the
current terminal.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-delscreen">delscreen</a></H3><PRE>
- The <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> routine frees storage associated with the <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> data
+ The <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> routine frees storage associated with the <EM>SCREEN</EM> data
structure. The <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> routine does not do this, so <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> should be
- called after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> if a particular <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> is no longer needed.
+ called after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> if a particular <EM>SCREEN</EM> is no longer needed.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> upon successful com-
- pletion.
+ <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> upon successful
+ completion.
Routines that return pointers always return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
X/Open defines no error conditions. In this implementation
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns an error if the terminal was not initialized.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> returns an error if
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the terminal was not initialized, or
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> is called more than once without updating the screen, or
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">reset_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG> returns an error.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> returns an error if it cannot allocate the data structures
for the screen, or for the top-level windows within the screen,
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Differences">Differences</a></H3><PRE>
- X/Open specifies that portable applications must not call <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> more
- than once:
+ X/Open Curses specifies that portable applications must not call
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> more than once:
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> The portable way to use <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> is once only, using <STRONG>refresh</STRONG> (see
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>) to restore the screen after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The portable way to use <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> is once only, using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> to
+ restore the screen after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> This implementation allows using <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG>.
- Old versions of curses, e.g., BSD 4.4, may have returned a null pointer
- from <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> when an error is detected, rather than exiting. It is
- safe but redundant to check the return value of <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> in XSI Curses.
+ Old versions of curses, e.g., BSD 4.4, would return a null pointer from
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> when an error is detected, rather than exiting. It is safe but
+ redundant to check the return value of <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> in XSI Curses.
+
+ Calling <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> does not dispose of the memory allocated in <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or
+ <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. Deleting a <EM>SCREEN</EM> provides a way to do this:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses does not say what happens to <EM>WINDOW</EM>s when <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG>
+ "frees storage associated with the <EM>SCREEN</EM>" nor does the SVr4
+ documentation help, adding that it should be called after <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> if
+ a <EM>SCREEN</EM> is no longer needed.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> However, <EM>WINDOW</EM>s are implicitly associated with a <EM>SCREEN</EM>. so that
+ it is reasonable to expect <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> to deal with these.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr4 curses deletes the standard <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG> and
+ <STRONG>curscr</STRONG> as well as a work area <STRONG>newscr</STRONG>. SVr4 curses ignores other
+ windows.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Since version 4.0 (1996), <EM>ncurses</EM> has maintained a list of all
+ windows for each screen, using that information to delete those
+ windows when <STRONG>delscreen</STRONG> is called.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD copied this feature of <EM>ncurses</EM> in 2001. PDCurses follows
+ the SVr4 model, deleting only the standard <EM>WINDOW</EM> structures.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-High-level-versus-Low-level">High-level versus Low-level</a></H3><PRE>
+ Different implementations may disagree regarding the level of some
+ functions. For example, <EM>SCREEN</EM> (returned by <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>) and <EM>TERMINAL</EM>
+ (returned by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG>) hold file descriptors for the output
+ stream. If an application switches screens using <STRONG>set_term</STRONG>, or switches
+ terminals using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">set_curterm(3x)</A></STRONG>, applications which use the output file
+ descriptor can have different behavior depending on which structure
+ holds the corresponding descriptor.
+
+ For example
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD's <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">baudrate(3x)</A></STRONG> function uses the descriptor in <EM>TERMINAL</EM>.
+ <EM>ncurses</EM> and SVr4 use the descriptor in <EM>SCREEN</EM>.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD and <EM>ncurses</EM> use the descriptor in <EM>TERMINAL</EM> for terminal I/O
+ modes, e.g., <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_prog_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>. SVr4 curses
+ uses the descriptor in <EM>SCREEN</EM>.
-</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Unset-TERM-Variable">Unset TERM Variable</a></H3><PRE>
- If the TERM variable is missing or empty, <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> uses the value "un-
- known", which normally corresponds to a terminal entry with the <EM>generic</EM>
- (<EM>gn</EM>) capability. Generic entries are detected by <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> (see
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>) and cannot be used for full-screen operation. Other
- implementations may handle a missing/empty TERM variable differently.
+ <STRONG>Unset</STRONG> <EM>TERM</EM> <STRONG>Variable</STRONG>
+ If the <EM>TERM</EM> variable is missing or empty, <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> uses the value
+ "unknown", which normally corresponds to a terminal entry with the
+ <EM>generic</EM> (<EM>gn</EM>) capability. Generic entries are detected by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">setupterm(3x)</A></STRONG>
+ and cannot be used for full-screen operation. Other implementations
+ may handle a missing/empty <EM>TERM</EM> variable differently.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Signal-Handlers">Signal Handlers</a></H3><PRE>
- Quoting from X/Open Curses, section 3.1.1:
+ Quoting from X/Open Curses Issue 7, section 3.1.1:
- <EM>Curses</EM> <EM>implementations</EM> <EM>may</EM> <EM>provide</EM> <EM>for</EM> <EM>special</EM> <EM>handling</EM> <EM>of</EM> <EM>the</EM>
- <STRONG>SIGINT</STRONG><EM>,</EM> <STRONG>SIGQUIT</STRONG> <EM>and</EM> <STRONG>SIGTSTP</STRONG> <EM>signals</EM> <EM>if</EM> <EM>their</EM> <EM>disposition</EM> <EM>is</EM>
- <STRONG>SIG_DFL</STRONG> <EM>at</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>time</EM> <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> <EM>is</EM> <EM>called</EM> <STRONG>...</STRONG>
+ Curses implementations may provide for special handling of the
+ SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTSTP signals if their disposition is
+ SIG_DFL at the time <EM>initscr</EM> is called...
- <EM>Any</EM> <EM>special</EM> <EM>handling</EM> <EM>for</EM> <EM>these</EM> <EM>signals</EM> <EM>may</EM> <EM>remain</EM> <EM>in</EM> <EM>effect</EM> <EM>for</EM>
- <EM>the</EM> <EM>life</EM> <EM>of</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>process</EM> <EM>or</EM> <EM>until</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>process</EM> <EM>changes</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>disposi-</EM>
- <EM>tion</EM> <EM>of</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>signal.</EM>
+ Any special handling for these signals may remain in effect for
+ the life of the process or until the process changes the
+ disposition of the signal.
- <EM>None</EM> <EM>of</EM> <EM>the</EM> <EM>Curses</EM> <EM>functions</EM> <EM>are</EM> <EM>required</EM> <EM>to</EM> <EM>be</EM> <EM>safe</EM> <EM>with</EM> <EM>respect</EM>
- <EM>to</EM> <EM>signals</EM> ...
+ None of the Curses functions are required to be safe with respect
+ to signals...
- This implementation establishes signal handlers during initialization,
+ This implementation establishes signal handlers during initialization,
e.g., <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. Applications which must handle these signals
- should set up the corresponding handlers <EM>after</EM> initializing the li-
- brary:
+ should set up the corresponding handlers <EM>after</EM> initializing the
+ library:
<STRONG>SIGINT</STRONG>
- The handler <EM>attempts</EM> to cleanup the screen on exit. Although it
+ The handler <EM>attempts</EM> to clean up the screen on exit. Although it
<EM>usually</EM> works as expected, there are limitations:
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Walking the <STRONG>SCREEN</STRONG> list is unsafe, since all list management
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Walking the <EM>SCREEN</EM> list is unsafe, since all list management
is done without any signal blocking.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> On systems which have <STRONG>REENTRANT</STRONG> turned on, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> uses func-
- tions which could deadlock or misbehave in other ways.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> On systems which have <STRONG>REENTRANT</STRONG> turned on, <STRONG>set_term</STRONG> uses
+ functions which could deadlock or misbehave in other ways.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> calls other functions, many of which use stdio or other
- library functions which are clearly unsafe.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>endwin</STRONG> calls other functions, many of which use <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG> or
+ other library functions which are clearly unsafe.
<STRONG>SIGTERM</STRONG>
- This uses the same handler as <STRONG>SIGINT</STRONG>, with the same limitations.
- It is not mentioned in X/Open Curses, but is more suitable for
+ This uses the same handler as <STRONG>SIGINT</STRONG>, with the same limitations.
+ It is not mentioned in X/Open Curses, but is more suitable for
this purpose than <STRONG>SIGQUIT</STRONG> (which is used in debugging).
<STRONG>SIGTSTP</STRONG>
- This handles the <EM>stop</EM> signal, used in job control. When resuming
- the process, this implementation discards pending input with
- <STRONG>flushinput</STRONG> (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>), and repaints the screen assuming
- that it has been completely altered. It also updates the saved
- terminal modes with <STRONG>def_shell_mode</STRONG> (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>).
+ This handles the <EM>stop</EM> signal, used in job control. When resuming
+ the process, this implementation discards pending input with
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">flushinp(3x)</A></STRONG>, and repaints the screen assuming that it has been
+ completely altered. It also updates the saved terminal modes with
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">def_shell_mode(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG>SIGWINCH</STRONG>
- This handles the window-size changes which were ignored in the
- standardization efforts. The handler sets a (signal-safe) vari-
- able which is later tested in <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>). If
- <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> has been enabled for the corresponding window, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> re-
- turns the key symbol <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>. At the same time, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> calls
- <STRONG>resizeterm</STRONG> to adjust the standard screen <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, and update other
- data such as <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLS</STRONG>.
+ This handles the window-size changes which were ignored in the
+ standardization efforts. The handler sets a (signal-safe)
+ variable which is later tested in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">wgetch(3x)</A></STRONG>. If <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> has been
+ enabled for the corresponding window, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> returns the key
+ symbol <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>. At the same time, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG> calls <STRONG>resizeterm</STRONG> to
+ adjust the standard screen <STRONG>stdscr</STRONG>, and update other data such as
+ <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLS</STRONG>.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_ter-</STRONG>
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">minfo(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>.
+ <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_slk.3x.html">curs_slk(3x)</A></STRONG>,
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>
-
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
+
ncurses 6.4 2024-04-13 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Differences">Differences</a></li>
-<li><a href="#h3-Unset-TERM-Variable">Unset TERM Variable</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-High-level-versus-Low-level">High-level versus Low-level</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Signal-Handlers">Signal Handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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