'\" t
-.\" $Id: ncurses.3x,v 1.23 1998/02/15 02:05:44 tom Exp $
+.\"***************************************************************************
+.\" Copyright 2018-2019,2020 Thomas E. Dickey *
+.\" Copyright 1998-2015,2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
+.\" *
+.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a *
+.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the *
+.\" "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including *
+.\" without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, *
+.\" distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell *
+.\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is *
+.\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: *
+.\" *
+.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included *
+.\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. *
+.\" *
+.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS *
+.\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF *
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. *
+.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, *
+.\" DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR *
+.\" OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR *
+.\" THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. *
+.\" *
+.\" Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright *
+.\" holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the *
+.\" sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written *
+.\" authorization. *
+.\"***************************************************************************
+.\"
+.\" $Id: ncurses.3x,v 1.149 2020/10/03 20:15:52 tom Exp $
+.hy 0
.TH ncurses 3X ""
+.ie \n(.g .ds `` \(lq
+.el .ds `` ``
+.ie \n(.g .ds '' \(rq
+.el .ds '' ''
+.de bP
+.ie n .IP \(bu 4
+.el .IP \(bu 2
+..
+.de NS
+.ie n .sp
+.el .sp .5
+.ie n .in +4
+.el .in +2
+.nf
+.ft C \" Courier
+..
+.de NE
+.fi
+.ft R
+.ie n .in -4
+.el .in -2
+..
.ds n 5
-.ds d @DATADIR@/terminfo
+.ds d @TERMINFO@
.SH NAME
-\fBncurses\fR - CRT screen handling and optimization package
+\fBncurses\fR \- CRT screen handling and optimization package
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fB#include <curses.h>\fR
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The \fBcurses\fR library routines give the user a terminal-independent method
-of updating character screens with reasonable optimization. This
-implementation is ``new curses'' (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for
+The \fBncurses\fR library routines give the user a terminal-independent method
+of updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
+This implementation is \*(``new curses\*('' (ncurses) and
+is the approved replacement for
4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
-
-The \fBncurses\fR routines emulate the \fBcurses\fR(3X) library of System V
-Release 4 UNIX, and the XPG4 curses standard (XSI curses) but the \fBncurses\fR
-library is freely redistributable in source form. Differences from the SVr4
-curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections below and
-described in detail in the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections of individual man
-pages.
-
-A program using these routines must be linked with the \fB-lncurses\fR option,
-or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library \fB-lncurses_g\fR.
+This describes \fBncurses\fR
+version @NCURSES_MAJOR@.@NCURSES_MINOR@ (patch @NCURSES_PATCH@).
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library emulates the curses library of
+System V Release 4 UNIX,
+and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known as XSI curses).
+XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension.
+The \fBncurses\fR library is freely redistributable in source form.
+Differences from the SVr4
+curses are summarized under the
+\fBEXTENSIONS\fP and \fBPORTABILITY\fP sections below and
+described in detail in the respective
+\fBEXTENSIONS\fP, \fBPORTABILITY\fP and \fBBUGS\fP sections
+of individual man pages.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library also provides many useful extensions,
+i.e., features which cannot be implemented by a simple add-on library
+but which require access to the internals of the library.
+.PP
+A program using these routines must be linked with the \fB\-lncurses\fR option,
+or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library \fB\-lncurses_g\fR.
(Your system integrator may also have installed these libraries under
-the names \fB-lcurses\fR and \fB-lcurses_g\fR.)
+the names \fB\-lcurses\fR and \fB\-lcurses_g\fR.)
The ncurses_g library generates trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the
current directory) that describe curses actions.
-
+See also the section on \fBALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS\fP.
+.PP
The \fBncurses\fR package supports: overall screen, window and pad
manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; control over
terminal and \fBcurses\fR input and output options; environment query
routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabilities;
and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
-
-To initialize the routines, the routine \fBinitscr\fR or \fBnewterm\fR
-must be called before any of the other routines that deal with windows
-and screens are used. The routine \fBendwin\fR must be called before
-exiting. To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most
+.SS Initialization
+.PP
+The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
+That is normally done with \fBsetlocale\fP:
+.NS
+\fBsetlocale(LC_ALL, "");\fP
+.NE
+.PP
+If the locale is not initialized,
+the library assumes that characters are printable as in ISO\-8859\-1,
+to work with certain legacy programs.
+You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of
+the library when the locale has not been setup.
+.PP
+The function \fBinitscr\fR or \fBnewterm\fR
+must be called to initialize the library
+before any of the other routines that deal with windows
+and screens are used.
+The routine \fBendwin\fR(3X) must be called before exiting.
+.PP
+To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most
interactive, screen oriented programs want this), the following
sequence should be used:
-
- \fBinitscr(); cbreak(); noecho();\fR
-
+.NS
+\fBinitscr(); cbreak(); noecho();\fR
+.NE
+.PP
Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
-
- \fBnonl();\fR
- \fBintrflush(stdscr, FALSE);\fR
- \fBkeypad(stdscr, TRUE);\fR
-
+.NS
+\fBintrflush(stdscr, FALSE);\fR
+\fBkeypad(stdscr, TRUE);\fR
+.NE
+.PP
Before a \fBcurses\fR program is run, the tab stops of the terminal
-should be set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be
-output. This can be done by executing the \fBtput init\fR command
+should be set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output.
+This can be done by executing the \fB@TPUT@ init\fR command
after the shell environment variable \fBTERM\fR has been exported.
-\fBtset(1)\fR is usually responsible for doing this.
+\fB@TSET@(1)\fR is usually responsible for doing this.
[See \fBterminfo\fR(\*n) for further details.]
-
-The \fBcurses\fR library permits manipulation of data structures,
+.SS Datatypes
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library permits manipulation of data structures,
called \fIwindows\fR, which can be thought of as two-dimensional
-arrays of characters representing all or part of a CRT screen. A
-default window called \fBstdscr\fR, which is the size of the terminal
-screen, is supplied. Others may be created with \fBnewwin\fR.
-
+arrays of characters representing all or part of a CRT screen.
+A default window called \fBstdscr\fR, which is the size of the terminal
+screen, is supplied.
+Others may be created with \fBnewwin\fR.
+.PP
Note that \fBcurses\fR does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
-the \fBpanel\fR(3X) library. This means that you can either use
+the \fBpanel\fR(3X) library.
+This means that you can either use
\fBstdscr\fR or divide the screen into tiled windows and not using
-\fBstdscr\fR at all. Mixing the two will result in unpredictable, and
-undesired, effects.
-
+\fBstdscr\fR at all.
+Mixing the two will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
+.PP
Windows are referred to by variables declared as \fBWINDOW *\fR.
These data structures are manipulated with routines described here and
-elsewhere in the \fBncurses\fR manual pages. Among which the most basic
-routines are \fBmove\fR and \fBaddch\fR. More general versions of
+elsewhere in the \fBncurses\fR manual pages.
+Among those, the most basic
+routines are \fBmove\fR and \fBaddch\fR.
+More general versions of
these routines are included with names beginning with \fBw\fR,
-allowing the user to specify a window. The routines not beginning
-with \fBw\fR affect \fBstdscr\fR.)
-
-After using routines to manipulate a window, \fBrefresh\fR is called,
+allowing the user to specify a window.
+The routines not beginning
+with \fBw\fR affect \fBstdscr\fR.
+.PP
+After using routines to manipulate a window, \fBrefresh\fR(3X) is called,
telling \fBcurses\fR to make the user's CRT screen look like
-\fBstdscr\fR. The characters in a window are actually of type
+\fBstdscr\fR.
+The characters in a window are actually of type
\fBchtype\fR, (character and attribute data) so that other information
about the character may also be stored with each character.
-
-Special windows called \fIpads\fR may also be manipulated. These are windows
+.PP
+Special windows called \fIpads\fR may also be manipulated.
+These are windows
which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose contents need not
-be completely displayed. See \fBcurs_pad\fR(3X) for more information.
-
+be completely displayed.
+See \fBcurs_pad\fR(3X) for more information.
+.PP
In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video attributes and colors
may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such modes as
underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that support such
-display enhancements. Line drawing characters may be specified to be output.
+display enhancements.
+Line drawing characters may be specified to be output.
On input, \fBcurses\fR is also able to translate arrow and function keys that
-transmit escape sequences into single values. The video attributes, line
+transmit escape sequences into single values.
+The video attributes, line
drawing characters, and input values use names, defined in \fB<curses.h>\fR,
such as \fBA_REVERSE\fR, \fBACS_HLINE\fR, and \fBKEY_LEFT\fR.
-
+.SS Environment variables
+.PP
If the environment variables \fBLINES\fR and \fBCOLUMNS\fR are set, or if the
program is executing in a window environment, line and column information in
-the environment will override information read by \fIterminfo\fR. This would
-effect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where the size of a
-screen is changeable.
-
+the environment will override information read by \fIterminfo\fR.
+This would affect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer,
+for example, where the size of a
+screen is changeable (see \fBENVIRONMENT\fR).
+.PP
If the environment variable \fBTERMINFO\fR is defined, any program using
\fBcurses\fR checks for a local terminal definition before checking in the
-standard place. For example, if \fBTERM\fR is set to \fBatt4424\fR, then the
+standard place.
+For example, if \fBTERM\fR is set to \fBatt4424\fR, then the
compiled terminal definition is found in
-
- \fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
-
+.NS
+\fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
+.NE
+.PP
(The \fBa\fR is copied from the first letter of \fBatt4424\fR to avoid
creation of huge directories.) However, if \fBTERMINFO\fR is set to
\fB$HOME/myterms\fR, \fBcurses\fR first checks
-
- \fB$HOME/myterms/a/att4424\fR,
-
+.NS
+\fB$HOME/myterms/a/att4424\fR,
+.NE
+.PP
and if that fails, it then checks
-
- \fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
-
+.NS
+\fB\*d/a/att4424\fR.
+.NE
+.PP
This is useful for developing experimental definitions or when write
permission in \fB\*d\fR is not available.
-
+.PP
The integer variables \fBLINES\fR and \fBCOLS\fR are defined in
\fB<curses.h>\fR and will be filled in by \fBinitscr\fR with the size of the
-screen. The constants \fBTRUE\fR and \fBFALSE\fR have the values \fB1\fR and
+screen.
+The constants \fBTRUE\fR and \fBFALSE\fR have the values \fB1\fR and
\fB0\fR, respectively.
-
+.PP
The \fBcurses\fR routines also define the \fBWINDOW *\fR variable \fBcurscr\fR
which is used for certain low-level operations like clearing and redrawing a
-screen containing garbage. The \fBcurscr\fR can be used in only a few
-routines.
-
+screen containing garbage.
+The \fBcurscr\fR can be used in only a few routines.
+.\"
.SS Routine and Argument Names
-Many \fBcurses\fR routines have two or more versions. The routines prefixed
-with \fBw\fR require a window argument. The routines prefixed with \fBp\fR
-require a pad argument. Those without a prefix generally use \fBstdscr\fR.
-
+Many \fBcurses\fR routines have two or more versions.
+The routines prefixed with \fBw\fR require a window argument.
+The routines prefixed with \fBp\fR require a pad argument.
+Those without a prefix generally use \fBstdscr\fR.
+.PP
The routines prefixed with \fBmv\fR require a \fIy\fR and \fIx\fR
-coordinate to move to before performing the appropriate action. The
-\fBmv\fR routines imply a call to \fBmove\fR before the call to the
-other routine. The coordinate \fIy\fR always refers to the row (of
-the window), and \fIx\fR always refers to the column. The upper
-left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
-
+coordinate to move to before performing the appropriate action.
+The \fBmv\fR routines imply a call to \fBmove\fR before the call to the
+other routine.
+The coordinate \fIy\fR always refers to the row (of
+the window), and \fIx\fR always refers to the column.
+The upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
+.PP
The routines prefixed with \fBmvw\fR take both a window argument and
-\fIx\fR and \fIy\fR coordinates. The window argument is always
-specified before the coordinates.
-
+\fIx\fR and \fIy\fR coordinates.
+The window argument is always specified before the coordinates.
+.PP
In each case, \fIwin\fR is the window affected, and \fIpad\fR is the
pad affected; \fIwin\fR and \fIpad\fR are always pointers to type
\fBWINDOW\fR.
-
+.PP
Option setting routines require a Boolean flag \fIbf\fR with the value
-\fBTRUE\fR or \fBFALSE\fR; \fIbf\fR is always of type \fBbool\fR. The
-variables \fIch\fR and \fIattrs\fR below are always of type
-\fBchtype\fR. The types \fBWINDOW\fR, \fBSCREEN\fR, \fBbool\fR, and
-\fBchtype\fR are defined in \fB<curses.h>\fR. The type \fBTERMINAL\fR
-is defined in \fB<term.h>\fR. All other arguments are integers.
-
+\fBTRUE\fR or \fBFALSE\fR; \fIbf\fR is always of type \fBbool\fR.
+Most of the data types used in the library routines,
+such as \fBWINDOW\fR, \fBSCREEN\fR, \fBbool\fR, and \fBchtype\fR
+are defined in \fB<curses.h>\fR.
+Types used for the terminfo routines such as
+\fBTERMINAL\fR are defined in \fB<term.h>\fR.
+.PP
+This manual page describes functions which may appear in any configuration
+of the library.
+There are two common configurations of the library:
+.RS 3
+.TP 5
+.I ncurses
+the \*(``normal\*('' library, which handles 8-bit characters.
+The normal (8-bit) library stores characters combined with attributes
+in \fBchtype\fP data.
+.IP
+Attributes alone (no corresponding character) may be stored in \fBchtype\fP
+or the equivalent \fBattr_t\fP data.
+In either case, the data is stored in something like an integer.
+.IP
+Each cell (row and column) in a \fBWINDOW\fP is stored as a \fBchtype\fP.
+.TP 5
+.I ncursesw
+the so-called \*(``wide\*('' library, which handles multibyte characters
+(see the section on \fBALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS\fP).
+The \*(``wide\*('' library includes all of the calls
+from the \*(``normal\*('' library.
+It adds about one third more calls using data types which store
+multibyte characters:
+.RS 5
+.TP 5
+.B cchar_t
+corresponds to \fBchtype\fP.
+However it is a structure, because more data is stored than can fit into
+an integer.
+The characters are large enough to require a full integer value \- and there
+may be more than one character per cell.
+The video attributes and color are stored in separate fields of the structure.
+.IP
+Each cell (row and column) in a \fBWINDOW\fP is stored as a \fBcchar_t\fP.
+.IP
+The \fBsetcchar\fP(3X) and \fBgetcchar\fP(3X)
+functions store and retrieve the data from
+a \fBcchar_t\fP structure.
+.TP 5
+.B wchar_t
+stores a \*(``wide\*('' character.
+Like \fBchtype\fP, this may be an integer.
+.TP 5
+.B wint_t
+stores a \fBwchar_t\fP or \fBWEOF\fP \- not the same, though both may have
+the same size.
+.RE
+.IP
+The \*(``wide\*('' library provides new functions which are analogous to
+functions in the \*(``normal\*('' library.
+There is a naming convention which relates many of the normal/wide variants:
+a \*(``_w\*('' is inserted into the name.
+For example, \fBwaddch\fP becomes \fBwadd_wch\fP.
+.RE
+.PP
+.\"
.SS Routine Name Index
-The following table lists each \fBcurses\fR routine and the name of
-the manual page on which it is described. Routines flagged with `*'
+The following table lists the \fBcurses\fR routines provided in
+the \*(``normal\*('' and \*(``wide\*('' libraries and the names of
+the manual pages on which they are described.
+Routines flagged with \*(``*\*(''
are ncurses-specific, not described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.
-
+.PP
.TS
center tab(/);
l l
l l .
\fBcurses\fR Routine Name/Manual Page Name
=
+COLOR_PAIR/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
+PAIR_NUMBER/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+add_wch/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
+add_wchnstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
+add_wchstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
addch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
addchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
addchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
addnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+addnwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
addstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+addwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
+alloc_pair/\fBnew_pair\fR(3X)*
+assume_default_colors/\fBdefault_colors\fR(3X)*
+attr_get/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+attr_off/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+attr_on/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+attr_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
attroff/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
attron/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
attrset/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
beep/\fBcurs_beep\fR(3X)
bkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
bkgdset/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
+bkgrnd/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
+bkgrndset/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
border/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+border_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
box/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+box_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
can_change_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
cbreak/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
+chgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
clear/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
clearok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
clrtobot/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
clrtoeol/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
color_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
+color_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
copywin/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
curs_set/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
+curses_trace/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
+curses_version/\fBcurs_extend\fR(3X)*
def_prog_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
def_shell_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
define_key/\fBdefine_key\fR(3X)*
doupdate/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
dupwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
echo/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
+echo_wchar/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
echochar/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
endwin/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
erase/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
erasechar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
+erasewchar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
+exit_curses/\fBcurs_memleaks\fR(3X)*
+exit_terminfo/\fBcurs_memleaks\fR(3X)*
+extended_color_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)*
+extended_pair_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)*
+extended_slk_color/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)*
filter/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
+find_pair/\fBnew_pair\fR(3X)*
flash/\fBcurs_beep\fR(3X)
flushinp/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
+free_pair/\fBnew_pair\fR(3X)*
+get_wch/\fBcurs_get_wch\fR(3X)
+get_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
+getattrs/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+getbegx/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
+getbegy/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
getbegyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
+getbkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
+getbkgrnd/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
+getcchar/\fBcurs_getcchar\fR(3X)
getch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
+getcurx/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
+getcury/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
+getmaxx/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
+getmaxy/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
getmaxyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
getmouse/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
+getn_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
+getnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
+getparx/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
+getpary/\fBcurs_legacy\fR(3X)*
getparyx/\fBcurs_getyx\fR(3X)
getstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
getsyx/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
has_ic/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
has_il/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
has_key/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)*
+has_mouse/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
hline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+hline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
idcok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
idlok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
immedok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
+in_wch/\fBcurs_in_wch\fR(3X)
+in_wchnstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
+in_wchstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
inch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
inchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
inchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
init_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
+init_extended_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)*
+init_extended_pair/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)*
init_pair/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
initscr/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
innstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+innwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+ins_nwstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
+ins_wch/\fBcurs_ins_wch\fR(3X)
+ins_wstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
insch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
insdelln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
insertln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
insstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
instr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
intrflush/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
+inwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+is_cleared/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_idcok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_idlok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_immedok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_keypad/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_leaveok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
is_linetouched/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
+is_nodelay/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_notimeout/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_pad/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_scrollok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_subwin/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_syncok/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+is_term_resized/\fBresizeterm\fR(3X)*
is_wintouched/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
isendwin/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
+key_defined/\fBkey_defined\fR(3X)*
+key_name/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
+keybound/\fBkeybound\fR(3X)*
keyname/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
keyok/\fBkeyok\fR(3X)*
keypad/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
killchar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
+killwchar/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
leaveok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
longname/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
mcprint/\fBcurs_print\fR(3X)*
meta/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
+mouse_trafo/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
mouseinterval/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
mousemask/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
move/\fBcurs_move\fR(3X)
+mvadd_wch/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
+mvadd_wchnstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
+mvadd_wchstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
mvaddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
mvaddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
mvaddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
mvaddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+mvaddnwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
mvaddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+mvaddwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
+mvchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
mvcur/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
mvdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
mvderwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
+mvget_wch/\fBcurs_get_wch\fR(3X)
+mvget_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
mvgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
+mvgetn_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
+mvgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
mvgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
+mvhline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+mvhline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
+mvin_wch/\fBcurs_in_wch\fR(3X)
+mvin_wchnstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
+mvin_wchstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
mvinch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
mvinchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
mvinchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
mvinnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+mvinnwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+mvins_nwstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
+mvins_wch/\fBcurs_ins_wch\fR(3X)
+mvins_wstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
mvinsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
mvinsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
mvinsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
mvinstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+mvinwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
mvprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
mvscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
+mvvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+mvvline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
+mvwadd_wch/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
+mvwadd_wchnstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
+mvwadd_wchstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
mvwaddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
mvwaddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
mvwaddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
mvwaddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+mvwaddnwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
mvwaddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+mvwaddwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
+mvwchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
mvwdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
+mvwget_wch/\fBcurs_get_wch\fR(3X)
+mvwget_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
mvwgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
+mvwgetn_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
+mvwgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
mvwgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
+mvwhline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+mvwhline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
mvwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
+mvwin_wch/\fBcurs_in_wch\fR(3X)
+mvwin_wchnstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
+mvwin_wchstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
mvwinch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
mvwinchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
mvwinchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
mvwinnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+mvwinnwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+mvwins_nwstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
+mvwins_wch/\fBcurs_ins_wch\fR(3X)
+mvwins_wstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
mvwinsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
mvwinsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
mvwinsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
mvwinstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+mvwinwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
mvwprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
mvwscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
+mvwvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+mvwvline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
napms/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
newpad/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
newterm/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
nocbreak/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
nodelay/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
noecho/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
-nonl/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
+nofilter/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)*
+nonl/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
noqiflush/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
noraw/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
notimeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
overlay/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
overwrite/\fBcurs_overlay\fR(3X)
pair_content/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
+pecho_wchar/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)*
pechochar/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
pnoutrefresh/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
prefresh/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
raw/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
redrawwin/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
refresh/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
+reset_color_pairs/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)*
reset_prog_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
reset_shell_mode/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
resetty/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
+resize_term/\fBresizeterm\fR(3X)*
resizeterm/\fBresizeterm\fR(3X)*
restartterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
ripoffline/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
scrollok/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
set_curterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
set_term/\fBcurs_initscr\fR(3X)
+setcchar/\fBcurs_getcchar\fR(3X)
setscrreg/\fBcurs_outopts\fR(3X)
setsyx/\fBcurs_kernel\fR(3X)
setterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
setupterm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
slk_attr/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)*
+slk_attr_off/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
+slk_attr_on/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
+slk_attr_set/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_attroff/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_attron/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_attrset/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_clear/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
+slk_color/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_init/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_label/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_noutrefresh/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_restore/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_set/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
slk_touch/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)
+slk_wset/\fBcurs_slk\fR(3X)*
standend/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
standout/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
start_color/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
subpad/\fBcurs_pad\fR(3X)
subwin/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
syncok/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
+term_attrs/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
termattrs/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
termname/\fBcurs_termattrs\fR(3X)
tgetent/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
tigetnum/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
tigetstr/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
timeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
+tiparm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)*
touchline/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
touchwin/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
tparm/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
tputs/\fBcurs_termcap\fR(3X)
tputs/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
+trace/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
typeahead/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
unctrl/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
+unget_wch/\fBcurs_get_wch\fR(3X)
ungetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
ungetmouse/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
untouchwin/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
-use_default_colors/\fBdft_fgbg\fR(3X)*
+use_default_colors/\fBdefault_colors\fR(3X)*
use_env/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
+use_extended_names/\fBcurs_extend\fR(3X)*
+use_legacy_coding/\fBlegacy_coding\fR(3X)*
+use_tioctl/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)*
+vid_attr/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
+vid_puts/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
vidattr/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
vidputs/\fBcurs_terminfo\fR(3X)
vline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+vline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
+vw_printw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
+vw_scanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
vwprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
vwscanw/\fBcurs_scanw\fR(3X)
+wadd_wch/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
+wadd_wchnstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
+wadd_wchstr/\fBcurs_add_wchstr\fR(3X)
waddch/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
waddchnstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
waddchstr/\fBcurs_addchstr\fR(3X)
waddnstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+waddnwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
waddstr/\fBcurs_addstr\fR(3X)
+waddwstr/\fBcurs_addwstr\fR(3X)
+wattr_get/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+wattr_off/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+wattr_on/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+wattr_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wattroff/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wattron/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wattrset/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wbkgd/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
wbkgdset/\fBcurs_bkgd\fR(3X)
+wbkgrnd/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
+wbkgrndset/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
wborder/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+wborder_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
+wchgat/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wclear/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
wclrtobot/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
wclrtoeol/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
+wcolor_set/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
wcursyncup/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
wdelch/\fBcurs_delch\fR(3X)
wdeleteln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
+wecho_wchar/\fBcurs_add_wch\fR(3X)
wechochar/\fBcurs_addch\fR(3X)
wenclose/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
werase/\fBcurs_clear\fR(3X)
+wget_wch/\fBcurs_get_wch\fR(3X)
+wget_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
+wgetbkgrnd/\fBcurs_bkgrnd\fR(3X)
wgetch/\fBcurs_getch\fR(3X)
+wgetdelay/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+wgetn_wstr/\fBcurs_get_wstr\fR(3X)
wgetnstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
+wgetparent/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
+wgetscrreg/\fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X)*
wgetstr/\fBcurs_getstr\fR(3X)
whline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+whline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
+win_wch/\fBcurs_in_wch\fR(3X)
+win_wchnstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
+win_wchstr/\fBcurs_in_wchstr\fR(3X)
winch/\fBcurs_inch\fR(3X)
winchnstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
winchstr/\fBcurs_inchstr\fR(3X)
winnstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+winnwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+wins_nwstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
+wins_wch/\fBcurs_ins_wch\fR(3X)
+wins_wstr/\fBcurs_ins_wstr\fR(3X)
winsch/\fBcurs_insch\fR(3X)
winsdelln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
winsertln/\fBcurs_deleteln\fR(3X)
winsnstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
winsstr/\fBcurs_insstr\fR(3X)
winstr/\fBcurs_instr\fR(3X)
+winwstr/\fBcurs_inwstr\fR(3X)
+wmouse_trafo/\fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)*
wmove/\fBcurs_move\fR(3X)
wnoutrefresh/\fBcurs_refresh\fR(3X)
wprintw/\fBcurs_printw\fR(3X)
wsyncup/\fBcurs_window\fR(3X)
wtimeout/\fBcurs_inopts\fR(3X)
wtouchln/\fBcurs_touch\fR(3X)
+wunctrl/\fBcurs_util\fR(3X)
wvline/\fBcurs_border\fR(3X)
+wvline_set/\fBcurs_border_set\fR(3X)
.TE
+.PP
+Depending on the configuration,
+additional sets of functions may be available:
+.RS 3
+.TP 5
+\fBcurs_memleaks\fP(3X) - curses memory-leak checking
+.TP 5
+\fBcurs_sp_funcs\fP(3X) - curses screen-pointer extension
+.TP 5
+\fBcurs_threads\fP(3X) - curses thread support
+.TP 5
+\fBcurs_trace\fP(3X) - curses debugging routines
+.RE
.SH RETURN VALUE
Routines that return an integer return \fBERR\fR upon failure and an
integer value other than \fBERR\fR upon successful completion, unless
otherwise noted in the routine descriptions.
-
+.PP
+As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as parameters,
+and handle this as an error.
+.PP
All macros return the value of the \fBw\fR version, except \fBsetscrreg\fR,
-\fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, \fBgetmaxyx\fR. The return
-values of \fBsetscrreg\fR, \fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, and
-\fBgetmaxyx\fR are undefined (\fIi\fR.\fIe\fR., these should not be used as the
+\fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, and \fBgetmaxyx\fR.
+The return values of
+\fBsetscrreg\fR,
+\fBwsetscrreg\fR,
+\fBgetyx\fR,
+\fBgetbegyx\fR, and
+\fBgetmaxyx\fR are undefined (i.e., these should not be used as the
right-hand side of assignment statements).
-
+.PP
+Functions with a \*(``mv\*('' prefix first perform a cursor movement using
+\fBwmove\fP, and return an error if the position is outside the window,
+or if the window pointer is null.
+Most \*(``mv\*(''-prefixed functions
+(except variadic functions such as \fBmvprintw\fP)
+are provided both as macros and functions.
+.PP
Routines that return pointers return \fBNULL\fR on error.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT
+.PP
+The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the
+runtime behavior of the \fBncurses\fR library.
+The most important ones have been already discussed in detail.
+.SS CC command-character
+.PP
+When set, change occurrences of the command_character
+(i.e., the \fBcmdch\fP capability)
+of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this variable.
+Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.
+.PP
+Because this name is also used in development environments to represent
+the C compiler's name, \fBncurses\fR ignores it if it does not happen to
+be a single character.
+.SS BAUDRATE
+.PP
+The debugging library checks this environment variable when the application
+has redirected output to a file.
+The variable's numeric value is used for the baudrate.
+If no value is found, \fBncurses\fR uses 9600.
+This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases
+that take into account costs that depend on baudrate.
+.SS COLUMNS
+.PP
+Specify the width of the screen in characters.
+Applications running in a windowing environment usually are able to
+obtain the width of the window in which they are executing.
+If neither the \fBCOLUMNS\fP value nor the terminal's screen size is available,
+\fBncurses\fR uses the size which may be specified in the terminfo database
+(i.e., the \fBcols\fR capability).
+.PP
+It is important that your application use a correct size for the screen.
+This is not always possible because your application may be
+running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
+Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user.
+However, setting \fBCOLUMNS\fP and/or \fBLINES\fP overrides the library's
+use of the screen size obtained from the operating system.
+.PP
+Either \fBCOLUMNS\fP or \fBLINES\fP symbols may be specified independently.
+This is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal descriptions,
+e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen.
+For best results, \fBlines\fR and \fBcols\fR should not be specified in
+a terminal description for terminals which are run as emulations.
+.PP
+Use the \fBuse_env\fR function to disable all use of external environment
+(but not including system calls) to determine the screen size.
+Use the \fBuse_tioctl\fR function to update \fBCOLUMNS\fP or \fBLINES\fP
+to match the screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
+.SS ESCDELAY
+.PP
+Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will
+await a character sequence, e.g., a function key.
+The default value, 1000 milliseconds, is enough for most uses.
+However, it is made a variable to accommodate unusual applications.
+.PP
+The most common instance where you may wish to change this value
+is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network.
+If the host cannot read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same
+effect as if the terminal did not send characters rapidly enough.
+The library will still see a timeout.
+.PP
+Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
+received from the xterm.
+If your application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you may
+wish to lengthen this default value because the timeout applies
+to the composed multi-click event as well as the individual clicks.
+.PP
+In addition to the environment variable,
+this implementation provides a global variable with the same name.
+Portable applications should not rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY
+in either form,
+but setting the environment variable rather than the global variable
+does not create problems when compiling an application.
+.SS HOME
+Tells \fBncurses\fR where your home directory is.
+That is where it may read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:
+.NS
+$HOME/.termcap
+$HOME/.terminfo
+.NE
+.SS LINES
+.PP
+Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters.
+See COLUMNS for a detailed description.
+.SS MOUSE_BUTTONS_123
+.PP
+This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port.
+It specifies the order of buttons on the mouse.
+OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently from other
+platforms:
+.NS
+1 = left
+.br
+2 = right
+.br
+3 = middle.
+.NE
+.PP
+This variable lets you customize the mouse.
+The variable must be three numeric digits 1\-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321.
+If it is not specified, \fBncurses\fR uses 132.
+.SS NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS
+.PP
+Override the compiled-in assumption that the
+terminal's default colors are white-on-black
+(see \fBdefault_colors\fR(3X)).
+You may set the foreground and background color values with this environment
+variable by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background.
+For example, to tell ncurses to not assume anything
+about the colors, set this to "\-1,\-1".
+To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0".
+Any positive value from zero to the terminfo \fBmax_colors\fR value is allowed.
+.SS NCURSES_CONSOLE2
+This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.
+.PP
+The \fBConsole2\fP program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call
+\fBCreateConsoleScreenBuffer\fP is defective.
+Applications which use this will hang.
+However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call by
+mapping coordinates,
+explicitly saving and restoring the original screen contents.
+Setting the environment variable \fBNCGDB\fP has the same effect.
+.SS NCURSES_GPM_TERMS
+.PP
+This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.
+.PP
+If present,
+the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal names
+against which the \fBTERM\fP environment variable is matched.
+Setting it to an empty value disables the GPM interface;
+using the built-in support for xterm, etc.
+.PP
+If the environment variable is absent,
+ncurses will attempt to open GPM if \fBTERM\fP contains \*(``linux\*(''.
+.SS NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS
+.PP
+\fBNcurses\fP may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization.
+In some cases,
+your terminal driver may not handle these properly.
+Set this environment variable to disable the feature.
+You can also adjust your \fBstty\fP settings to avoid the problem.
+.SS NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE
+.PP
+Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special handling
+to make highlighting and other video attributes display properly.
+You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these terminals by
+setting this environment variable.
+.SS NCURSES_NO_PADDING
+.PP
+Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written
+for real \*(``hardware\*('' terminals.
+Many people use terminal emulators
+which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications.
+Terminal emulators can duplicate
+all of the important aspects of a hardware terminal, but they do not
+have the same limitations.
+The chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint
+of your application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing.
+Unless a hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator
+(which does flow control),
+it (or your application) must manage dataflow, preventing overruns.
+The cheapest solution (no hardware cost)
+is for your program to do this by pausing after
+operations that the terminal does slowly, such as clearing the display.
+.PP
+As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100)
+have delay times embedded.
+You may wish to use these descriptions,
+but not want to pay the performance penalty.
+.PP
+Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but mandatory
+padding.
+Mandatory padding is used as a part of special control
+sequences such as \fIflash\fR.
+.SS NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
+This setting is obsolete.
+Before changes
+.RS 3
+.bP
+started with 5.9 patch 20120825
+and
+.bP
+continued
+though 5.9 patch 20130126
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBncurses\fR enabled buffered output during terminal initialization.
+This was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons.
+For testing purposes, both of \fBncurses\fR and certain applications,
+this feature was made optional.
+Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable
+disabled output buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually
+line buffered) mode.
+.PP
+In the current implementation,
+ncurses performs its own buffering and does not require this workaround.
+It does not modify the buffering of the standard output.
+.PP
+The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and
+other signals more robust.
+One drawback is that certain nonconventional programs would mix
+ordinary stdio calls with ncurses calls and (usually) work.
+This is no longer possible since ncurses is not using
+the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same file descriptor).
+As a special case, the low-level calls such as \fBputp\fP still use the
+standard output.
+But high-level curses calls do not.
+.SS NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS
+.PP
+During initialization, the \fBncurses\fR library
+checks for special cases where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding
+alternate character set capabilities) described in the terminfo are known
+to be missing.
+Specifically, when running in a UTF\-8 locale,
+the Linux console emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these.
+Ncurses checks the \fBTERM\fP environment variable for these.
+For other special cases, you should set this environment variable.
+Doing this tells ncurses to use Unicode values which correspond to
+the VT100 line-drawing glyphs.
+That works for the special cases cited,
+and is likely to work for terminal emulators.
+.PP
+When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value.
+Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber)
+disables the special check for \*(``linux\*('' and \*(``screen\*(''.
+.PP
+As an alternative to the environment variable,
+ncurses checks for an extended terminfo capability \fBU8\fP.
+This is a numeric capability which can be compiled using \fB@TIC@\ \-x\fP.
+For example
+.RS 3
+.ft CW
+.sp
+.nf
+# linux console, if patched to provide working
+# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
+linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
+ U8#0, use=linux,
+.sp
+# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
+xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
+ U8#1, use=xterm,
+.fi
+.ft
+.RE
+.PP
+The name \*(``U8\*('' is chosen to be two characters,
+to permit it to be used by applications that use ncurses'
+termcap interface.
+.SS NCURSES_TRACE
+.PP
+During initialization, the \fBncurses\fR debugging library
+checks the NCURSES_TRACE environment variable.
+If it is defined, to a numeric value, \fBncurses\fR calls the \fBtrace\fR
+function, using that value as the argument.
+.PP
+The argument values, which are defined in \fBcurses.h\fR, provide several
+types of information.
+When running with traces enabled, your application will write the
+file \fBtrace\fR to the current directory.
+.PP
+See \fBcurs_trace\fP(3X) for more information.
+.SS TERM
+.PP
+Denotes your terminal type.
+Each terminal type is distinct, though many are similar.
+.PP
+\fBTERM\fP is commonly set by terminal emulators to help
+applications find a workable terminal description.
+Some of those choose a popular approximation, e.g.,
+\*(``ansi\*('', \*(``vt100\*('', \*(``xterm\*('' rather than an exact fit.
+Not infrequently, your application will have problems with that approach,
+e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.
+.PP
+If you set \fBTERM\fP in your environment,
+it has no effect on the operation of the terminal emulator.
+It only affects the way applications work within the terminal.
+Likewise, as a general rule (\fBxterm\fP being a rare exception),
+terminal emulators which allow you to
+specify \fBTERM\fP as a parameter or configuration value do
+not change their behavior to match that setting.
+.SS TERMCAP
+If the \fBncurses\fR library has been configured with \fItermcap\fR
+support, \fBncurses\fR will check for a terminal's description in
+termcap form if it is not available in the terminfo database.
+.PP
+The \fBTERMCAP\fP environment variable contains
+either a terminal description (with newlines stripped out),
+or a file name telling where the information denoted by
+the \fBTERM\fP environment variable exists.
+In either case, setting it directs \fBncurses\fR to ignore
+the usual place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
+.SS TERMINFO
+.PP
+\fBncurses\fP can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases.
+The \fBTERMINFO\fP variable overrides the location for
+the default terminal database.
+Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in terminal databases:
+.bP
+Normally these are stored in a directory tree,
+using subdirectories named by the first letter of the terminal names therein.
+.IP
+This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use,
+and the \fBTERMINFO\fP variable is used by \fIcurses\fP applications on those
+systems to override the default location of the terminal database.
+.bP
+If \fBncurses\fP is built to use hashed databases,
+then each entry in this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g.,
+.NS
+/usr/share/terminfo.db
+.NE
+.IP
+rather than
+.NS
+/usr/share/terminfo/
+.NE
+.IP
+The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster than the
+directory tree.
+However,
+some applications assume the existence of the directory tree,
+reading it directly
+rather than using the terminfo library calls.
+.bP
+If \fBncurses\fP is built with a support for reading termcap files
+directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap file.
+.bP
+If the \fBTERMINFO\fP variable begins with
+\*(``hex:\*('' or \*(``b64:\*('',
+\fBncurses\fP uses the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal
+description.
+You might produce the base64 format using \fBinfocmp\fP(1M):
+.NS
+TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)"
+export TERMINFO
+.NE
+.IP
+The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal identified
+by the \fBTERM\fP variable.
+.PP
+Setting \fBTERMINFO\fP is the simplest,
+but not the only way to set location of the default terminal database.
+The complete list of database locations in order follows:
+.RS 3
+.bP
+the last terminal database to which \fBncurses\fR wrote,
+if any, is searched first
+.bP
+the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable
+.bP
+$HOME/.terminfo
+.bP
+locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable
+.bP
+one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled into the
+ncurses library, i.e.,
+.RS 3
+.bP
+@TERMINFO_DIRS@ (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS variable)
+.bP
+@TERMINFO@ (corresponding to the TERMINFO variable)
+.RE
+.RE
+.PP
+.SS TERMINFO_DIRS
+.PP
+Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions.
+Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in
+the section on the \fBTERMINFO\fP variable.
+The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
+.PP
+There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo;
+it is an extension developed for \fBncurses\fP.
+.SS TERMPATH
+.PP
+If \fBTERMCAP\fP does not hold a file name then \fBncurses\fR checks
+the \fBTERMPATH\fP environment variable.
+This is a list of filenames separated by spaces or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix,
+semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
+.PP
+If the \fBTERMPATH\fP environment variable is not set,
+\fBncurses\fR looks in the files
+.NS
+/etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap,
+.NE
+.PP
+in that order.
+.PP
+The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when the
+current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses setuid or
+setgid permissions:
+.NS
+$TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
+.NE
+.SH ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS
+.PP
+Several different configurations are possible,
+depending on the configure script options used when building \fBncurses\fP.
+There are a few main options whose effects are visible to the applications
+developer using \fBncurses\fP:
+.TP 5
+\-\-disable\-overwrite
+The standard include for \fBncurses\fP is as noted in \fBSYNOPSIS\fP:
+.NS
+\fB#include <curses.h>\fR
+.NE
+.IP
+This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when \fBncurses\fP
+is not the main implementation of curses of the computer.
+If \fBncurses\fP is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in
+a subdirectory, e.g.,
+.NS
+\fB#include <ncurses/curses.h>\fR
+.NE
+.IP
+It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use \fB\-lcurses\fP
+to build executables.
+.TP 5
+\-\-enable\-widec
+The configure script renames the library and
+(if the \fB\-\-disable\-overwrite\fP option is used)
+puts the header files in a different subdirectory.
+All of the library names have a \*(``w\*('' appended to them,
+i.e., instead of
+.NS
+\fB\-lncurses\fR
+.NE
+.IP
+you link with
+.NS
+\fB\-lncursesw\fR
+.NE
+.IP
+You must also enable the wide-character features in the header file
+when compiling for the wide-character library
+to use the extended (wide-character) functions.
+The symbol which enables these features has changed since XSI Curses, Issue 4:
+.RS
+.bP
+Originally, the wide-character feature required the symbol
+\fB_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED\fP
+but that was only valid for XPG4 (1996).
+.bP
+Later, that was deemed conflicting with \fB_XOPEN_SOURCE\fP defined to 500.
+.bP
+As of mid-2018,
+none of the features in this implementation require a \fB_XOPEN_SOURCE\fP
+feature greater than 600.
+However, X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) recommends defining it to 700.
+.bP
+Alternatively, you can enable the feature by defining \fBNCURSES_WIDECHAR\fP
+with the caveat that some other header file than \fBcurses.h\fP
+may require a specific value for \fB_XOPEN_SOURCE\fP
+(or a system-specific symbol).
+.RE
+.IP
+The \fBcurses.h\fP file which is installed for the wide-character
+library is designed to be compatible with the normal library's header.
+Only the size of the \fBWINDOW\fP structure differs, and very few
+applications require more than a pointer to \fBWINDOW\fPs.
+.IP
+If the headers are installed allowing overwrite,
+the wide-character library's headers should be installed last,
+to allow applications to be built using either library
+from the same set of headers.
+.TP 5
+\-\-with\-pthread
+The configure script renames the library.
+All of the library names have a \*(``t\*('' appended to them
+(before any \*(``w\*('' added by \fB\-\-enable\-widec\fP).
+.IP
+The global variables such as \fBLINES\fP are replaced by macros to
+allow read-only access.
+At the same time, setter-functions are provided to set these values.
+Some applications (very few) may require changes to work with this convention.
+.TP 5
+\-\-with\-shared
+.TP
+\-\-with\-normal
+.TP
+\-\-with\-debug
+.TP
+\-\-with\-profile
+The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their suffixes,
+e.g., \fBlibncurses.so\fP and \fBlibncurses.a\fP.
+The debug and profiling libraries add a \*(``_g\*(''
+and a \*(``_p\*('' to the root names respectively,
+e.g., \fBlibncurses_g.a\fP and \fBlibncurses_p.a\fP.
+.TP 5
+\-\-with\-trace
+The \fBtrace\fP function normally resides in the debug library,
+but it is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library.
+Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather
+than assuming it is always in the debug library.
+.SH FILES
+.TP 5
+@DATADIR@/tabset
+directory containing initialization files for the terminal capability database
+@TERMINFO@
+terminal capability database
.SH SEE ALSO
-\fBterminfo\fR(\*n) and 3X pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed routine
-descriptions.
+\fBterminfo\fR(\*n) and related pages whose names begin
+\*(``curs_\*('' for detailed routine descriptions.
+.br
+\fBcurs_variables\fR(3X)
+.br
+\fBuser_caps\fP(5) for user-defined capabilities
.SH EXTENSIONS
-The \fBcurses\fR library can be compiled with an option (\fB-DTERMCAP_FILE\fR)
+The \fBncurses\fR library can be compiled with an option (\fB\-DUSE_GETCAP\fR)
that falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup code
-cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to \fBTERM\fR. Use of this feature
+cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to \fBTERM\fR.
+Use of this feature
is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap compiler in
-the \fBcurses\fR startup code, at significant cost in core and startup cycles.
-
-Compiling with \fB-DTERMCAP_FILE\fR changes the library's initialization
-sequence in a way intended to mimic the behavior of 4.4BSD curses. If there is
-no local or system terminfo entry matching \fBTERM\fR, then the library looks
-for termcap entries in the following places: (1) if \fBTERMINFO\fR is
-undefined, in the file named by \fBTERMCAP_FILE\fR; (2) if \fBTERMINFO\fR is
-defined and begins with a slash, it is interpreted as the name of a termcap
-file to search for \fBTERM\fR; (3) otherwise, if \fBTERMINFO\fR has a leading
-string that looks like a terminal entry name list, and it matches \fBTERM\fR,
-the contents of \fBTERMINFO\fR is interpreted as a termcap; (4) if
-\fBTERMINFO\fR looks like a termcap but doesn't match \fBTERM\fR, the termcap
-file is searched for among the colon-separated paths in the environment
-variable \fBTERMPATHS\fR if that is defined, and in ~/.termcap and the file
-value of \fBTERMCAP_FILE\fR otherwise.
-
-Versions of \fBcurses\fR compiled on PC clones support display of the PC ROM
-characters (including ROM characters 0-31, which stock SVr4 curses cannot
-display). See the EXTENSIONS sections of \fBcurs_addch\fR(3X) and
-\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X).
-
-The \fBcurses\fR library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
-certain terminals (including xterm). See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)
-manual page for details.
-
-The \fBcurses\fR library includes a function for directing application output
-to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X)
+the \fBncurses\fR startup code, at significant cost in core and startup cycles.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
+certain terminals (including xterm).
+See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)
manual page for details.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library includes facilities for responding to window
+resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm.
+See the \fBresizeterm\fR(3X)
+and \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual pages for details.
+In addition, the library may be configured with a \fBSIGWINCH\fP handler.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities
+of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional
+key sequences at runtime.
+See the \fBdefine_key\fR(3X)
+\fBkey_defined\fR(3X),
+and \fBkeyok\fR(3X) manual pages for details.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which
+implement the ISO\-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an application
+to reset the terminal to its original foreground and background colors.
+From the users' perspective, the application is able to draw colored
+text on a background whose color is set independently, providing better
+control over color contrasts.
+See the \fBdefault_colors\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.PP
+The \fBncurses\fR library includes a function for directing application output
+to a printer attached to the terminal device.
+See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X) manual page for details.
.SH PORTABILITY
-The \fBcurses\fR library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with the XSI
-Curses standard. Certain portions of the EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality
-(including color support) are supported. The following EXTENDED XSI Curses
-calls in support of wide (multibyte) characters are not yet implemented:
-\fBaddnwstr\fB,
-\fBaddwstr\fB,
-\fBmvaddnwstr\fB,
-\fBmvwaddnwstr\fB,
-\fBmvaddwstr\fB,
-\fBwaddnwstr\fB,
-\fBwaddwstr\fB,
-\fBadd_wch\fB,
-\fBwadd_wch\fB,
-\fBmvadd_wch\fB,
-\fBmvwadd_wch\fB,
-\fBadd_wchnstr\fB,
-\fBadd_wchstr\fB,
-\fBwadd_wchnstr\fB,
-\fBwadd_wchstr\fB,
-\fBmvadd_wchnstr\fB,
-\fBmvadd_wchstr\fB,
-\fBmvwadd_wchnstr\fB,
-\fBmvwadd_wchstr\fB,
-\fBbkgrndset\fB,
-\fBbkgrnd\fB,
-\fBgetbkgrnd\fB,
-\fBwbkgrnd\fB,
-\fBwbkgrndset\fB,
-\fBwgetbkgrnd\fB,
-\fBborder_set\fB,
-\fBwborder_set\fB,
-\fBbox_set\fB,
-\fBhline_set\fB,
-\fBmvhline_set\fB,
-\fBmvvline_set\fB,
-\fBmvwhline_set\fB,
-\fBmvwvline_set\fB,
-\fBwhline_set\fB,
-\fBvhline_set\fB,
-\fBwvline_set\fB,
-\fBecho_wchar\fB,
-\fBwecho_wchar\fB,
-\fBerasewchar\fB,
-\fBkillwchar\fB,
-\fBget_wch\fB,
-\fBmvget_wch\fB,
-\fBmvwget_ch\fB,
-\fBwget_wch\fB,
-\fBgetwchtype\fB,
-\fBget_wstr\fB,
-\fBgetn_wstr\fB,
-\fBwget_wstr\fB,
-\fBwgetn_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvget_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvgetn_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvwget_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvwgetn_wstr\fB,
-\fBinnwstr\fB,
-\fBinwstr\fB,
-\fBwinnwstr\fB,
-\fBwinwstr\fB,
-\fBmvinnwstr\fB,
-\fBmvinwstr\fB,
-\fBmvwinnwstr\fB,
-\fBmvwinwstr\fB,
-\fBins_nwstr\fB,
-\fBins_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvins_nwstr\fB,
-\fBmvins_wstr\fB,
-\fBmvwins_nwstr\fB,
-\fBmvwins_wstr\fB,
-\fBwins_nwstr\fB,
-\fBwins_wstr\fB,
-\fBins_wch\fB,
-\fBwins_wch\fB,
-\fBmvins_wch\fB,
-\fBmvwins_wch\fB,
-\fBin_wch\fB,
-\fBwin_wch\fB,
-\fBmvin_wch\fB,
-\fBmvwin_wch\fB,
-\fBinwchstr\fB,
-\fBinwchnstr\fB,
-\fBwinwchstr\fB,
-\fBwinwchnstr\fB,
-\fBmvinwchstr\fB,
-\fBmvinwchnstr\fB,
-\fBmvinwchstr\fB,
-\fBmvwinwchnstr\fB.
+The \fBncurses\fR library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI
+Curses.
+The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality
+(including color support) is supported.
.PP
A small number of local differences (that is, individual differences between
-the XSI Curses and \fBcurses\fR calls) are described in \fBPORTABILITY\fR
+the XSI Curses and \fBncurses\fR calls) are described in \fBPORTABILITY\fR
sections of the library man pages.
+.SS Error checking
.PP
-The routine \fBhas_key\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
-the \fBcurs_getch\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+In many cases, X/Open Curses is vague about error conditions,
+omitting some of the SVr4 documentation.
.PP
-The routine \fBslk_attr\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
-the \fBcurs_slk\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as pointers
+to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null.
+The main reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer
+error.
+The standard interface does not provide a way for the library
+to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected.
+Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the
+portability of curses applications.
+.SS Extensions versus portability
.PP
+Most of the extensions provided by ncurses have not been standardized.
+Some have been incorporated into other implementations, such as
+PDCurses or NetBSD curses.
+Here are a few to consider:
+.bP
+The routine \fBhas_key\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
+See the \fBcurs_getch\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.bP
+The routine \fBslk_attr\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
+See the \fBcurs_slk\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.bP
The routines \fBgetmouse\fR, \fBmousemask\fR, \fBungetmouse\fR,
\fBmouseinterval\fR, and \fBwenclose\fR relating to mouse interfacing are not
-part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4. See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X)
-manual page for details.
-.PP
-The routine \fBmcprint\fR was not present in any previous curses
-implementation. See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
-The routine \fBwresize\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4. See
-the \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4.
+See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.bP
+The routine \fBmcprint\fR was not present in any previous curses implementation.
+See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.bP
+The routine \fBwresize\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
+See the \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual page for details.
+.bP
+The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from application
+programs.
+See \fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X) for the discussion of \fBis_scrollok\fR, etc.
+.bP
+This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary support
+for multi-threaded applications.
+See \fBcurs_threads\fR(3X) for details.
+.bP
+This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of functions which
+improve the ability to manage multiple screens.
+See \fBcurs_sp_funcs\fR(3X) for details.
+.SS Padding differences
.PP
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities \fBcr\fR,
\fBind\fR, \fBcub1\fR, \fBff\fR and \fBtab\fR activated corresponding delay
-bits in the UNIX tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by
-NUL sends. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the interface
+bits in the UNIX tty driver.
+In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL bytes.
+This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the interface
to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the package's portability
correspondingly.
-.PP
-In the XSI standard and SVr4 manual pages, many entry points have prototype
-arguments of the for \fBchar *const\fR (or \fBcchar_t *const\fR, or \fBwchar_t
-*const\fR, or \fBvoid *const\fR). Depending on one's interpretation of the
-ANSI C standard (see section 3.5.4.1), these declarations are either (a)
-meaningless, or (b) meaningless and illegal. The declaration \fBconst char
-*x\fR is a modifiable pointer to unmodifiable data, but \fBchar *const x\fR' is
-an unmodifiable pointer to modifiable data. Given that C passes arguments by
-value, \fB<type> *const\fR as a formal type is at best dubious. Some compilers
-choke on the prototypes. Therefore, in this implementation, they have been
-changed to \fBconst <type> *\fR globally.
-.SH NOTES
+.SS Header files
The header file \fB<curses.h>\fR automatically includes the header files
\fB<stdio.h>\fR and \fB<unctrl.h>\fR.
-
-If standard output from a \fBcurses\fR program is re-directed to something
-which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error. This
-was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
+.PP
+X/Open Curses has more to say,
+but does not finish the story:
+.RS 4
+.PP
+The inclusion of <curses.h> may make visible all symbols
+from the headers <stdio.h>, <term.h>, <termios.h>, and <wchar.h>.
+.RE
+.PP
+Here is a more complete story:
+.bP
+Starting with BSD curses, all implementations have included <stdio.h>.
+.IP
+BSD curses included <curses.h> and <unctrl.h> from an internal header
+"curses.ext" ("ext" was a short name for \fIexterns\fP).
+.IP
+BSD curses used <stdio.h> internally (for \fBprintw\fP and \fBscanw\fP),
+but nothing in <curses.h> itself relied upon <stdio.h>.
+.bP
+SVr2 curses added \fBnewterm\fP(3X), which relies upon <stdio.h>.
+That is, the function prototype uses \fBFILE\fP.
+.IP
+SVr4 curses added \fBputwin\fP and \fBgetwin\fP, which also use <stdio.h>.
+.IP
+X/Open Curses documents all three of these functions.
+.IP
+SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses do not require the developer to
+include <stdio.h> before including <curses.h>.
+Both document curses showing <curses.h> as the only required header.
+.IP
+As a result, standard <curses.h> will always include <stdio.h>.
+.bP
+X/Open Curses is inconsistent with respect to SVr4 regarding <unctrl.h>.
+.IP
+As noted in \fBcurs_util\fP(3X), ncurses includes <unctrl.h> from
+<curses.h> (like SVr4).
+.bP
+X/Open's comments about <term.h> and <termios.h> may refer to HP-UX and AIX:
+.IP
+HP-UX curses includes <term.h> from <curses.h>
+to declare \fBsetupterm\fP in curses.h,
+but ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not.
+.IP
+AIX curses includes <term.h> and <termios.h>.
+Again, ncurses (and Solaris curses) do not.
+.bP
+X/Open says that <curses.h> \fImay\fP include <term.h>,
+but there is no requirement that it do that.
+.IP
+Some programs use functions declared in both <curses.h> and <term.h>,
+and must include both headers in the same module.
+Very old versions of AIX curses required including <curses.h>
+before including <term.h>.
+.IP
+Because ncurses header files include the headers needed to
+define datatypes used in the headers,
+ncurses header files can be included in any order.
+But for portability, you should include <curses.h> before <term.h>.
+.bP
+X/Open Curses says \fI"may make visible"\fP
+because including a header file does not necessarily make all symbols
+in it visible (there are ifdef's to consider).
+.IP
+For instance, in ncurses <wchar.h> \fImay\fP be included if
+the proper symbol is defined, and if ncurses is configured for
+wide-character support.
+If the header is included, its symbols may be made visible.
+That depends on the value used for \fB_XOPEN_SOURCE\fP
+feature test macro.
+.bP
+X/Open Curses documents one required header,
+in a special case: <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> to prototype
+the \fBvw_printw\fP and \fBvw_scanw\fP functions
+(as well as the obsolete
+the \fBvwprintw\fP and \fBvwscanw\fP functions).
+Each of those uses a \fBva_list\fP parameter.
+.IP
+The two obsolete functions were introduced in SVr3.
+The other functions were introduced in X/Open Curses.
+In between, SVr4 curses provided for the possibility that
+an application might include either <varargs.h> or <stdarg.h>.
+Initially, that was done by using \fBvoid*\fP for the \fBva_list\fP
+parameter.
+Later, a special type (defined in <stdio.h>) was introduced,
+to allow for compiler type-checking.
+That special type is always available,
+because <stdio.h> is always included by <curses.h>.
+.IP
+None of the X/Open Curses implementations require an application
+to include <stdarg.h> before <curses.h> because they either
+have allowed for a special type, or (like ncurses) include <stdarg.h>
+directly to provide a portable interface.
+.SH NOTES
+.PP
+If standard output from a \fBncurses\fR program is re-directed to something
+which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error.
+This was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
.SH AUTHORS
-Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond. Descends from the original pcurses
-by Pavel Curtis.
-.\"#
-.\"# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
-.\"# Local Variables:
-.\"# mode:nroff
-.\"# fill-column:79
-.\"# End:
+Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
+Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
projects / ncurses.git / blobdiff