-.\" $Id: terminfo.tail,v 1.32 2000/04/15 20:04:58 tom Exp $
+.\" $Id: terminfo.tail,v 1.78 2017/03/04 23:52:35 tom Exp $
.\" Beginning of terminfo.tail file
+.\" This file is part of ncurses.
+.\" See "terminfo.head" for copyright.
.ps +1
-.PP
+.SS User-Defined Capabilities
+.
+The preceding section listed the \fIpredefined\fP capabilities.
+They deal with some special features for terminals no longer
+(or possibly never) produced.
+Occasionally there are special features of newer terminals which
+are awkward or impossible to represent by reusing the predefined
+capabilities.
+.PP
+\fBncurses\fP addresses this limitation by allowing user-defined capabilities.
+The \fB@TIC@\fP and \fB@INFOCMP@\fP programs provide
+the \fB\-x\fP option for this purpose.
+When \fB\-x\fP is set,
+\fB@TIC@\fP treats unknown capabilities as user-defined.
+That is, if \fB@TIC@\fP encounters a capability name
+which it does not recognize,
+it infers its type (boolean, number or string) from the syntax
+and makes an extended table entry for that capability.
+The \fBuse_extended_names\fP function makes this information
+conditionally available to applications.
+The ncurses library provides the data leaving most of the behavior
+to applications:
+.bP
+User-defined capability strings whose name begins
+with \*(``k\*('' are treated as function keys.
+.bP
+The types (boolean, number, string) determined by \fB@TIC@\fP
+can be inferred by successful calls on \fBtigetflag\fP, etc.
+.bP
+If the capability name happens to be two characters,
+the capability is also available through the termcap interface.
+.PP
+While termcap is said to be extensible because it does not use a predefined set
+of capabilities,
+in practice it has been limited to the capabilities defined by
+terminfo implementations.
+As a rule,
+user-defined capabilities intended for use by termcap applications should
+be limited to booleans and numbers to avoid running past the 1023 byte
+limit assumed by termcap implementations and their applications.
+In particular, providing extended sets of function keys (past the 60
+numbered keys and the handful of special named keys) is best done using
+the longer names available using terminfo.
+.
.SS A Sample Entry
-.PP
+.
The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal, is representative
of what a \fBterminfo\fR entry for a modern terminal typically looks like.
.PP
.nf
-.in -2
-.ta .3i
.ft CW
\s-2ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color,
- mc5i,
- colors#8, ncv#3, pairs#64,
- cub=\\E[%p1%dD, cud=\\E[%p1%dB, cuf=\\E[%p1%dC,
- cuu=\\E[%p1%dA, dch=\\E[%p1%dP, dl=\\E[%p1%dM,
- ech=\\E[%p1%dX, el1=\\E[1K, hpa=\\E[%p1%dG, ht=\\E[I,
- ich=\\E[%p1%d@, il=\\E[%p1%dL, indn=\\E[%p1%dS, .indn=\\E[%p1%dT,
- kbs=^H, kcbt=\\E[Z, kcub1=\\E[D, kcud1=\\E[B,
- kcuf1=\\E[C, kcuu1=\\E[A, kf1=\\E[M, kf10=\\E[V,
- kf11=\\E[W, kf12=\\E[X, kf2=\\E[N, kf3=\\E[O, kf4=\\E[P,
- kf5=\\E[Q, kf6=\\E[R, kf7=\\E[S, kf8=\\E[T, kf9=\\E[U,
- kich1=\\E[L, mc4=\\E[4i, mc5=\\E[5i, nel=\\r\\E[S,
- op=\\E[37;40m, rep=%p1%c\\E[%p2%{1}%-%db,
- rin=\\E[%p1%dT, s0ds=\\E(B, s1ds=\\E)B, s2ds=\\E*B,
- s3ds=\\E+B, setab=\\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\\E[3%p1%dm,
- setb=\\E[4%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m,
- setf=\\E[3%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m,
- sgr=\\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p3%t;7%;%?%p4%t;5%;%?%p6%t;1%;%?%p7%t;8%;%?%p8%t;11%;%?%p9%t;12%;m,
- sgr0=\\E[0;10m, tbc=\\E[2g, u6=\\E[%d;%dR, u7=\\E[6n,
- u8=\\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\\E[c, vpa=\\E[%p1%dd,\s+2
-.in +2
+ am, mc5i, mir, msgr,
+ colors#8, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, ncv#3, pairs#64,
+ acsc=+\\020\\,\\021-\\030.^Y0\\333`\\004a\\261f\\370g\\361h\\260
+ j\\331k\\277l\\332m\\300n\\305o~p\\304q\\304r\\304s_t\\303
+ u\\264v\\301w\\302x\\263y\\363z\\362{\\343|\\330}\\234~\\376,
+ bel=^G, blink=\\E[5m, bold=\\E[1m, cbt=\\E[Z, clear=\\E[H\\E[J,
+ cr=^M, cub=\\E[%p1%dD, cub1=\\E[D, cud=\\E[%p1%dB, cud1=\\E[B,
+ cuf=\\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\\E[C, cup=\\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH,
+ cuu=\\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\\E[A, dch=\\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\\E[P,
+ dl=\\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\\E[M, ech=\\E[%p1%dX, ed=\\E[J, el=\\E[K,
+ el1=\\E[1K, home=\\E[H, hpa=\\E[%i%p1%dG, ht=\\E[I, hts=\\EH,
+ ich=\\E[%p1%d@, il=\\E[%p1%dL, il1=\\E[L, ind=^J,
+ indn=\\E[%p1%dS, invis=\\E[8m, kbs=^H, kcbt=\\E[Z, kcub1=\\E[D,
+ kcud1=\\E[B, kcuf1=\\E[C, kcuu1=\\E[A, khome=\\E[H, kich1=\\E[L,
+ mc4=\\E[4i, mc5=\\E[5i, nel=\\r\\E[S, op=\\E[39;49m,
+ rep=%p1%c\\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, rev=\\E[7m, rin=\\E[%p1%dT,
+ rmacs=\\E[10m, rmpch=\\E[10m, rmso=\\E[m, rmul=\\E[m,
+ s0ds=\\E(B, s1ds=\\E)B, s2ds=\\E*B, s3ds=\\E+B,
+ setab=\\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\\E[3%p1%dm,
+ sgr=\\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;
+ %?%p2%t;4%;
+ %?%p3%t;7%;
+ %?%p4%t;5%;
+ %?%p6%t;1%;
+ %?%p7%t;8%;
+ %?%p9%t;11%;m,
+ sgr0=\\E[0;10m, smacs=\\E[11m, smpch=\\E[11m, smso=\\E[7m,
+ smul=\\E[4m, tbc=\\E[3g, u6=\\E[%i%d;%dR, u7=\\E[6n,
+ u8=\\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\\E[c, vpa=\\E[%i%p1%dd,
.fi
.ft R
.PP
Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing white space at
the beginning of each line except the first.
-Comments may be included on lines beginning with ``#''.
+Comments may be included on lines beginning with \*(``#\*(''.
Capabilities in
.I terminfo
are of three types:
+.bP
Boolean capabilities which indicate that the terminal has
-some particular feature, numeric capabilities giving the size of the terminal
-or the size of particular delays, and string
+some particular feature,
+.bP
+numeric capabilities giving the size of the terminal
+or the size of particular delays, and
+.bP
+string
capabilities, which give a sequence which can be used to perform particular
terminal operations.
.PP
.SS Types of Capabilities
.PP
-All capabilities have names. For instance, the fact that
+All capabilities have names.
+For instance, the fact that
ANSI-standard terminals have
.I "automatic margins"
(i.e., an automatic return and line-feed
when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the capability \fBam\fR.
Hence the description of ansi includes \fBam\fR.
-Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' and then a positive value.
+Numeric capabilities are followed by the character \*(``#\*('' and then a positive value.
Thus \fBcols\fR, which indicates the number of columns the terminal has,
-gives the value `80' for ansi.
+gives the value \*(``80\*('' for ansi.
Values for numeric capabilities may be specified in decimal, octal or hexadecimal,
using the C programming language conventions (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).
.PP
Finally, string valued capabilities, such as \fBel\fR (clear to end of line
-sequence) are given by the two-character code, an `=', and then a string
-ending at the next following `,'.
+sequence) are given by the two-character code, an \*(``=\*('', and then a string
+ending at the next following \*(``,\*(''.
.PP
A number of escape sequences are provided in the string valued capabilities
-for easy encoding of characters there. Both \fB\eE\fR and \fB\ee\fR
+for easy encoding of characters there.
+Both \fB\eE\fR and \fB\ee\fR
map to an \s-1ESCAPE\s0 character,
\fB^x\fR maps to a control-x for any appropriate x, and the sequences
\fB\en \el \er \et \eb \ef \es\fR give
a newline, line-feed, return, tab, backspace, form-feed, and space.
-Other escapes include \fB\e^\fR for \fB^\fR,
+Other escapes include
+.bP
+\fB\e^\fR for \fB^\fR,
+.bP
\fB\e\e\fR for \fB\e\fR,
+.bP
\fB\e\fR, for comma,
+.bP
\fB\e:\fR for \fB:\fR,
+.bP
and \fB\e0\fR for null.
-(\fB\e0\fR will produce \e200, which does not terminate a string but behaves
-as a null character on most terminals, providing CS7 is specified. See stty(1).)
+.IP
+\fB\e0\fR will produce \e200, which does not terminate a string but behaves
+as a null character on most terminals, providing CS7 is specified.
+See stty(1).
+.IP
+The reason for this quirk is to maintain binary compatibility of the
+compiled terminfo files with other implementations,
+e.g., the SVr4 systems, which document this.
+Compiled terminfo files use null-terminated strings, with no lengths.
+Modifying this would require a new binary format,
+which would not work with other implementations.
+.PP
Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a \fB\e\fR.
.PP
A delay in milliseconds may appear anywhere in a string capability, enclosed in
-$<..> brackets, as in \fBel\fP=\eEK$<5>, and padding characters are supplied by
-.I tputs
-to provide this delay. The delay must be a number with at most one decimal
-place of precision; it may be followed by suffixes `*' or '/' or both. A `*'
+$<..> brackets, as in \fBel\fP=\eEK$<5>,
+and padding characters are supplied by \fBtputs\fP(3X)
+to provide this delay.
+.bP
+The delay must be a number with at most one decimal
+place of precision; it may be followed by suffixes \*(``*\*('' or \*(``/\*('' or both.
+.bP
+A \*(``*\*(''
indicates that the padding required is proportional to the number of lines
affected by the operation, and the amount given is the per-affected-unit
-padding required. (In the case of insert character, the factor is still the
-number of
-.IR lines
-affected.) Normally, padding is advisory if the device has the \fBxon\fR
-capability; it is used for cost computation but does not trigger delays. A `/'
+padding required.
+(In the case of insert character, the factor is still the
+number of \fIlines\fP affected.)
+.IP
+Normally, padding is advisory if the device has the \fBxon\fR
+capability; it is used for cost computation but does not trigger delays.
+.bP
+A \*(``/\*(''
suffix indicates that the padding is mandatory and forces a delay of the given
number of milliseconds even on devices for which \fBxon\fR is present to
indicate flow control.
.PP
.SS Fetching Compiled Descriptions
.PP
+The \fBncurses\fP library searches for terminal descriptions in several places.
+It uses only the first description found.
+The library has a compiled-in list of places to search
+which can be overridden by environment variables.
+Before starting to search,
+\fBncurses\fP eliminates duplicates in its search list.
+.bP
If the environment variable TERMINFO is set, it is interpreted as the pathname
-of a directory containing the compiled description you are working on. Only
-that directory is searched.
-.PP
-If TERMINFO is not set, the \fBncurses\fR version of the terminfo reader code
-will instead look in the directory \fB$HOME/.terminfo\fR
+of a directory containing the compiled description you are working on.
+Only that directory is searched.
+.bP
+If TERMINFO is not set,
+\fBncurses\fR will instead look in the directory \fB$HOME/.terminfo\fR
for a compiled description.
-If it fails to find one there, and the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS is
-set, it will interpret the contents of that variable as a list of colon-
-separated directories to be searched (an empty entry is interpreted as a
-command to search \fI\*d\fR). If no description is found in any of the
-TERMINFO_DIRS directories, the fetch fails.
-.PP
-If neither TERMINFO nor TERMINFO_DIRS is set, the last place tried will be the
-system terminfo directory, \fI\*d\fR.
-.PP
-(Neither the \fB$HOME/.terminfo\fR lookups nor TERMINFO_DIRS extensions are
-supported under stock System V terminfo/curses.)
-.PP
+.bP
+Next, if the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS is set,
+\fBncurses\fR will interpret the contents of that variable
+as a list of colon-separated directories (or database files) to be searched.
+.IP
+An empty directory name (i.e., if the variable begins or ends
+with a colon, or contains adjacent colons)
+is interpreted as the system location \fI\*d\fR.
+.bP
+Finally, \fBncurses\fP searches these compiled-in locations:
+.RS
+.bP
+a list of directories (@TERMINFO_DIRS@), and
+.bP
+the system terminfo directory, \fI\*d\fR (the compiled-in default).
+.RE
.SS Preparing Descriptions
.PP
We now outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals.
.PP
To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal manufacturer
did not document it) a severe test is to edit a large file at 9600 baud,
-delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the `u'
+delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the \*(``u\*(''
key several times quickly.
If the terminal messes up, more padding is usually needed.
A similar test can be used for insert character.
.SS Basic Capabilities
.PP
The number of columns on each line for the terminal is given by the
-\fBcols\fR numeric capability. If the terminal is a \s-1CRT\s0, then the
+\fBcols\fR numeric capability.
+If the terminal is a \s-1CRT\s0, then the
number of lines on the screen is given by the \fBlines\fR capability.
If the terminal wraps around to the beginning of the next line when
it reaches the right margin, then it should have the \fBam\fR capability.
and
.BR cud1 .
These local cursor motions should not alter the text they pass over,
-for example, you would not normally use `\fBcuf1\fP=\ ' because the
+for example, you would not normally use \*(``\fBcuf1\fP=\ \*('' because the
space would erase the character moved over.
.PP
A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded
.DT
.nf
.ft CW
-.in -7
- \s-133\||\|tty33\||\|tty\||\|model 33 teletype,
- bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,\s+1
-.in +7
+.\".in -2
+\s-133\||\|tty33\||\|tty\||\|model 33 teletype,
+ bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,\s+1
+.\".in +2
.ft R
+.fi
.PP
-while the Lear Siegler \s-1ADM\-3\s0 is described as
+while the Lear Siegler \s-1ADM-3\s0 is described as
.PP
.DT
.nf
.ft CW
-.in -7
- \s-1adm3\||\|3\||\|lsi adm3,
- am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
- ind=^J, lines#24,\s+1
-.in +7
+.\".in -2
+\s-1adm3\||\|3\||\|lsi adm3,
+ am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
+ ind=^J, lines#24,\s+1
+.\".in +2
.ft R
.fi
.PP
.PP
Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
in the terminal are described by a
-parameterized string capability, with
-.IR printf (3S)
-like escapes \fB%x\fR in it.
+parameterized string capability,
+with \fIprintf\fP-like escapes such as \fI%x\fR in it.
For example, to address the cursor, the
.B cup
capability is given, using two parameters:
.BR mrcup .
.PP
The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special \fB%\fP codes
-to manipulate it. Typically a sequence will push one of the
+to manipulate it.
+Typically a sequence will push one of the
parameters onto the stack and then print it in some format.
-Often more complex operations are necessary.
+Print (e.g., "%d") is a special case.
+Other operations, including "%t" pop their operand from the stack.
+It is noted that more complex operations are often necessary,
+e.g., in the \fBsgr\fP string.
.PP
The \fB%\fR encodings have the following meanings:
.PP
-.DT
-.nf
-.ta .5i 1.5i
- \s-1%% outputs `%'
- %\fI[[\fP:\fI]flags][width[.precision]][\fPdoxXs\fI]\fP
- as in \fBprintf\fP, flags are [-+#] and space
- %c print pop() like %c in printf()
- %s print pop() like %s in printf()
-
- %p[1-9] push \fIi\fP'th parm
- %P[a-z] set dynamic variable [a-z] to pop()
- %g[a-z] get dynamic variable [a-z] and push it
- %P[A-Z] set static variable [a-z] to pop()
- %g[A-Z] get static variable [a-z] and push it
- %'\fIc\fP' char constant \fIc\fP
- %{\fInn\fP} integer constant \fInn\fP
- %l push strlen(pop)
-
- %+ %- %* %/ %m
- arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())
- %& %| %^ bit operations: push(pop() op pop())
- %= %> %< logical operations: push(pop() op pop())
- %A, %O logical and & or operations (for conditionals)
- %! %~ unary operations push(op pop())
- %i add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)
-
- %? expr %t thenpart %e elsepart %;
- if-then-else, %e elsepart is optional.
- else-if's are possible a la Algol 68:
- %? c\d1\u %t b\d1\u %e c\d2\u %t b\d2\u %e c\d3\u %t b\d3\u %e c\d4\u %t b\d4\u %e %;
-\s+1 c\di\u are conditions, b\di\u are bodies.
-.fi
+.TP 5
+\fB%%\fP
+outputs \*(``%\*(''
+.TP
+\fB%\fP\fI[[\fP:\fI]flags][width[.precision]][\fP\fBdoxXs\fP\fI]\fP
+as in \fBprintf\fP, flags are \fI[\-+#]\fP and \fIspace\fP.
+Use a \*(``:\*('' to allow the next character to be a \*(``\-\*('' flag,
+avoiding interpreting "%\-" as an operator.
+.TP
+\f(CW%c\fP
+print \fIpop()\fP like %c in \fBprintf\fP
+.TP
+\fB%s\fP
+print \fIpop()\fP like %s in \fBprintf\fP
+.TP
+\fB%p\fP\fI[1\-9]\fP
+push \fIi\fP'th parameter
+.TP
+\fB%P\fP\fI[a\-z]\fP
+set dynamic variable \fI[a\-z]\fP to \fIpop()\fP
+.TP
+\fB%g\fP\fI[a\-z]/\fP
+get dynamic variable \fI[a\-z]\fP and push it
+.TP
+\fB%P\fP\fI[A\-Z]\fP
+set static variable \fI[a\-z]\fP to \fIpop()\fP
+.TP
+\fB%g\fP\fI[A\-Z]\fP
+get static variable \fI[a\-z]\fP and push it
+.IP
+The terms "static" and "dynamic" are misleading.
+Historically, these are simply two different sets of variables,
+whose values are not reset between calls to \fBtparm\fP(3X).
+However, that fact is not documented in other implementations.
+Relying on it will adversely impact portability to other implementations.
+.TP
+\fB%'\fP\fIc\fP\fB'\fP
+char constant \fIc\fP
+.TP
+\fB%{\fP\fInn\fP\fB}\fP
+integer constant \fInn\fP
+.TP
+\fB%l\fP
+push strlen(pop)
+.TP
+\fB%+\fP, \fB%\-\fP, \fB%*\fP, \fB%/\fP, \fB%m\fP
+arithmetic (%m is \fImod\fP): \fIpush(pop() op pop())\fP
+.TP
+\fB%&\fP, \fB%|\fP, \fB%^\fP
+bit operations (AND, OR and exclusive-OR): \fIpush(pop() op pop())\fP
+.TP
+\fB%=\fP, \fB%>\fP, \fB%<\fP
+logical operations: \fIpush(pop() op pop())\fP
+.TP
+\fB%A\fP, \fB%O\fP
+logical AND and OR operations (for conditionals)
+.TP
+\fB%!\fP, \fB%~\fP
+unary operations (logical and bit complement): \fIpush(op pop())\fP
+.TP
+\fB%i\fP
+add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)
+.TP
+\fB%?\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB%t\fP \fIthenpart\fP \fB%e\fP \fIelsepart\fP \fB%;\fP
+This forms an if-then-else.
+The \fB%e\fP \fIelsepart\fP is optional.
+Usually the \fB%?\fP \fIexpr\fP part pushes a value onto the stack,
+and \fB%t\fP pops it from the stack, testing if it is nonzero (true).
+If it is zero (false), control passes to the \fB%e\fP (else) part.
+.IP
+It is possible to form else-if's a la Algol 68:
+.RS
+\fB%?\fP c\d1\u \fB%t\fP b\d1\u \fB%e\fP c\d2\u \fB%t\fP b\d2\u \fB%e\fP c\d3\u \fB%t\fP b\d3\u \fB%e\fP c\d4\u \fB%t\fP b\d4\u \fB%e\fP \fB%;\fP
+.RE
+.IP
+where c\di\u are conditions, b\di\u are bodies.
+.IP
+Use the \fB\-f\fP option of \fB@TIC@\fP or \fB@INFOCMP@\fP to see
+the structure of if-then-else's.
+Some strings, e.g., \fBsgr\fP can be very complicated when written
+on one line.
+The \fB\-f\fP option splits the string into lines with the parts indented.
.PP
Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in the usual order.
-That is, to get x-5 one would use "%gx%{5}%-". %P and %g variables are
+That is, to get x\-5 one would use "%gx%{5}%-".
+\fB%P\fP and \fB%g\fP variables are
persistent across escape-string evaluations.
.PP
Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs
-to be sent \eE&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds. Note that the order
+to be sent \eE&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds.
+Note that the order
of the rows and columns is inverted here, and that the row and column
are printed as two digits.
Thus its \fBcup\fR capability is \*(lqcup=6\eE&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY\*(rq.
.PP
A final example is the \s-1LSI ADM\s0-3a, which uses row and column
offset by a blank character, thus \*(lqcup=\eE=%p1%' '%+%c%p2%' '%+%c\*(rq.
-After sending `\eE=', this pushes the first parameter, pushes the
+After sending \*(``\eE=\*('', this pushes the first parameter, pushes the
ASCII value for a space (32), adds them (pushing the sum on the stack
in place of the two previous values) and outputs that value as a character.
Then the same is done for the second parameter.
.PP
If the terminal can open a new blank line before the line where the cursor
is, this should be given as \fBil1\fR; this is done only from the first
-position of a line. The cursor must then appear on the newly blank line.
+position of a line.
+The cursor must then appear on the newly blank line.
If the terminal can delete the line which the cursor is on, then this
should be given as \fBdl1\fR; this is done only from the first position on
the line to be deleted.
an entry with \fBcsr\fR).
.PP
Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to use a combination of
-index with the memory-lock feature found on some terminals (like the HP-700/90
+index with the memory-lock feature found on some terminals (like the HP\-700/90
series, which however also has insert/delete).
.PP
Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be
and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
.PP
The boolean \fBnon_dest_scroll_region\fR should be set if each scrolling
-window is effectively a view port on a screen-sized canvas. To test for
+window is effectively a view port on a screen-sized canvas.
+To test for
this capability, create a scrolling region in the middle of the screen,
write something to the bottom line, move the cursor to the top of the region,
-and do \fBri\fR followed by \fBdl1\fR or \fBind\fR. If the data scrolled
+and do \fBri\fR followed by \fBdl1\fR or \fBind\fR.
+If the data scrolled
off the bottom of the region by the \fBri\fR re-appears, then scrolling
-is non-destructive. System V and XSI Curses expect that \fBind\fR, \fBri\fR,
+is non-destructive.
+System V and XSI Curses expect that \fBind\fR, \fBri\fR,
\fBindn\fR, and \fBrin\fR will simulate destructive scrolling; their
documentation cautions you not to define \fBcsr\fR unless this is true.
This \fBcurses\fR implementation is more liberal and will do explicit erases
-after scrolling if \fBndstr\fR is defined.
+after scrolling if \fBndsrc\fR is defined.
.PP
If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of
memory, which all commands affect,
.PP
If the terminal can retain display memory above, then the
\fBda\fR capability should be given; if display memory can be retained
-below, then \fBdb\fR should be given. These indicate
+below, then \fBdb\fR should be given.
+These indicate
that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below
or that scrolling back with \fBri\fR may bring down non-blank lines.
.PP
Other terminals, such as the Concept 100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make
a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting
upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is
-either eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks. You can determine the
+either eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks.
+.PP
+You can determine the
kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen and then typing
-text separated by cursor motions. Type \*(lqabc\ \ \ \ def\*(rq using local
+text separated by cursor motions.
+Type \*(lqabc\ \ \ \ def\*(rq using local
cursor motions (not spaces) between the \*(lqabc\*(rq and the \*(lqdef\*(rq.
Then position the cursor before the \*(lqabc\*(rq and put the terminal in insert
-mode. If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
+mode.
+If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does
-not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions. If the \*(lqabc\*(rq
+not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions.
+If the \*(lqabc\*(rq
shifts over to the \*(lqdef\*(rq which then move together around the end of the
current line and onto the next as you insert, you have the second type of
terminal, and should give the capability \fBin\fR, which stands for
\*(lqinsert null\*(rq.
-While these are two logically separate attributes (one line vs. multi-line
+.PP
+While these are two logically separate attributes (one line versus multi-line
insert mode, and special treatment of untyped spaces) we have seen no
terminals whose insert mode cannot be described with the single attribute.
.PP
Give as \fBsmir\fR the sequence to get into insert mode.
Give as \fBrmir\fR the sequence to leave insert mode.
Now give as \fBich1\fR any sequence needed to be sent just before sending
-the character to be inserted. Most terminals with a true insert mode
+the character to be inserted.
+Most terminals with a true insert mode
will not give \fBich1\fR; terminals which send a sequence to open a screen
position should give it here.
.PP
If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually preferable to \fBich1\fR.
Technically, you should not give both unless the terminal actually requires
-both to be used in combination. Accordingly, some non-curses applications get
+both to be used in combination.
+Accordingly, some non-curses applications get
confused if both are present; the symptom is doubled characters in an update
-using insert. This requirement is now rare; most \fBich\fR sequences do not
+using insert.
+This requirement is now rare; most \fBich\fR sequences do not
require previous smir, and most smir insert modes do not require \fBich1\fR
-before each character. Therefore, the new \fBcurses\fR actually assumes this
+before each character.
+Therefore, the new \fBcurses\fR actually assumes this
is the case and uses either \fBrmir\fR/\fBsmir\fR or \fBich\fR/\fBich1\fR as
-appropriate (but not both). If you have to write an entry to be used under
+appropriate (but not both).
+If you have to write an entry to be used under
new curses for a terminal old enough to need both, include the
\fBrmir\fR/\fBsmir\fR sequences in \fBich1\fR.
.PP
If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
-in \fBip\fR (a string option). Any other sequence which may need to be
+in \fBip\fR (a string option).
+Any other sequence which may need to be
sent after an insert of a single character may also be given in \fBip\fR.
-If your terminal needs both to be placed into an `insert mode' and
+If your terminal needs both to be placed into an \*(``insert mode\*('' and
a special code to precede each inserted character, then both
.BR smir / rmir
and
.PP
It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode
to delete characters on the same line (e.g., if there is a tab after
-the insertion position). If your terminal allows motion while in
+the insertion position).
+If your terminal allows motion while in
insert mode you can give the capability \fBmir\fR to speed up inserting
-in this case. Omitting \fBmir\fR will affect only speed. Some terminals
+in this case.
+Omitting \fBmir\fR will affect only speed.
+Some terminals
(notably Datamedia's) must not have \fBmir\fR because of the way their
insert mode works.
.PP
.PP
.TS
center;
-l c c
-l c c
-lw28 lw6 lw2 lw20.
+l l l
+l l l
+lw18 lw14 lw18.
\fBtparm parameter attribute escape sequence\fP
none none \\E[0m
.PP
Writing out the above sequences, along with their dependencies yields
.PP
+.ne 11
.TS
center;
-l c c
-l c c
-lw28 lw6 lw2 lw20.
+l l l
+l l l
+lw18 lw14 lw18.
\fBsequence when to output terminfo translation\fP
+.ft CW
\\E[0 always \\E[0
;1 if p1 or p6 %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;
;4 if p2 %?%p2%|%t;4%;
;8 if p7 %?%p7%|%t;8%;
m always m
^N or ^O if p9 ^N, else ^O %?%p9%t^N%e^O%;
+.ft R
.TE
.PP
Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:
.PP
+.ft CW
.nf
- sgr=\\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
- %?%p4%t;5%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\\016%e\\017%;,
+ sgr=\\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p4%t;5%;
+ %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\\016%e\\017%;,
.fi
+.ft R
.PP
Remember that if you specify sgr, you must also specify sgr0.
-.PP
-Terminals with the ``magic cookie'' glitch
+Also, some implementations rely on sgr being given if sgr0 is,
+Not all terminfo entries necessarily have an sgr string, however.
+Many terminfo entries are derived from termcap entries
+which have no sgr string.
+The only drawback to adding an sgr string is that termcap also
+assumes that sgr0 does not exit alternate character set mode.
+.PP
+Terminals with the \*(``magic cookie\*('' glitch
.RB ( xmc )
-deposit special ``cookies'' when they receive mode-setting sequences,
+deposit special \*(``cookies\*('' when they receive mode-setting sequences,
which affect the display algorithm rather than having extra bits for
each character.
Some terminals, such as the HP 2621, automatically leave standout
.SS Keypad and Function Keys
.PP
If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed,
-this information can be given. Note that it is not possible to handle
+this information can be given.
+Note that it is not possible to handle
terminals where the keypad only works in local (this applies, for example,
to the unshifted HP 2621 keys).
If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit,
give these codes as \fBsmkx\fR and \fBrmkx\fR.
Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
+.PP
The codes sent by the left arrow, right arrow, up arrow, down arrow,
and home keys can be given as
\fBkcub1, kcuf1, kcuu1, kcud1, \fRand\fB khome\fR respectively.
can be given as \fBkf0, kf1, ..., kf10\fR.
If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f10, the labels
can be given as \fBlf0, lf1, ..., lf10\fR.
+.PP
The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:
+.bP
.B kll
(home down),
+.bP
.B kbs
(backspace),
+.bP
.B ktbc
(clear all tabs),
+.bP
.B kctab
(clear the tab stop in this column),
+.bP
.B kclr
(clear screen or erase key),
+.bP
.B kdch1
(delete character),
+.bP
.B kdl1
(delete line),
+.bP
.B krmir
(exit insert mode),
+.bP
.B kel
(clear to end of line),
+.bP
.B ked
(clear to end of screen),
+.bP
.B kich1
(insert character or enter insert mode),
+.bP
.B kil1
(insert line),
+.bP
.B knp
(next page),
+.bP
.B kpp
(previous page),
+.bP
.B kind
(scroll forward/down),
+.bP
.B kri
(scroll backward/up),
+.bP
.B khts
(set a tab stop in this column).
+.PP
In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys including the four
arrow keys, the other five keys can be given as
.BR ka1 ,
tab stop can be given as
.B ht
(usually control I).
-A ``back-tab'' command which moves leftward to the preceding tab stop can
+A \*(``back-tab\*('' command which moves leftward to the preceding tab stop can
be given as
.BR cbt .
By convention, if the teletype modes indicate that tabs are being
the numeric parameter
.B it
is given, showing the number of spaces the tabs are set to.
-This is normally used by the
-.IR tset
+This is normally used by the \fB@TSET@\fP
command to determine whether to set the mode for hardware tab expansion,
and whether to set the tab stops.
If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in non-volatile memory,
with the rest of the terminfo description.
They are normally sent to the terminal, by the
.I init
-option of the
-.IR tput
-program, each time the user logs in.
+option of the \fB@TPUT@\fP program, each time the user logs in.
They will be printed in the following order:
+.RS
+.TP
run the program
-.BR iprog ;
+.BR iprog
+.TP
output
-.BR is1 ;
-.BR is2 ;
+.BR is1
+.BR is2
+.TP
set the margins using
.BR mgc ,
-.BR smgl and
-.BR smgr ;
+.BR smgl
+and
+.BR smgr
+.TP
set tabs using
.B tbc
and
-.BR hts ;
+.BR hts
+.TP
print the file
-.BR if ;
+.BR if
+.TP
and finally
output
.BR is3 .
+.RE
.PP
Most initialization is done with
.BR is2 .
.B is1
and
.BR is3 .
-A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state
-can be analogously given as
+.PP
+A set of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state
+can be given as
.BR rs1 ,
.BR rs2 ,
-.BR rf ,
+.BR rf
and
.BR rs3 ,
analogous to
-.B is2
+.B is1 ,
+.B is2 ,
+.B if
and
-.BR if .
-These strings are output by the
-.IR reset
-program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.
+.BR is3
+respectively.
+These strings are output by the \fB@RESET@\fP program,
+which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.
Commands are normally placed in
.BR rs1 ,
.BR rs2
but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally
needed since the terminal is usually already in 80 column mode.
.PP
+The \fB@RESET@\fP program writes strings including
+.BR iprog ,
+etc., in the same order as the
+.IR init
+program, using
+.BR rs1 ,
+etc., instead of
+.BR is1 ,
+etc.
+If any of
+.BR rs1 ,
+.BR rs2 ,
+.BR rs3 ,
+or
+.BR rf
+reset capability strings are missing, the \fB@RESET@\fP
+program falls back upon the corresponding initialization capability string.
+.PP
If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as
.B tbc
(clear all tab stops)
.BR if .
.SS Delays and Padding
.PP
-Many older and slower terminals don't support either XON/XOFF or DTR
+Many older and slower terminals do not support either XON/XOFF or DTR
handshaking, including hard copy terminals and some very archaic CRTs
-(including, for example, DEC VT100s). These may require padding characters
+(including, for example, DEC VT100s).
+These may require padding characters
after certain cursor motions and screen changes.
.PP
If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control (that is,
it automatically emits ^S back to the host when its input buffers are
close to full), set
.BR xon .
-This capability suppresses the emission of padding. You can also set it
-for memory-mapped console devices effectively that don't have a speed limit.
+This capability suppresses the emission of padding.
+You can also set it
+for memory-mapped console devices effectively that do not have a speed limit.
Padding information should still be included so that routines can
make better decisions about relative costs, but actual pad characters will
not be transmitted.
.PP
If \fBpb\fR (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed at baud rates
-below the value of \fBpb\fR. If the entry has no padding baud rate, then
+below the value of \fBpb\fR.
+If the entry has no padding baud rate, then
whether padding is emitted or not is completely controlled by \fBxon\fR.
.PP
If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as a pad,
string is used.
.PP
.SS Status Lines
-Some terminals have an extra `status line' which is not normally used by
+Some terminals have an extra \*(``status line\*('' which is not normally used by
software (and thus not counted in the terminal's \fBlines\fR capability).
.PP
The simplest case is a status line which is cursor-addressable but not
part of the main scrolling region on the screen; the Heathkit H19 has
a status line of this kind, as would a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line
-scrolling region set up on initialization. This situation is indicated
+scrolling region set up on initialization.
+This situation is indicated
by the \fBhs\fR capability.
.PP
Some terminals with status lines need special sequences to access the
-status line. These may be expressed as a string with single parameter
+status line.
+These may be expressed as a string with single parameter
\fBtsl\fR which takes the cursor to a given zero-origin column on the
-status line. The capability \fBfsl\fR must return to the main-screen
-cursor positions before the last \fBtsl\fR. You may need to embed the
+status line.
+The capability \fBfsl\fR must return to the main-screen
+cursor positions before the last \fBtsl\fR.
+You may need to embed the
string values of \fBsc\fR (save cursor) and \fBrc\fR (restore cursor)
in \fBtsl\fR and \fBfsl\fR to accomplish this.
.PP
The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the width
-of the terminal. If this is untrue, you can specify it with the numeric
+of the terminal.
+If this is untrue, you can specify it with the numeric
capability \fBwsl\fR.
.PP
A command to erase or blank the status line may be specified as \fBdsl\fR.
.PP
The boolean capability \fBeslok\fR specifies that escape sequences, tabs,
-etc. work ordinarily in the status line.
+etc., work ordinarily in the status line.
.PP
The \fBncurses\fR implementation does not yet use any of these capabilities.
They are documented here in case they ever become important.
.PP
.TS H
center expand;
-c l l c
-c l l c
-lw28 lw6 lw2 lw20.
+l l l l
+l l l l
+lw25 lw10 lw6 lw6.
.\".TH
\fBGlyph ACS Ascii VT100\fR
\fBName Name Default Name\fR
arrow pointing down ACS_DARROW v .
arrow pointing left ACS_LARROW < ,
arrow pointing right ACS_RARROW > +
-arrow pointing up ACS_UARROW ^ -
+arrow pointing up ACS_UARROW ^ \-
board of squares ACS_BOARD # h
bullet ACS_BULLET o ~
checker board (stipple) ACS_CKBOARD : a
diamond ACS_DIAMOND + `
greater-than-or-equal-to ACS_GEQUAL > z
greek pi ACS_PI * {
-horizontal line ACS_HLINE - q
+horizontal line ACS_HLINE \- q
lantern symbol ACS_LANTERN # i
large plus or crossover ACS_PLUS + n
less-than-or-equal-to ACS_LEQUAL < y
not-equal ACS_NEQUAL ! |
plus/minus ACS_PLMINUS # g
scan line 1 ACS_S1 ~ o
-scan line 3 ACS_S3 - p
-scan line 7 ACS_S7 - r
+scan line 3 ACS_S3 \- p
+scan line 7 ACS_S7 \- r
scan line 9 ACS_S9 \&_ s
solid square block ACS_BLOCK # 0
tee pointing down ACS_TTEE + w
The best way to define a new device's graphics set is to add a column
to a copy of this table for your terminal, giving the character which
(when emitted between \fBsmacs\fR/\fBrmacs\fR switches) will be rendered
-as the corresponding graphic. Then read off the VT100/your terminal
+as the corresponding graphic.
+Then read off the VT100/your terminal
character pairs right to left in sequence; these become the ACSC string.
.PP
.SS Color Handling
.PP
-Most color terminals are either `Tektronix-like' or `HP-like'. Tektronix-like
-terminals have a predefined set of N colors (where N usually 8), and can set
+The curses library functions \fBinit_pair\fP and \fBinit_color\fP
+manipulate the \fIcolor pairs\fP and \fIcolor values\fP discussed in this
+section
+(see \fBcurs_color\fP(3X) for details on these and related functions).
+.PP
+Most color terminals are either \*(``Tektronix-like\*('' or \*(``HP-like\*('':
+.bP
+Tektronix-like
+terminals have a predefined set of \fIN\fP colors
+(where \fIN\fP is usually 8),
+and can set
character-cell foreground and background characters independently, mixing them
-into N * N color-pairs. On HP-like terminals, the use must set each color
+into \fIN\fP\ *\ \fIN\fP color-pairs.
+.bP
+On HP-like terminals, the user must set each color
pair up separately (foreground and background are not independently settable).
-Up to M color-pairs may be set up from 2*M different colors. ANSI-compatible
-terminals are Tektronix-like.
+Up to \fIM\fP color-pairs may be set up from 2*\fIM\fP different colors.
+ANSI-compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.
.PP
-Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color method. The numeric
+Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color method.
+The numeric
capabilities \fBcolors\fR and \fBpairs\fR specify the maximum numbers of colors
-and color-pairs that can be displayed simultaneously. The \fBop\fR (original
+and color-pairs that can be displayed simultaneously.
+The \fBop\fR (original
pair) string resets foreground and background colors to their default values
-for the terminal. The \fBoc\fR string resets all colors or color-pairs to
-their default values for the terminal. Some terminals (including many PC
+for the terminal.
+The \fBoc\fR string resets all colors or color-pairs to
+their default values for the terminal.
+Some terminals (including many PC
terminal emulators) erase screen areas with the current background color rather
than the power-up default background; these should have the boolean capability
\fBbce\fR.
.PP
+While the curses library works with \fIcolor pairs\fP
+(reflecting the inability of some devices to set foreground
+and background colors independently),
+there are separate capabilities for setting these features:
+.bP
To change the current foreground or background color on a Tektronix-type
terminal, use \fBsetaf\fR (set ANSI foreground) and \fBsetab\fR (set ANSI
background) or \fBsetf\fR (set foreground) and \fBsetb\fR (set background).
-These take one parameter, the color number. The SVr4 documentation describes
+These take one parameter, the color number.
+The SVr4 documentation describes
only \fBsetaf\fR/\fBsetab\fR; the XPG4 draft says that "If the terminal
supports ANSI escape sequences to set background and foreground, they should
-be coded as \fBsetaf\fR and \fBsetab\fR, respectively. If the terminal
+be coded as \fBsetaf\fR and \fBsetab\fR, respectively.
+.bP
+If the terminal
supports other escape sequences to set background and foreground, they should
-be coded as \fBsetf\fR and \fBsetb\fR, respectively. The \fIvidputs()\fR
-function and the refresh functions use \fBsetaf\fR and \fBsetab\fR if they are
-defined."
+be coded as \fBsetf\fR and \fBsetb\fR, respectively.
+The \fBvidputs\fR and the \fBrefresh\fP(3X) functions
+use the \fBsetaf\fR and \fBsetab\fR capabilities if they are defined.
.PP
The \fBsetaf\fR/\fBsetab\fR and \fBsetf\fR/\fBsetb\fR capabilities take a
-single numeric argument each. Argument values 0-7 are portably defined as
+single numeric argument each.
+Argument values 0-7 of \fBsetaf\fR/\fBsetab\fR are portably defined as
follows (the middle column is the symbolic #define available in the header for
-the \fBcurses\fR or \fBncurses\fR libraries). The terminal hardware is free to
+the \fBcurses\fR or \fBncurses\fR libraries).
+The terminal hardware is free to
map these as it likes, but the RGB values indicate normal locations in color
space.
.PP
white \fBCOLOR_WHITE\fR 7 max,max,max
.TE
.PP
+The argument values of \fBsetf\fR/\fBsetb\fR historically correspond to
+a different mapping, i.e.,
+.TS H
+center;
+l c c c
+l l n l.
+\fBColor #define Value RGB\fR
+black \fBCOLOR_BLACK\fR 0 0, 0, 0
+blue \fBCOLOR_BLUE\fR 1 0,0,max
+green \fBCOLOR_GREEN\fR 2 0,max,0
+cyan \fBCOLOR_CYAN\fR 3 0,max,max
+red \fBCOLOR_RED\ \fR 4 max,0,0
+magenta \fBCOLOR_MAGENTA\fR 5 max,0,max
+yellow \fBCOLOR_YELLOW\fR 6 max,max,0
+white \fBCOLOR_WHITE\fR 7 max,max,max
+.TE
+.PP
+It is important to not confuse the two sets of color capabilities;
+otherwise red/blue will be interchanged on the display.
+.PP
On an HP-like terminal, use \fBscp\fR with a color-pair number parameter to set
which color pair is current.
.PP
+Some terminals allow the \fIcolor values\fP to be modified:
+.bP
On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability \fBccc\fR may be present to
-indicate that colors can be modified. If so, the \fBinitc\fR capability will
-take a color number (0 to \fBcolors\fR - 1)and three more parameters which
-describe the color. These three parameters default to being interpreted as RGB
-(Red, Green, Blue) values. If the boolean capability \fBhls\fR is present,
-they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) indices. The ranges are
+indicate that colors can be modified.
+If so, the \fBinitc\fR capability will
+take a color number (0 to \fBcolors\fR \- 1)and three more parameters which
+describe the color.
+These three parameters default to being interpreted as RGB
+(Red, Green, Blue) values.
+If the boolean capability \fBhls\fR is present,
+they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) indices.
+The ranges are
terminal-dependent.
-.PP
+.bP
On an HP-like terminal, \fBinitp\fR may give a capability for changing a
-color-pair value. It will take seven parameters; a color-pair number (0 to
-\fBmax_pairs\fR - 1), and two triples describing first background and then
-foreground colors. These parameters must be (Red, Green, Blue) or
+color-pair value.
+It will take seven parameters; a color-pair number (0 to
+\fBmax_pairs\fR \- 1), and two triples describing first background and then
+foreground colors.
+These parameters must be (Red, Green, Blue) or
(Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on \fBhls\fR.
.PP
-On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights. You can register
-these collisions with the \fBncv\fR capability. This is a bit-mask of
-attributes not to be used when colors are enabled. The correspondence with the
+On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights.
+You can register
+these collisions with the \fBncv\fR capability.
+This is a bit-mask of
+attributes not to be used when colors are enabled.
+The correspondence with the
attributes understood by \fBcurses\fR is as follows:
.PP
.TS
center;
-l c c
-lw25 lw2 lw10.
-\fBAttribute Bit Decimal\fR
-A_STANDOUT 0 1
-A_UNDERLINE 1 2
-A_REVERSE 2 4
-A_BLINK 3 8
-A_DIM 4 16
-A_BOLD 5 32
-A_INVIS 6 64
-A_PROTECT 7 128
-A_ALTCHARSET 8 256
+l l l l
+lw20 lw2 lw10 lw10.
+\fBAttribute Bit Decimal Set by\fR
+A_STANDOUT 0 1 sgr
+A_UNDERLINE 1 2 sgr
+A_REVERSE 2 4 sgr
+A_BLINK 3 8 sgr
+A_DIM 4 16 sgr
+A_BOLD 5 32 sgr
+A_INVIS 6 64 sgr
+A_PROTECT 7 128 sgr
+A_ALTCHARSET 8 256 sgr
+A_HORIZONTAL 9 512 sgr1
+A_LEFT 10 1024 sgr1
+A_LOW 11 2048 sgr1
+A_RIGHT 12 4096 sgr1
+A_TOP 13 8192 sgr1
+A_VERTICAL 14 16384 sgr1
+A_ITALIC 15 32768 sitm
.TE
.PP
For example, on many IBM PC consoles, the underline attribute collides with the
-foreground color blue and is not available in color mode. These should have
+foreground color blue and is not available in color mode.
+These should have
an \fBncv\fR capability of 2.
.PP
SVr4 curses does nothing with \fBncv\fR, ncurses recognizes it and optimizes
.BR rep .
The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second
is the number of times to repeat it.
-Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is the same as `xxxxxxxxxx'.
+Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is the same as \*(``xxxxxxxxxx\*(''.
.PP
If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the \s-1TEKTRONIX\s+1 4025,
this can be indicated with
.I virtual
terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.)
.PP
-If the terminal has a ``meta key'' which acts as a shift key,
+If the terminal has a \*(``meta key\*('' which acts as a shift key,
setting the 8th bit of any character transmitted, this fact can
be indicated with
.BR km .
Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it
will usually be cleared.
-If strings exist to turn this ``meta mode'' on and off, they
+If strings exist to turn this \*(``meta mode\*('' on and off, they
can be given as
.B smm
and
.PP
.SS Glitches and Braindamage
.PP
-Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed should
+Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow \*(``~\*('' characters to be displayed should
indicate \fBhz\fR.
.PP
Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an \fBam\fR wrap,
.PP
Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
should indicate \fBxt\fR (destructive tabs).
-Note: the variable indicating this is now `dest_tabs_magic_smso'; in
+Note: the variable indicating this is now \*(``dest_tabs_magic_smso\*(''; in
older versions, it was teleray_glitch.
This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible to position
-the cursor on top of a ``magic cookie'',
+the cursor on top of a \*(``magic cookie\*('',
that to erase standout mode it is instead necessary to use
-delete and insert line. The ncurses implementation ignores this glitch.
+delete and insert line.
+The ncurses implementation ignores this glitch.
.PP
The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the escape
or control C characters, has
indicating that the f1 key is used for escape and f2 for control C.
(Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending on the ROM.)
Note that in older terminfo versions, this capability was called
-`beehive_glitch'; it is now `no_esc_ctl_c'.
+\*(``beehive_glitch\*(''; it is now \*(``no_esc_ctl_c\*(''.
.PP
Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more
capabilities of the form \fBx\fR\fIx\fR.
.PP
-.SS Similar Terminals
-.PP
-If there are two very similar terminals, one (the variant) can be defined as
-being just like the other (the base) with certain exceptions. In the
-definition of the variant, the string capability \fBuse\fR can be given with
-the name of the base terminal. The capabilities given before
-.B use
-override those in the base type named by
-.BR use .
-If there are multiple \fBuse\fR capabilities, they are merged in reverse order.
-That is, the rightmost \fBuse\fR reference is processed first, then the one to
-its left, and so forth. Capabilities given explicitly in the entry override
-those brought in by \fBuse\fR references.
-.PP
-A capability can be canceled by placing \fBxx@\fR to the left of the
-use reference that imports it, where \fIxx\fP is the capability.
-For example, the entry
-.PP
- 2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,
-.PP
-defines a 2621-nl that does not have the \fBsmkx\fR or \fBrmkx\fR capabilities,
-and hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode.
-This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different
-user preferences.
-.PP
.SS Pitfalls of Long Entries
.PP
Long terminfo entries are unlikely to be a problem; to date, no entry has even
-approached terminfo's 4K string-table maximum. Unfortunately, the termcap
-translations are much more strictly limited (to 1K), thus termcap translations
+approached terminfo's 4096-byte string-table maximum.
+Unfortunately, the termcap
+translations are much more strictly limited (to 1023 bytes), thus termcap translations
of long terminfo entries can cause problems.
.PP
-The man pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of tgetent() instruct the user to
-allocate a 1K buffer for the termcap entry. The entry gets null-terminated by
+The man pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of \fBtgetent\fP instruct the user to
+allocate a 1024-byte buffer for the termcap entry.
+The entry gets null-terminated by
the termcap library, so that makes the maximum safe length for a termcap entry
-1k-1 (1023) bytes. Depending on what the application and the termcap library
-being used does, and where in the termcap file the terminal type that tgetent()
+1k\-1 (1023) bytes.
+Depending on what the application and the termcap library
+being used does, and where in the termcap file the terminal type that \fBtgetent\fP
is searching for is, several bad things can happen.
.PP
Some termcap libraries print a warning message or exit if they find an
-entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others don't; others truncate the
-entries to 1023 bytes. Some application programs allocate more than
-the recommended 1K for the termcap entry; others don't.
+entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others do not; others truncate the
+entries to 1023 bytes.
+Some application programs allocate more than
+the recommended 1K for the termcap entry; others do not.
.PP
Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with it: before
-"tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion. "tc" is the capability that
+"tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion.
+"tc" is the capability that
tacks on another termcap entry to the end of the current one, to add
-on its capabilities. If a termcap entry doesn't use the "tc"
+on its capabilities.
+If a termcap entry does not use the "tc"
capability, then of course the two lengths are the same.
.PP
The "before tc expansion" length is the most important one, because it
-affects more than just users of that particular terminal. This is the
+affects more than just users of that particular terminal.
+This is the
length of the entry as it exists in /etc/termcap, minus the
-backslash-newline pairs, which tgetent() strips out while reading it.
+backslash-newline pairs, which \fBtgetent\fP strips out while reading it.
Some termcap libraries strip off the final newline, too (GNU termcap does not).
Now suppose:
-.TP 5
-*
+.bP
a termcap entry before expansion is more than 1023 bytes long,
-.TP 5
-*
+.bP
and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,
-.TP 5
-*
+.bP
and the termcap library (like the one in BSD/OS 1.1 and GNU) reads
the whole entry into the buffer, no matter what its length, to see
-if it's the entry it wants,
-.TP 5
-*
-and tgetent() is searching for a terminal type that either is the
+if it is the entry it wants,
+.bP
+and \fBtgetent\fP is searching for a terminal type that either is the
long entry, appears in the termcap file after the long entry, or
-doesn't appear in the file at all (so that tgetent() has to search
+does not appear in the file at all (so that \fBtgetent\fP has to search
the whole termcap file).
.PP
-Then tgetent() will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack, and probably core dump
-the program. Programs like telnet are particularly vulnerable; modern telnets
-pass along values like the terminal type automatically. The results are almost
+Then \fBtgetent\fP will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack, and probably core dump
+the program.
+Programs like telnet are particularly vulnerable; modern telnets
+pass along values like the terminal type automatically.
+The results are almost
as undesirable with a termcap library, like SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that
-prints warning messages when it reads an overly long termcap entry. If a
+prints warning messages when it reads an overly long termcap entry.
+If a
termcap library truncates long entries, like OSF/1 3.0, it is immune to dying
here but will return incorrect data for the terminal.
.PP
The "after tc expansion" length will have a similar effect to the
above, but only for people who actually set TERM to that terminal
-type, since tgetent() only does "tc" expansion once it's found the
+type, since \fBtgetent\fP only does "tc" expansion once it is found the
terminal type it was looking for, not while searching.
.PP
In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes can cause,
on various combinations of termcap libraries and applications, a core
-dump, warnings, or incorrect operation. If it's too long even before
+dump, warnings, or incorrect operation.
+If it is too long even before
"tc" expansion, it will have this effect even for users of some other
terminal types and users whose TERM variable does not have a termcap
entry.
.PP
-When in -C (translate to termcap) mode, the \fBncurses\fR implementation of
-\fBtic\fR(1) issues warning messages when the pre-tc length of a termcap
-translation is too long. The -c (check) option also checks resolved (after tc
+When in \-C (translate to termcap) mode, the \fBncurses\fR implementation of
+\fB@TIC@\fR(1M) issues warning messages when the pre-tc length of a termcap
+translation is too long.
+The \-c (check) option also checks resolved (after tc
expansion) lengths.
.SS Binary Compatibility
It is not wise to count on portability of binary terminfo entries between
-commercial UNIX versions. The problem is that there are at least two versions
-of terminfo (under HP-UX and AIX) which diverged from System V terminfo after
+commercial UNIX versions.
+The problem is that there are at least two versions
+of terminfo (under HP\-UX and AIX) which diverged from System V terminfo after
SVr1, and have added extension capabilities to the string table that (in the
binary format) collide with System V and XSI Curses extensions.
.SH EXTENSIONS
-Some SVr4 \fBcurses\fR implementations, and all previous to SVr4, don't
+.PP
+Searching for terminal descriptions in
+\fB$HOME/.terminfo\fR and TERMINFO_DIRS
+is not supported by older implementations.
+.PP
+Some SVr4 \fBcurses\fR implementations, and all previous to SVr4, do not
interpret the %A and %O operators in parameter strings.
.PP
SVr4/XPG4 do not specify whether \fBmsgr\fR licenses movement while in
an alternate-character-set mode (such modes may, among other things, map
-CR and NL to characters that don't trigger local motions).
+CR and NL to characters that do not trigger local motions).
The \fBncurses\fR implementation ignores \fBmsgr\fR in \fBALTCHARSET\fR
-mode. This raises the possibility that an XPG4
+mode.
+This raises the possibility that an XPG4
implementation making the opposite interpretation may need terminfo
entries made for \fBncurses\fR to have \fBmsgr\fR turned off.
.PP
The \fBncurses\fR library handles insert-character and insert-character modes
-in a slightly non-standard way in order to get better update efficiency. See
+in a slightly non-standard way to get better update efficiency.
+See
the \fBInsert/Delete Character\fR subsection above.
.PP
The parameter substitutions for \fBset_clock\fR and \fBdisplay_clock\fR are
-not documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses standard. They are deduced from the
+not documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses standard.
+They are deduced from the
documentation for the AT&T 505 terminal.
.PP
-Be careful assigning the \fBkmous\fR capability. The \fBncurses\fR wants to
-interpret it as \fBKEY_MOUSE\fR, for use by terminals and emulators like xterm
+Be careful assigning the \fBkmous\fR capability.
+The \fBncurses\fR library wants to interpret it as \fBKEY_MOUSE\fR,
+for use by terminals and emulators like xterm
that can return mouse-tracking information in the keyboard-input stream.
.PP
+X/Open Curses does not mention italics.
+Portable applications must assume that numeric capabilities are
+signed 16-bit values.
+This includes the \fIno_color_video\fP (ncv) capability.
+The 32768 mask value used for italics with ncv can be confused with
+an absent or cancelled ncv.
+If italics should work with colors,
+then the ncv value must be specified, even if it is zero.
+.PP
Different commercial ports of terminfo and curses support different subsets of
-the XSI Curses standard and (in some cases) different extension sets. Here
+the XSI Curses standard and (in some cases) different extension sets.
+Here
is a summary, accurate as of October 1995:
-.PP
-\fBSVR4, Solaris, ncurses\fR --
+.bP
+\fBSVR4, Solaris, ncurses\fR \-\-
These support all SVr4 capabilities.
-.PP
-\fBSGI\fR --
+.bP
+\fBSGI\fR \-\-
Supports the SVr4 set, adds one undocumented extended string
capability (\fBset_pglen\fR).
-.PP
-\fBSVr1, Ultrix\fR --
-These support a restricted subset of terminfo capabilities. The booleans
-end with \fBxon_xoff\fR; the numerics with \fBwidth_status_line\fR; and the
-strings with \fBprtr_non\fR.
-.PP
-\fBHP/UX\fR --
+.bP
+\fBSVr1, Ultrix\fR \-\-
+These support a restricted subset of terminfo capabilities.
+The booleans end with \fBxon_xoff\fR;
+the numerics with \fBwidth_status_line\fR;
+and the strings with \fBprtr_non\fR.
+.bP
+\fBHP/UX\fR \-\-
Supports the SVr1 subset, plus the SVr[234] numerics \fBnum_labels\fR,
\fBlabel_height\fR, \fBlabel_width\fR, plus function keys 11 through 63, plus
\fBplab_norm\fR, \fBlabel_on\fR, and \fBlabel_off\fR, plus some incompatible
extensions in the string table.
-.PP
-\fBAIX\fR --
+.bP
+\fBAIX\fR \-\-
Supports the SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11 through 63, plus a number
of incompatible string table extensions.
-.PP
-\fBOSF\fR --
+.bP
+\fBOSF\fR \-\-
Supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.
.SH FILES
.TP 25
\*d/?/*
files containing terminal descriptions
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-\fBtic\fR(1M), \fBcurses\fR(3X), \fBprintf\fR(3S), \fBterm\fR(\*n).
+.SH SEE ALSO
+\fB@TIC@\fR(1M),
+\fB@INFOCMP@\fR(1M),
+\fBcurses\fR(3X),
+\fBcurs_color\fR(3X),
+\fBprintf\fR(3),
+\fBterm\fR(\*n).
+\fBterm_variables\fR(3X).
.SH AUTHORS
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
-.\"#
-.\"# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
-.\"# Local Variables:
-.\"# mode:nroff
-.\"# fill-column:79
-.\"# End:
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