.\"***************************************************************************
-.\" Copyright (c) 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
+.\" Copyright 2018-2023,2024 Thomas E. Dickey *
+.\" Copyright 1998-2015,2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
.\" *
.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a *
.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the *
.\" authorization. *
.\"***************************************************************************
.\"
-.\" $Id: curs_pad.3x,v 1.8 1998/12/26 20:09:03 tom Exp $
-.TH curs_pad 3X ""
+.\" $Id: curs_pad.3x,v 1.61 2024/04/27 17:55:43 tom Exp $
+.TH curs_pad 3X 2024-04-27 "ncurses @NCURSES_MAJOR@.@NCURSES_MINOR@" "Library calls"
+.ie \n(.g \{\
+.ds `` \(lq
+.ds '' \(rq
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.ie t .ds `` ``
+.el .ds `` ""
+.ie t .ds '' ''
+.el .ds '' ""
+.\}
+.
+.de bP
+.ie n .IP \(bu 4
+.el .IP \(bu 2
+..
.SH NAME
-\fBnewpad\fR, \fBsubpad\fR, \fBprefresh\fR,
-\fBpnoutrefresh\fR, \fBpechochar\fR - create and display \fBcurses\fR
-pads
+\fB\%newpad\fP,
+\fB\%subpad\fP,
+\fB\%prefresh\fP,
+\fB\%pnoutrefresh\fP,
+\fB\%pechochar\fP,
+\fB\%pecho_wchar\fP \-
+create and display \fIcurses\fR pads
.SH SYNOPSIS
-\fB#include <curses.h>\fR
-
-\fBWINDOW *newpad(int nlines, int ncols);\fR
-.br
-\fBWINDOW *subpad(WINDOW *orig, int nlines, int ncols,\fR
- \fBint begin_y, int begin_x);\fR
-.br
-\fBint prefresh(WINDOW *pad, int pminrow, int pmincol,\fR
- \fBint sminrow, int smincol, int smaxrow, int smaxcol);\fR
-.br
-\fBint pnoutrefresh(WINDOW *pad, int pminrow, int pmincol,\fR
- \fBint sminrow, int smincol, int smaxrow, int smaxcol);\fR
-.br
-\fBint pechochar(WINDOW *pad, chtype ch);\fR
+.nf
+\fB#include <curses.h>
+.PP
+\fBWINDOW *newpad(int \fInlines\fP, int \fIncols\fP);
+\fBWINDOW *subpad(WINDOW *\fIparent\fP, int \fInlines\fP, int \fIncols\fP,
+ \fBint \fIbegin_y\fB, int \fIbegin_x\fB);\fR
+.PP
+\fBint prefresh(WINDOW *\fIpad\fB, int \fIpminrow\fB, int \fIpmincol\fB,\fR
+ \fBint \fIsminrow\fB, int \fIsmincol\fB, int \fIsmaxrow\fB, int \fIsmaxcol\fB);\fR
+\fBint pnoutrefresh(WINDOW *\fIpad\fB, int \fIpminrow\fB, int \fIpmincol\fB,\fR
+ \fBint \fIsminrow\fB, int \fIsmincol\fB, int \fIsmaxrow\fB, int \fIsmaxcol\fB);\fR
+.PP
+\fBint pechochar(WINDOW *\fIpad\fB, chtype \fIch\fB);\fR
+\fBint pecho_wchar(WINDOW *\fIpad\fB, const cchar_t *\fIwch\fB);\fR
+.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBnewpad\fR routine creates and returns a pointer to a new pad data
-structure with the given number of lines, \fInlines\fR, and columns,
-\fIncols\fR. A pad is like a window, except that it is not restricted by the
-screen size, and is not necessarily associated with a particular part of the
-screen. Pads can be used when a large window is needed, and only a part of the
-window will be on the screen at one time. Automatic refreshes of pads
-(\fIe\fR.\fIg\fR., from scrolling or echoing of input) do not occur. It is not
-legal to call \fBwrefresh\fR with a \fIpad\fR as an argument; the routines
-\fBprefresh\fR or \fBpnoutrefresh\fR should be called instead. Note that these
-routines require additional parameters to specify the part of the pad to be
-displayed and the location on the screen to be used for the display.
-
-The \fBsubpad\fR routine creates and returns a pointer to a subwindow within a
-pad with the given number of lines, \fInlines\fR, and columns, \fIncols\fR.
-Unlike \fBsubwin\fR, which uses screen coordinates, the window is at position
-(\fIbegin\fR_\fIx\fR\fB,\fR \fIbegin\fR_\fIy\fR) on the pad. The window is
-made in the middle of the window \fIorig\fR, so that changes made to one window
-affect both windows. During the use of this routine, it will often be
-necessary to call \fBtouchwin\fR or \fBtouchline\fR on \fIorig\fR before
-calling \fBprefresh\fR.
-
-The \fBprefresh\fR and \fBpnoutrefresh\fR routines are analogous to
-\fBwrefresh\fR and \fBwnoutrefresh\fR except that they relate to pads instead
-of windows. The additional parameters are needed to indicate what part of the
-pad and screen are involved. \fIpminrow\fR and \fIpmincol\fR specify the upper
-left-hand corner of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad. \fIsminrow\fR,
-\fIsmincol\fR, \fIsmaxrow\fR, and \fIsmaxcol\fR specify the edges of the
-rectangle to be displayed on the screen. The lower right-hand corner of the
-rectangle to be displayed in the pad is calculated from the screen coordinates,
-since the rectangles must be the same size. Both rectangles must be entirely
-contained within their respective structures. Negative values of
-\fIpminrow\fR, \fIpmincol\fR, \fIsminrow\fR, or \fIsmincol\fR are treated as if
-they were zero.
-
-The \fBpechochar\fR routine is functionally equivalent to a call to \fBaddch\fR
-followed by a call to \fBrefresh\fR, a call to \fBwaddch\fR followed by a call
-to \fBwrefresh\fR, or a call to \fBwaddch\fR followed by a call to
-\fBprefresh.\fR The knowledge that only a single character is being output is
-taken into consideration and, for non-control characters, a considerable
-performance gain might be seen by using these routines instead of their
-equivalents. In the case of \fBpechochar\fR, the last location of the pad on
-the screen is reused for the arguments to \fBprefresh\fR.
+A
+.I curses
+.I pad
+is like a window,
+except that it is not restricted by the screen size,
+and is not necessarily associated with a particular part of the screen.
+Pads can be used when a large window is needed,
+only part of which is to be visible on the screen.
+Pads are not automatically refreshed by scrolling or input-echoing
+operations.
+.PP
+Pads cannot be refreshed with \fB\%wrefresh\fP(3X);
+use
+.B \%prefresh
+or
+.B \%pnoutrefresh
+instead.
+.SS newpad
+\fB\%newpad\fP creates and returns a pointer to a new pad data structure
+with the given number of lines,
+.IR nlines ,
+and columns,
+.IR ncols .
+.SS subpad
+.B \%subpad
+creates and returns a pointer to a subwindow within a pad
+with the given number of lines,
+.IR nlines ,
+and columns,
+.IR ncols .
+Unlike \fB\%subwin\fP(3X),
+which uses screen coordinates,
+the new pad is placed at position
+.RI ( begin_y ,
+.IR begin_x )
+relative to its parent.
+Thus,
+changes made to one pad can affect both.
+When operating on a subpad,
+it is often necessary to call \fB\%touchwin\fP(3X) or
+\fB\%touchline\fP(3X) on
+.I parent
+before calling
+.BR \%prefresh .
+.SS "prefresh, pnoutrefresh"
+.B \%prefresh\fP
+and
+.B \%pnoutrefresh
+are analogous to \fB\%wrefresh\fP(3X) and \fB\%wnoutrefresh\fP(3X)
+except that they operate on pads rather than windows.
+They require additional parameters are needed to indicate what portions
+of the pad and screen are involved.
+.bP
+.I pminrow
+and
+.I pmincol
+specify the upper left-hand corner of a rectangular view of the pad.
+.bP
+.IR sminrow ,
+.IR smincol ,
+.IR smaxrow ,
+and
+.I smaxcol
+specify the vertices of the rectangle to be displayed on the screen.
+.PP
+The lower right-hand corner
+of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad
+is calculated from the screen coordinates,
+since the rectangles must be the same size.
+Both rectangles must be entirely contained
+within their respective structures.
+.I curses
+treats
+negative values of any of these parameters as zero.
+.SS pechochar
+.B \%pechochar
+is functionally equivalent to calling \fB\%waddch\fP(3X) followed by
+.BR \%prefresh .
+It suggests to the
+.I curses
+optimizer that only a single character is being output;
+a considerable performance benefit may be thus enjoyed.
+The location of the character
+.I ch
+written to the pad is used to populate the arguments to
+.BR \%prefresh .
+.SS pecho_wchar
+.B \%pecho_wchar\fP
+is functionally equivalent to calling \fB\%wadd_wch\fP(3X) followed by
+.BR \%prefresh .
+It suggests to the
+.I curses
+optimizer that only a single wide character is being output;
+a considerable performance benefit may be thus enjoyed.
+The location of the character
+.I wch
+written to the pad is used to populate the arguments to
+.BR \%prefresh .
.SH RETURN VALUE
-Routines that return an integer return \fBERR\fR upon failure and \fBOK\fR
-(SVr4 only specifies "an integer value other than \fBERR\fR") upon successful
-completion.
-
-Routines that return pointers return \fBNULL\fR on error, and set \fBerrno\fR
-to \fBENOMEM\fR.
+Functions that return an integer return \fBERR\fP upon failure and
+\fBOK\fP
+(SVr4 specifies only
+\*(``an integer value other than \fBERR\fP\*('')
+upon successful completion.
+.PP
+Functions that return pointers return \fBNULL\fP on error,
+and set \fB\%errno\fP to \fB\%ENOMEM\fP.
+.PP
+X/Open Curses does not specify any error conditions.
+In this implementation
+.RS 3
+.TP 5
+\fB\%prefresh\fP and \fB\%pnoutrefresh\fP
+return an error
+if the window pointer is null, or
+if the window is not really a pad or
+if the area to refresh extends off-screen or
+if the minimum coordinates are greater than the maximum.
+.TP 5
+\fBpechochar\fP
+returns an error
+if the window is not really a pad, and the associated call
+to \fB\%wechochar\fP returns an error.
+.TP 5
+\fBpecho_wchar\fP
+returns an error
+if the window is not really a pad, and the associated call
+to \fB\%wecho_wchar\fP returns an error.
+.RE
.SH NOTES
-Note that \fBpechochar\fR may be a macro.
+\fB\%pechochar\fP may be a macro.
.SH PORTABILITY
-The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these functions.
+BSD \fIcurses\fP has no \fIpad\fP feature.
+.PP
+SVr2 \fIcurses\fP (1986) provided the \fB\%newpad\fP and related functions,
+documenting them in a single line each.
+SVr3 (1987) provided more extensive documentation.
+.PP
+The documentation does not explain the term \fIpad\fP.
+However, the Apollo \fIAegis\fP workstation operating system
+supported a graphical \fIpad\fP feature:
+.bP
+These graphical pads could be much larger than the computer's display.
+.bP
+The read-only output from a command could be scrolled back to inspect,
+and select text from the pad.
+.PP
+The two uses may be related.
+.PP
+X/Open Curses, Issue 4 describes these functions,
+without significant change from the SVr3 documentation.
+It describes no error conditions.
+The behavior of \fB\%subpad\fP if the parent window is not
+a pad is undocumented,
+and is not checked by the vendor Unix implementations:
+.bP
+SVr4 \fIcurses\fP sets a flag in the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure in
+\fB\%newpad\fP which tells if the window is a \fIpad\fP.
+.IP
+However, it uses this information only in
+\fB\%waddch\fP (to decide if it should call \fB\%wrefresh\fP) and
+\fB\%wscrl\fP (to avoid scrolling a pad),
+and does not check in \fB\%wrefresh\fP to ensure that the pad
+is refreshed properly.
+.bP
+Solaris \fI\%xcurses\fP checks whether a window is a pad in
+\fB\%wnoutrefresh\fP,
+returning \fBERR\fP in that case.
+.IP
+However,
+it only sets the flag for subwindows if the parent window is a pad.
+Its \fB\%newpad\fP function does not set this information.
+Consequently, the check will never fail.
+.IP
+It makes no comparable check in \fB\%pnoutrefresh\fP,
+though interestingly enough, a comment in the source code
+states that the lack of a check was an MKS extension.
+.bP
+NetBSD 7 \fIcurses\fP
+sets a flag in the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure
+for \fB\%newpad\fP and \fB\%subpad\fP,
+using this to help with the distinction between \fB\%wnoutrefresh\fP
+and \fB\%pnoutrefresh\fP.
+.IP
+It does not check for the case where a subwindow is created in
+a pad using \fB\%subwin\fP or \fB\%derwin\fP.
+.IP
+The \fB\%dupwin\fP function returns a regular window when duplicating a pad.
+Likewise, \fB\%getwin\fP always returns a window, even if the saved
+data was from a pad.
+.PP
+This implementation
+.bP
+sets a flag in the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure
+for \fB\%newpad\fP and \fB\%subpad\fP,
+.bP
+allows a \fB\%subwin\fP or \fB\%derwin\fP call to succeed having a pad parent by
+forcing the subwindow to be a pad,
+.bP
+checks in both \fB\%wnoutrefresh\fP and \fB\%pnoutrefresh\fP to ensure
+that pads and windows are handled distinctly, and
+.bP
+ensures that \fB\%dupwin\fP and \fB\%getwin\fP treat
+pads versus windows consistently.
.SH SEE ALSO
-\fBcurses\fR(3X), \fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X), \fBcurs_touch\fR(3X), \fBcurs_addch\fR(3X).
-.\"#
-.\"# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
-.\"# Local Variables:
-.\"# mode:nroff
-.\"# fill-column:79
-.\"# End:
+\fB\%curses\fP(3X),
+\fB\%curs_addch\fP(3X),
+\fB\%curs_refresh\fP(3X),
+\fB\%curs_touch\fP(3X)
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