- The ncurses library routines give the user a terminal-
- independent method of updating character screens with rea-
- sonable optimization. This implementation is "new curses"
- (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for 4.4BSD clas-
- sic curses, which has been discontinued. This describes
- ncurses version 5.9 (patch 20140524).
-
- The ncurses library emulates the curses library of System
- V Release 4 UNIX, and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide)
- curses (also known as XSI curses). XSI stands for X/Open
- System Interfaces Extension. The ncurses library is
- freely redistributable in source form. Differences from
- the SVr4 curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and
- PORTABILITY sections below and described in detail in the
- respective EXTENSIONS, PORTABILITY and BUGS sections of
- individual man pages.
-
- The ncurses library also provides many useful extensions,
- i.e., features which cannot be implemented by a simple
- add-on library but which require access to the internals
- of the library.
-
- A program using these routines must be linked with the
- -lncurses option, or (if it has been generated) with the
- debugging library -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator
- may also have installed these libraries under the names
- -lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g library generates
- trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the current direc-
- tory) that describe curses actions. See also the section
- on ALTERNATECONFIGURATIONS.
-
- The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and
- pad manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading ter-
- minal input; control over terminal and curses input and
- output options; environment query routines; color manipu-
- lation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabilities; and
- access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
-
- The library uses the locale which the calling program has
- initialized. That is normally done with setlocale:
-
- setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
-
- If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that
- characters are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with
- certain legacy programs. You should initialize the locale
- and not rely on specific details of the library when the
- locale has not been setup.
-
- The function initscr or newterm must be called to initial-
- ize the library before any of the other routines that deal
- with windows and screens are used. The routine endwin
- must be called before exiting.
-
- To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most
- interactive, screen oriented programs want this), the fol-
- lowing sequence should be used:
-
- initscr();cbreak();noecho();
+
+ The ncurses library routines give the user a terminal-independent
+ method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
+ This implementation is "new curses" (ncurses) and is the approved
+ replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
+ This describes ncurses version 6.0 (patch 20171028).
+
+ The ncurses library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4
+ UNIX, and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known as XSI
+ curses). XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension. The
+ ncurses library is freely redistributable in source form. Differences
+ from the SVr4 curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and PORTABIL-
+ ITY sections below and described in detail in the respective EXTEN-
+ SIONS, PORTABILITY and BUGS sections of individual man pages.
+
+ The ncurses library also provides many useful extensions, i.e., fea-
+ tures which cannot be implemented by a simple add-on library but which
+ require access to the internals of the library.
+
+ A program using these routines must be linked with the -lncurses
+ option, or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library
+ -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator may also have installed these
+ libraries under the names -lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g
+ library generates trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the current
+ directory) that describe curses actions. See also the section on
+ ALTERNATECONFIGURATIONS.
+
+ The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and pad manipula-
+ tion; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; control over
+ terminal and curses input and output options; environment query rou-
+ tines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabili-
+ ties; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
+
+
+
+ The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
+ That is normally done with setlocale:
+
+ setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
+
+ If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes that characters
+ are printable as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs.
+ You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of
+ the library when the locale has not been setup.
+
+ The function initscr or newterm must be called to initialize the
+ library before any of the other routines that deal with windows and
+ screens are used. The routine endwin(3x) must be called before exit-
+ ing.
+
+ To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most interactive,
+ screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence should be
+ used:
+
+ initscr();cbreak();noecho();
Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
- nonl();
- intrflush(stdscr,FALSE);
- keypad(stdscr,TRUE);
+ nonl();
+ intrflush(stdscr,FALSE);
+ keypad(stdscr,TRUE);
- Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the ter-
- minal should be set and its initialization strings, if
- defined, must be output. This can be done by executing
- the tputinit command after the shell environment variable
- TERM has been exported. tset(1) is usually responsible
+ Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be
+ set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output. This
+ can be done by executing the tputinit command after the shell environ-
+ ment variable TERM has been exported. tset(1) is usually responsible
for doing this. [See terminfo(5) for further details.]
- The ncurses library permits manipulation of data struc-
- tures, called windows, which can be thought of as two-
- dimensional arrays of characters representing all or part
- of a CRT screen. A default window called stdscr, which is
- the size of the terminal screen, is supplied. Others may
- be created with newwin.
-
- Note that curses does not handle overlapping windows,
- that's done by the panel(3x) library. This means that you
- can either use stdscr or divide the screen into tiled win-
- dows and not using stdscr at all. Mixing the two will
- result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
-
- Windows are referred to by variables declared as WINDOW*.
- These data structures are manipulated with routines
- described here and elsewhere in the ncurses manual pages.
- Among those, the most basic routines are move and addch.
- More general versions of these routines are included with
- names beginning with w, allowing the user to specify a
- window. The routines not beginning with w affect stdscr.
-
- After using routines to manipulate a window, refresh is
- called, telling curses to make the user's CRT screen look
- like stdscr. The characters in a window are actually of
- type chtype, (character and attribute data) so that other
- information about the character may also be stored with
- each character.
-
- Special windows called pads may also be manipulated.
- These are windows which are not constrained to the size of
- the screen and whose contents need not be completely dis-
- played. See curs_pad(3x) for more information.
-
- In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video
- attributes and colors may be supported, causing the char-
- acters to show up in such modes as underlined, in reverse
- video, or in color on terminals that support such display
- enhancements. Line drawing characters may be specified to
- be output. On input, curses is also able to translate
- arrow and function keys that transmit escape sequences
- into single values. The video attributes, line drawing
- characters, and input values use names, defined in
- <curses.h>, such as A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, and KEY_LEFT.
-
- If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or
- if the program is executing in a window environment, line
- and column information in the environment will override
- information read by terminfo. This would affect a program
- running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where the size
- of a screen is changeable (see ENVIRONMENT).
-
- If the environment variable TERMINFO is defined, any pro-
- gram using curses checks for a local terminal definition
- before checking in the standard place. For example, if
- TERM is set to att4424, then the compiled terminal defini-
- tion is found in
-
- /usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.
-
- (The a is copied from the first letter of att4424 to avoid
- creation of huge directories.) However, if TERMINFO is
- set to $HOME/myterms, curses first checks
-
- $HOME/myterms/a/att4424,
+
+
+ The ncurses library permits manipulation of data structures, called
+ windows, which can be thought of as two-dimensional arrays of charac-
+ ters representing all or part of a CRT screen. A default window called
+ stdscr, which is the size of the terminal screen, is supplied. Others
+ may be created with newwin.
+
+ Note that curses does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
+ the panel(3x) library. This means that you can either use stdscr or
+ divide the screen into tiled windows and not using stdscr at all. Mix-
+ ing the two will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
+
+ Windows are referred to by variables declared as WINDOW*. These data
+ structures are manipulated with routines described here and elsewhere
+ in the ncurses manual pages. Among those, the most basic routines are
+ move and addch. More general versions of these routines are included
+ with names beginning with w, allowing the user to specify a window.
+ The routines not beginning with w affect stdscr.
+
+ After using routines to manipulate a window, refresh(3x) is called,
+ telling curses to make the user's CRT screen look like stdscr. The
+ characters in a window are actually of type chtype, (character and
+ attribute data) so that other information about the character may also
+ be stored with each character.
+
+ Special windows called pads may also be manipulated. These are windows
+ which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose contents
+ need not be completely displayed. See curs_pad(3x) for more informa-
+ tion.
+
+ In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video attributes and
+ colors may be supported, causing the characters to show up in such
+ modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color on terminals that
+ support such display enhancements. Line drawing characters may be
+ specified to be output. On input, curses is also able to translate
+ arrow and function keys that transmit escape sequences into single val-
+ ues. The video attributes, line drawing characters, and input values
+ use names, defined in <curses.h>, such as A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, and
+ KEY_LEFT.
+
+
+
+ Many curses routines have two or more versions. The routines prefixed
+ with w require a window argument. The routines prefixed with p require
+ a pad argument. Those without a prefix generally use stdscr.
+
+ The routines prefixed with mv require a y and x coordinate to move to
+ before performing the appropriate action. The mv routines imply a call
+ to move before the call to the other routine. The coordinate y always
+ refers to the row (of the window), and x always refers to the column.
+ The upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
+
+ The routines prefixed with mvw take both a window argument and x and y
+ coordinates. The window argument is always specified before the coor-
+ dinates.
+
+ In each case, win is the window affected, and pad is the pad affected;
+ win and pad are always pointers to type WINDOW.
+
+ Option setting routines require a Boolean flag bf with the value TRUE
+ or FALSE; bf is always of type bool. Most of the data types used in
+ the library routines, such as WINDOW, SCREEN, bool, and chtype are
+ defined in <curses.h>. Types used for the terminfo routines such as
+ TERMINAL are defined in <term.h>.
+
+ This manual page describes functions which may appear in any configura-
+ tion of the library. There are two common configurations of the
+ library:
+
+ ncurses
+ the "normal" library, which handles 8-bit characters. The nor-
+ mal (8-bit) library stores characters combined with attributes
+ in chtype data.
+
+ Attributes alone (no corresponding character) may be stored in
+ chtype or the equivalent attr_t data. In either case, the data
+ is stored in something like an integer.
+
+ Each cell (row and column) in a WINDOW is stored as a chtype.
+
+ ncursesw
+ the so-called "wide" library, which handles multibyte charac-
+ ters (see the section on ALTERNATECONFIGURATIONS). The "wide"
+ library includes all of the calls from the "normal" library.
+ It adds about one third more calls using data types which store
+ multibyte characters:
+
+ cchar_t
+ corresponds to chtype. However it is a structure, because
+ more data is stored than can fit into an integer. The
+ characters are large enough to require a full integer
+ value - and there may be more than one character per cell.
+ The video attributes and color are stored in separate
+ fields of the structure.
+
+ Each cell (row and column) in a WINDOW is stored as a
+ cchar_t.
+
+ wchar_t
+ stores a "wide" character. Like chtype, this may be an
+ integer.
+
+ wint_t
+ stores a wchar_t or WEOF - not the same, though both may
+ have the same size.
+
+ The "wide" library provides new functions which are analogous
+ to functions in the "normal" library. There is a naming con-
+ vention which relates many of the normal/wide variants: a "_w"
+ is inserted into the name. For example, waddch becomes
+ wadd_wch.
+
+
+
+ Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and an integer
+ value other than ERR upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted
+ in the routine descriptions.
+
+ As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as parame-
+ ters, and handle this as an error.
+
+ All macros return the value of the w version, except setscrreg,
+ wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx. The return values of
+ setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx are undefined
+ (i.e., these should not be used as the right-hand side of assignment
+ statements).
+ Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.
-
-
RETURN VALUE
- Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure
- and an integer value other than ERR upon successful com-
- pletion, unless otherwise noted in the routine descrip-
- tions.
- As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed
- as parameters, and handle this as an error.
+
+ The following environment symbols are useful for customizing the run-
+ time behavior of the ncurses library. The most important ones have
+ been already discussed in detail.
- All macros return the value of the w version, except
- setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, and getmaxyx. The
- return values of setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx,
- and getmaxyx are undefined (i.e., these should not be used
- as the right-hand side of assignment statements).
- Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.
+
+ When set, change occurrences of the command_character (i.e., the cmdch
+ capability) of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this vari-
+ able. Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.
+ Because this name is also used in development environments to represent
+ the C compiler's name, ncurses ignores it if it does not happen to be a
+ single character.
-
-
ENVIRONMENT
- The following environment symbols are useful for customiz-
- ing the runtime behavior of the ncurses library. The most
- important ones have been already discussed in detail.
-
- CC When set, change occurrences of the command_character
- (i.e., the cmdch capability) of the loaded terminfo
- entries to the value of this variable. Very few ter-
- minfo entries provide this feature.
-
- Because this name is also used in development envi-
- ronments to represent the C compiler's name, ncurses
- ignores it if it does not happen to be a single char-
- acter.
-
- BAUDRATE
- The debugging library checks this environment vari-
- able when the application has redirected output to a
- file. The variable's numeric value is used for the
- baudrate. If no value is found, ncurses uses 9600.
- This allows testers to construct repeatable test-
- cases that take into account costs that depend on
- baudrate.
-
- COLUMNS
- Specify the width of the screen in characters.
- Applications running in a windowing environment usu-
- ally are able to obtain the width of the window in
- which they are executing. If neither the COLUMNS
- value nor the terminal's screen size is available,
- ncurses uses the size which may be specified in the
- terminfo database (i.e., the cols capability).
-
- It is important that your application use a correct
- size for the screen. This is not always possible
- because your application may be running on a host
- which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
- Size), or because you are temporarily running as
- another user. However, setting COLUMNS and/or LINES
- overrides the library's use of the screen size
- obtained from the operating system.
-
- Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified
- independently. This is mainly useful to circumvent
- legacy misfeatures of terminal descriptions, e.g.,
- xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. For
- best results, lines and cols should not be specified
- in a terminal description for terminals which are run
- as emulations.
-
- Use the use_env function to disable all use of exter-
- nal environment (but not including system calls) to
- determine the screen size. Use the use_tioctl func-
- tion to update COLUMNS or LINES to match the screen
- size obtained from system calls or the terminal data-
- base.
-
- ESCDELAY
- Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which
- ncurses will await a character sequence, e.g., a
- function key. The default value, 1000 milliseconds,
- is enough for most uses. However, it is made a vari-
- able to accommodate unusual applications.
-
- The most common instance where you may wish to change
- this value is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running
- on a network. If the host cannot read characters
- rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if
- the terminal did not send characters rapidly enough.
- The library will still see a timeout.
-
- Note that xterm mouse events are built up from char-
- acter sequences received from the xterm. If your
- application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you
- may wish to lengthen this default value because the
- timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as
- well as the individual clicks.
-
- In addition to the environment variable, this imple-
- mentation provides a global variable with the same
- name. Portable applications should not rely upon the
- presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the
- environment variable rather than the global variable
- does not create problems when compiling an applica-
- tion.
-
- HOME Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is
- where it may read and write auxiliary terminal
- descriptions:
-
- $HOME/.termcap
- $HOME/.terminfo
-
- LINES
- Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in
- characters. See COLUMNS for a detailed description.
-
- MOUSE_BUTTONS_123
- This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies
- the order of buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a
- 3-button mouse inconsistently from other platforms:
-
- 1 = left
- 2 = right
- 3 = middle.
-
- This variable lets you customize the mouse. The
- variable must be three numeric digits 1-3 in any
- order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not specified,
- ncurses uses 132.
-
- NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS
- Override the compiled-in assumption that the termi-
- nal's default colors are white-on-black (see
- default_colors(3x)). You may set the foreground and
- background color values with this environment vari-
- able by proving a 2-element list: foreground,back-
- ground. For example, to tell ncurses to not assume
- anything about the colors, set this to "-1,-1". To
- make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any posi-
- tive value from zero to the terminfo max_colors value
- is allowed.
-
- NCURSES_CONSOLE2
- This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.
-
- The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Con-
- sole API call CreateConsoleScreenBuffer is defective.
- Applications which use this will hang. However, it
- is possible to simulate the action of this call by
- mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring
- the original screen contents. Setting the environ-
- ment variable NCGDB has the same effect.
-
- NCURSES_GPM_TERMS
- This applies only to ncurses configured to use the
- GPM interface.
-
- If present, the environment variable is a list of one
- or more terminal names against which the TERM envi-
- ronment variable is matched. Setting it to an empty
- value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in
- support for xterm, etc.
-
- If the environment variable is absent, ncurses will
- attempt to open GPM if TERM contains "linux".
-
- NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS
- Ncurses may use tabs as part of the cursor movement
- optimization. In some cases, your terminal driver
- may not handle these properly. Set this environment
- variable to disable the feature. You can also adjust
- your stty settings to avoid the problem.
-
- NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE
- Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which
- requires special handling to make highlighting and
- other video attributes display properly. You can
- suppress the highlighting entirely for these termi-
- nals by setting this environment variable.
-
- NCURSES_NO_PADDING
- Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo
- database are written for real "hardware" terminals.
- Many people use terminal emulators which run in a
- windowing environment and use curses-based applica-
- tions. Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the
- important aspects of a hardware terminal, but they do
- not have the same limitations. The chief limitation
- of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your
- application is the management of dataflow, i.e., tim-
- ing. Unless a hardware terminal is interfaced into a
- terminal concentrator (which does flow control), it
- (or your application) must manage dataflow, prevent-
- ing overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware
- cost) is for your program to do this by pausing after
- operations that the terminal does slowly, such as
- clearing the display.
-
- As a result, many terminal descriptions (including
- the vt100) have delay times embedded. You may wish
- to use these descriptions, but not want to pay the
- performance penalty.
-
- Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to
- disable all but mandatory padding. Mandatory padding
- is used as a part of special control sequences such
- as flash.
-
- NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
- This setting is obsolete. Before changes
-
- o started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and
-
- o continued though 5.9 patch 20130126
-
- ncurses enabled buffered output during terminal ini-
- tialization. This was done (as in SVr4 curses) for
- performance reasons. For testing purposes, both of
- ncurses and certain applications, this feature was
- made optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF vari-
- able disabled output buffering, leaving the output in
- the original (usually line buffered) mode.
-
- In the current implementation, ncurses performs its
- own buffering and does not require this workaround.
- It does not modify the buffering of the standard out-
- put.
-
- The reason for the change was to make the behavior
- for interrupts and other signals more robust. One
- drawback is that certain nonconventional programs
- would mix ordinary stdio calls with ncurses calls and
- (usually) work. This is no longer possible since
- ncurses is not using the buffered standard output but
- its own output (to the same file descriptor). As a
- special case, the low-level calls such as putp still
- use the standard output. But high-level curses calls
- do not.
-
- NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS
- During initialization, the ncurses library checks for
- special cases where VT100 line-drawing (and the cor-
- responding alternate character set capabilities)
- described in the terminfo are known to be missing.
- Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the
- Linux console emulator and the GNU screen program
- ignore these. Ncurses checks the TERM environment
- variable for these. For other special cases, you
- should set this environment variable. Doing this
- tells ncurses to use Unicode values which correspond
- to the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. That works for the
- special cases cited, and is likely to work for termi-
- nal emulators.
-
- When setting this variable, you should set it to a
- nonzero value. Setting it to zero (or to a nonnum-
- ber) disables the special check for "linux" and
- "screen".
-
- As an alternative to the environment variable,
- ncurses checks for an extended terminfo capability
- U8. This is a numeric capability which can be com-
- piled using tic-x. For example
-
- # linux console, if patched to provide working
- # VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
- linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
- U8#0, use=linux,
-
- # uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
- xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
- U8#1, use=xterm,
-
- The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to per-
- mit it to be used by applications that use ncurses'
- termcap interface.
-
- NCURSES_TRACE
- During initialization, the ncurses debugging library
- checks the NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it
- is defined, to a numeric value, ncurses calls the
- trace function, using that value as the argument.
-
- The argument values, which are defined in curses.h,
- provide several types of information. When running
- with traces enabled, your application will write the
- file trace to the current directory.
-
- TERM Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is
- distinct, though many are similar.
-
- TERMCAP
- If the ncurses library has been configured with term-
- cap support, ncurses will check for a terminal's
- description in termcap form if it is not available in
- the terminfo database.
-
- The TERMCAP environment variable contains either a
- terminal description (with newlines stripped out), or
- a file name telling where the information denoted by
- the TERM environment variable exists. In either
- case, setting it directs ncurses to ignore the usual
- place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
-
- TERMINFO
- Overrides the directory in which ncurses searches for
- your terminal description. This is the simplest, but
- not the only way to change the list of directories.
- The complete list of directories in order follows:
-
- o the last directory to which ncurses wrote, if
- any, is searched first
-
- o the directory specified by the TERMINFO environ-
- ment variable
-
- o $HOME/.terminfo
-
- o directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environ-
- ment variable
-
- o one or more directories whose names are config-
- ured and compiled into the ncurses library, i.e.,
-
- o /usr/local/ncurses/share/ter-
- minfo:/usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to
- the TERMINFO_DIRS variable)
-
- o /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the
- TERMINFO variable)
-
- TERMINFO_DIRS
- Specifies a list of directories to search for termi-
- nal descriptions. The list is separated by colons
- (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
-
- All of the terminal descriptions are in terminfo
- form. Normally these are stored in a directory tree,
- using subdirectories named by the first letter of the
- terminal names therein.
-
- If ncurses is built with a hashed database, then each
- entry in this list can also be the path of the corre-
- sponding database file.
-
- If ncurses is built with a support for reading term-
- cap files directly, then an entry in this list may be
- the path of a termcap file.
-
- TERMPATH
- If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses
- checks the TERMPATH environment variable. This is a
- list of filenames separated by spaces or colons
- (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
-
- If the TERMPATH environment variable is not set,
- ncurses looks in the files /etc/termcap,
- /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap, in that
- order.
-
- The library may be configured to disregard the following
- variables when the current user is the superuser (root),
- or if the application uses setuid or setgid permissions:
- $TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as
- $HOME.
+
+ The debugging library checks this environment variable when the appli-
+ cation has redirected output to a file. The variable's numeric value
+ is used for the baudrate. If no value is found, ncurses uses 9600.
+ This allows testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take into
+ account costs that depend on baudrate.
-
-
ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS
- Several different configurations are possible, depending
- on the configure script options used when building
- ncurses. There are a few main options whose effects are
- visible to the applications developer using ncurses:
+
+ Specify the width of the screen in characters. Applications running in
+ a windowing environment usually are able to obtain the width of the
+ window in which they are executing. If neither the COLUMNS value nor
+ the terminal's screen size is available, ncurses uses the size which
+ may be specified in the terminfo database (i.e., the cols capability).
+
+ It is important that your application use a correct size for the
+ screen. This is not always possible because your application may be
+ running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About Window
+ Size), or because you are temporarily running as another user. How-
+ ever, setting COLUMNS and/or LINES overrides the library's use of the
+ screen size obtained from the operating system.
+
+ Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified independently. This
+ is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal descrip-
+ tions, e.g., xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. For best
+ results, lines and cols should not be specified in a terminal descrip-
+ tion for terminals which are run as emulations.
+
+ Use the use_env function to disable all use of external environment
+ (but not including system calls) to determine the screen size. Use the
+ use_tioctl function to update COLUMNS or LINES to match the screen size
+ obtained from system calls or the terminal database.
+
+
+
+ Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses will await
+ a character sequence, e.g., a function key. The default value, 1000
+ milliseconds, is enough for most uses. However, it is made a variable
+ to accommodate unusual applications.
+
+ The most common instance where you may wish to change this value is to
+ work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a network. If the host cannot
+ read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if the
+ terminal did not send characters rapidly enough. The library will
+ still see a timeout.
+
+ Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
+ received from the xterm. If your application makes heavy use of multi-
+ ple-clicking, you may wish to lengthen this default value because the
+ timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as well as the indi-
+ vidual clicks.
+
+ In addition to the environment variable, this implementation provides a
+ global variable with the same name. Portable applications should not
+ rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but setting the
+ environment variable rather than the global variable does not create
+ problems when compiling an application.
+
+
+
+ Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is where it may read
+ and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:
+
+ $HOME/.termcap
+ $HOME/.terminfo
+
+
+
+ This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies the order of but-
+ tons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a 3-button mouse inconsistently from
+ other platforms:
+
+ 1 = left
+ 2 = right
+ 3 = middle.
+
+ This variable lets you customize the mouse. The variable must be three
+ numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321. If it is not speci-
+ fied, ncurses uses 132.
+
+
+
+ Override the compiled-in assumption that the terminal's default colors
+ are white-on-black (see default_colors(3x)). You may set the fore-
+ ground and background color values with this environment variable by
+ proving a 2-element list: foreground,background. For example, to tell
+ ncurses to not assume anything about the colors, set this to "-1,-1".
+ To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0". Any positive value from
+ zero to the terminfo max_colors value is allowed.
+
+
+
+ This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.
+
+ The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Console API call Cre-
+ ateConsoleScreenBuffer is defective. Applications which use this will
+ hang. However, it is possible to simulate the action of this call by
+ mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring the original
+ screen contents. Setting the environment variable NCGDB has the same
+ effect.
+
+
+
+ This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.
+
+ If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal
+ names against which the TERM environment variable is matched. Setting
+ it to an empty value disables the GPM interface; using the built-in
+ support for xterm, etc.
+
+ If the environment variable is absent, ncurses will attempt to open GPM
+ if TERM contains "linux".
+
+
+
+ Ncurses may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization. In
+ some cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly. Set
+ this environment variable to disable the feature. You can also adjust
+ your stty settings to avoid the problem.
+
+
+
+ Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which requires special han-
+ dling to make highlighting and other video attributes display properly.
+ You can suppress the highlighting entirely for these terminals by set-
+ ting this environment variable.
+
+
+
+ Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo database are written
+ for real "hardware" terminals. Many people use terminal emulators
+ which run in a windowing environment and use curses-based applications.
+ Terminal emulators can duplicate all of the important aspects of a
+ hardware terminal, but they do not have the same limitations. The
+ chief limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint of your
+ application is the management of dataflow, i.e., timing. Unless a
+ hardware terminal is interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which
+ does flow control), it (or your application) must manage dataflow, pre-
+ venting overruns. The cheapest solution (no hardware cost) is for your
+ program to do this by pausing after operations that the terminal does
+ slowly, such as clearing the display.
+
+ As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have
+ delay times embedded. You may wish to use these descriptions, but not
+ want to pay the performance penalty.
+
+ Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but
+ mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a part of special con-
+ trol sequences such as flash.
+
+
+
+ This setting is obsolete. Before changes
+
+ o started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and
+
+ o continued though 5.9 patch 20130126
+
+ ncurses enabled buffered output during terminal initialization. This
+ was done (as in SVr4 curses) for performance reasons. For testing pur-
+ poses, both of ncurses and certain applications, this feature was made
+ optional. Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disabled output
+ buffering, leaving the output in the original (usually line buffered)
+ mode.
+
+ In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own buffering and
+ does not require this workaround. It does not modify the buffering of
+ the standard output.
+
+ The reason for the change was to make the behavior for interrupts and
+ other signals more robust. One drawback is that certain nonconven-
+ tional programs would mix ordinary stdio calls with ncurses calls and
+ (usually) work. This is no longer possible since ncurses is not using
+ the buffered standard output but its own output (to the same file
+ descriptor). As a special case, the low-level calls such as putp still
+ use the standard output. But high-level curses calls do not.
+
+
+
+ During initialization, the ncurses library checks for special cases
+ where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding alternate character set
+ capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to be missing.
+ Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale, the Linux console emula-
+ tor and the GNU screen program ignore these. Ncurses checks the TERM
+ environment variable for these. For other special cases, you should
+ set this environment variable. Doing this tells ncurses to use Unicode
+ values which correspond to the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. That works
+ for the special cases cited, and is likely to work for terminal emula-
+ tors.
+
+ When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value. Set-
+ ting it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check for
+ "linux" and "screen".
+
+ As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks for an
+ extended terminfo capability U8. This is a numeric capability which
+ can be compiled using tic-x. For example
+
+ # linux console, if patched to provide working
+ # VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
+ linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
+ U8#0, use=linux,
+
+ # uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
+ xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
+ U8#1, use=xterm,
+
+ The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it to be used
+ by applications that use ncurses' termcap interface.
+
+
+
+ During initialization, the ncurses debugging library checks the
+ NCURSES_TRACE environment variable. If it is defined, to a numeric
+ value, ncurses calls the trace function, using that value as the argu-
+ ment.
+
+ The argument values, which are defined in curses.h, provide several
+ types of information. When running with traces enabled, your applica-
+ tion will write the file trace to the current directory.
+
+ See curs_trace(3x) for more information.
+
+
+
+ Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is distinct, though
+ many are similar.
+
+ TERM is commonly set by terminal emulators to help applications find a
+ workable terminal description. Some of those choose a popular approxi-
+ mation, e.g., "ansi", "vt100", "xterm" rather than an exact fit. Not
+ infrequently, your application will have problems with that approach,
+ e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.
+
+ If you set TERM in your environment, it has no effect on the operation
+ of the terminal emulator. It only affects the way applications work
+ within the terminal. Likewise, as a general rule (xterm being a rare
+ exception), terminal emulators which allow you to specify TERM as a
+ parameter or configuration value do not change their behavior to match
+ that setting.
+
+
+
+ If the ncurses library has been configured with termcap support,
+ ncurses will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if it
+ is not available in the terminfo database.
+
+ The TERMCAP environment variable contains either a terminal description
+ (with newlines stripped out), or a file name telling where the informa-
+ tion denoted by the TERM environment variable exists. In either case,
+ setting it directs ncurses to ignore the usual place for this informa-
+ tion, e.g., /etc/termcap.
+
+
+
+ ncurses can be configured to read from multiple terminal databases.
+ The TERMINFO variable overrides the location for the default terminal
+ database. Terminal descriptions (in terminal format) are stored in
+ terminal databases:
+
+ o Normally these are stored in a directory tree, using subdirectories
+ named by the first letter of the terminal names therein.
+
+ This is the scheme used in System V, which legacy Unix systems use,
+ and the TERMINFO variable is used by curses applications on those
+ systems to override the default location of the terminal database.
+
+ o If ncurses is built to use hashed databases, then each entry in
+ this list may be the path of a hashed database file, e.g.,
+
+ /usr/share/terminfo.db
+
+ rather than
+
+ /usr/share/terminfo/
+
+ The hashed database uses less disk-space and is a little faster
+ than the directory tree. However, some applications assume the
+ existence of the directory tree, reading it directly rather than
+ using the terminfo library calls.
+
+ o If ncurses is built with a support for reading termcap files
+ directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap
+ file.
+
+ o If the TERMINFO variable begins with "hex:" or "b64:", ncurses uses
+ the remainder of that variable as a compiled terminal description.
+ You might produce the base64 format using infocmp(1m):
+
+ TERMINFO="$(infocmp -0 -Q2 -q)"
+ export TERMINFO
+
+ The compiled description is used if it corresponds to the terminal
+ identified by the TERM variable.
+
+ Setting TERMINFO is the simplest, but not the only way to set location
+ of the default terminal database. The complete list of database loca-
+ tions in order follows:
+
+ o the last terminal database to which ncurses wrote, if any, is
+ searched first
+
+ o the location specified by the TERMINFO environment variable
+
+ o $HOME/.terminfo
+
+ o locations listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable
+
+ o one or more locations whose names are configured and compiled
+ into the ncurses library, i.e.,
+
+ o /usr/local/ncurses/share/terminfo:/usr/share/terminfo (corre-
+ sponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS variable)
+
+ o /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the TERMINFO variable)
+
+
+
+ Specifies a list of locations to search for terminal descriptions.
+ Each location in the list is a terminal database as described in the
+ section on the TERMINFO variable. The list is separated by colons
+ (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
+
+ There is no corresponding feature in System V terminfo; it is an exten-
+ sion developed for ncurses.
+
+
+
+ If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses checks the TERMPATH
+ environment variable. This is a list of filenames separated by spaces
+ or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
+
+ If the TERMPATH environment variable is not set, ncurses looks in the
+ files
+
+ /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and $HOME/.termcap,
+
+ in that order.
+
+ The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when
+ the current user is the superuser (root), or if the application uses
+ setuid or setgid permissions:
+
+ $TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
+
+
+
+ Several different configurations are possible, depending on the config-
+ ure script options used when building ncurses. There are a few main
+ options whose effects are visible to the applications developer using
+ ncurses:
--disable-overwrite
- The standard include for ncurses is as noted in SYN-
- OPSIS:
+ The standard include for ncurses is as noted in SYNOPSIS:
- #include<curses.h>
+ #include<curses.h>
- This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when
- ncurses is not the main implementation of curses of
- the computer. If ncurses is installed disabling
- overwrite, it puts its headers in a subdirectory,
- e.g.,
+ This option is used to avoid filename conflicts when ncurses is
+ not the main implementation of curses of the computer. If ncurses
+ is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a subdi-
+ rectory, e.g.,
- #include<ncurses/curses.h>
+ #include<ncurses/curses.h>
- It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you
- to use -lcurses to build executables.
+ It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use
+ -lcurses to build executables.
--enable-widec
- The configure script renames the library and (if the
- --disable-overwrite option is used) puts the header
- files in a different subdirectory. All of the
- library names have a "w" appended to them, i.e.,
- instead of
+ The configure script renames the library and (if the --dis-
+ able-overwrite option is used) puts the header files in a differ-
+ ent subdirectory. All of the library names have a "w" appended to
+ them, i.e., instead of
- -lncurses
+ -lncurses
you link with
- -lncursesw
-
- You must also define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED when com-
- piling for the wide-character library to use the
- extended (wide-character) functions. The curses.h
- file which is installed for the wide-character
- library is designed to be compatible with the normal
- library's header. Only the size of the WINDOW struc-
- ture differs, and very few applications require more
- than a pointer to WINDOWs. If the headers are
- installed allowing overwrite, the wide-character
- library's headers should be installed last, to allow
- applications to be built using either library from
- the same set of headers.
+ -lncursesw
+
+ You must also define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED when compiling for the
+ wide-character library to use the extended (wide-character) func-
+ tions. The curses.h file which is installed for the wide-charac-
+ ter library is designed to be compatible with the normal library's
+ header. Only the size of the WINDOW structure differs, and very
+ few applications require more than a pointer to WINDOWs. If the
+ headers are installed allowing overwrite, the wide-character
+ library's headers should be installed last, to allow applications
+ to be built using either library from the same set of headers.
--with-pthread
- The configure script renames the library. All of the
- library names have a "t" appended to them (before any
- "w" added by --enable-widec).
+ The configure script renames the library. All of the library
+ names have a "t" appended to them (before any "w" added by
+ --enable-widec).
- The global variables such as LINES are replaced by
- macros to allow read-only access. At the same time,
- setter-functions are provided to set these values.
- Some applications (very few) may require changes to
- work with this convention.
+ The global variables such as LINES are replaced by macros to allow
+ read-only access. At the same time, setter-functions are provided
+ to set these values. Some applications (very few) may require
+ changes to work with this convention.
--with-shared
@@ -1186,163 +1183,186 @@
--with-debug
--with-profile
- The shared and normal (static) library names differ
- by their suffixes, e.g., libncurses.so and libn-
- curses.a. The debug and profiling libraries add a
- "_g" and a "_p" to the root names respectively, e.g.,
- libncurses_g.a and libncurses_p.a.
+ The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their suf-
+ fixes, e.g., libncurses.so and libncurses.a. The debug and pro-
+ filing libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root names respec-
+ tively, e.g., libncurses_g.a and libncurses_p.a.
--with-trace
- The trace function normally resides in the debug
- library, but it is sometimes useful to configure this
- in the shared library. Configure scripts should
- check for the function's existence rather than assum-
- ing it is always in the debug library.
+ The trace function normally resides in the debug library, but it
+ is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library. Con-
+ figure scripts should check for the function's existence rather
+ than assuming it is always in the debug library.
-
+ terminfo(5) and related pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed
+ routine descriptions.
curs_variables(3x)
-
-
-
-
EXTENSIONS
- The ncurses library can be compiled with an option
- (-DUSE_GETCAP) that falls back to the old-style /etc/term-
- cap file if the terminal setup code cannot find a terminfo
- entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this feature is not
- recommended, as it essentially includes an entire termcap
- compiler in the ncurses startup code, at significant cost
- in core and startup cycles.
-
- The ncurses library includes facilities for capturing
- mouse events on certain terminals (including xterm). See
- the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for details.
-
- The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to
- window resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm.
- See the resizeterm(3x) and wresize(3x) manual pages for
- details. In addition, the library may be configured with
- a SIGWINCH handler.
-
- The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key
- capabilities of terminals by allowing the application
- designer to define additional key sequences at runtime.
- See the define_key(3x)key_defined(3x), and keyok(3x) man-
- ual pages for details.
-
- The ncurses library can exploit the capabilities of termi-
- nals which implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 con-
- trols, which allow an application to reset the terminal to
- its original foreground and background colors. From the
- users' perspective, the application is able to draw col-
- ored text on a background whose color is set indepen-
- dently, providing better control over color contrasts.
- See the default_colors(3x) manual page for details.
-
- The ncurses library includes a function for directing
- application output to a printer attached to the terminal
- device. See the curs_print(3x) manual page for details.
-
-
-
-
PORTABILITY
- The ncurses library is intended to be BASE-level confor-
- mant with XSI Curses. The EXTENDED XSI Curses functional-
- ity (including color support) is supported.
-
- A small number of local differences (that is, individual
- differences between the XSI Curses and ncurses calls) are
- described in PORTABILITY sections of the library man
- pages.
-
- Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters
- such as pointers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are
- not null. The main reason for providing this behavior is
- to guard against programmer error. The standard interface
- does not provide a way for the library to tell an applica-
- tion which of several possible errors were detected.
- Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely
- affect the portability of curses applications.
+ user_caps(5) for user-defined capabilities
+
+
+
+ The ncurses library can be compiled with an option (-DUSE_GETCAP) that
+ falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup
+ code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this
+ feature is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire term-
+ cap compiler in the ncurses startup code, at significant cost in core
+ and startup cycles.
+
+ The ncurses library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
+ certain terminals (including xterm). See the curs_mouse(3x) manual
+ page for details.
+
+ The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to window resiz-
+ ing events, e.g., when running in an xterm. See the resizeterm(3x) and
+ wresize(3x) manual pages for details. In addition, the library may be
+ configured with a SIGWINCH handler.
+
+ The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key capabilities
+ of terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional
+ key sequences at runtime. See the define_key(3x)key_defined(3x), and
+ keyok(3x) manual pages for details.
+
+ The ncurses library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which
+ implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an
+ application to reset the terminal to its original foreground and back-
+ ground colors. From the users' perspective, the application is able to
+ draw colored text on a background whose color is set independently,
+ providing better control over color contrasts. See the default_col-
+ ors(3x) manual page for details.
+
+ The ncurses library includes a function for directing application out-
+ put to a printer attached to the terminal device. See the
+ curs_print(3x) manual page for details.
+
+
+
+ The ncurses library is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI
+ Curses. The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality (including color sup-
+ port) is supported.
+
+ A small number of local differences (that is, individual differences
+ between the XSI Curses and ncurses calls) are described in PORTABILITY
+ sections of the library man pages.
+
+ Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as point-
+ ers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null. The main reason
+ for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer error. The
+ standard interface does not provide a way for the library to tell an
+ application which of several possible errors were detected. Relying on
+ this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the portability of
+ curses applications.
This implementation also contains several extensions:
- o The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it
- present in SVr4. See the curs_getch(3x) manual page
- for details.
+ o The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
+ See the curs_getch(3x) manual page for details.
- o The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4, nor is it
- present in SVr4. See the curs_slk(3x) manual page for
- details.
+ o The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in
+ SVr4. See the curs_slk(3x) manual page for details.
- o The routines getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse, mousein-
- terval, and wenclose relating to mouse interfacing are
- not part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4. See
- the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for details.
+ o The routines getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse, mouseinterval, and
+ wenclose relating to mouse interfacing are not part of XPG4, nor
+ are they present in SVr4. See the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for
+ details.
- o The routine mcprint was not present in any previous
- curses implementation. See the curs_print(3x) manual
- page for details.
+ o The routine mcprint was not present in any previous curses imple-
+ mentation. See the curs_print(3x) manual page for details.
- o The routine wresize is not part of XPG4, nor is it
- present in SVr4. See the wresize(3x) manual page for
- details.
+ o The routine wresize is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
+ See the wresize(3x) manual page for details.
- o The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden
- from application programs. See curs_opaque(3x) for
- the discussion of is_scrollok, etc.
+ o The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from applica-
+ tion programs. See curs_opaque(3x) for the discussion of is_scrol-
+ lok, etc.
- o This implementation can be configured to provide rudi-
- mentary support for multi-threaded applications. See
- curs_threads(3x) for details.
+ o This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary sup-
+ port for multi-threaded applications. See curs_threads(3x) for
+ details.
- o This implementation can also be configured to provide
- a set of functions which improve the ability to manage
- multiple screens. See curs_sp_funcs(3x) for details.
+ o This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of
+ functions which improve the ability to manage multiple screens.
+ See curs_sp_funcs(3x) for details.
- In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capa-
- bilities cr, ind, cub1, ff and tab activated corresponding
- delay bits in the UNIX tty driver. In this implementa-
- tion, all padding is done by sending NUL bytes. This
- method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the inter-
- face to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the
- package's portability correspondingly.
+ In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities cr,
+ ind, cub1, ff and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the UNIX
+ tty driver. In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL
+ bytes. This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the inter-
+ face to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases the package's
+ portability correspondingly.
-
-
NOTES
- The header file <curses.h> automatically includes the
- header files <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.
+
+ The header file <curses.h> automatically includes the header files
+ <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.
- If standard output from a ncurses program is re-directed
- to something which is not a tty, screen updates will be
- directed to standard error. This was an undocumented fea-
- ture of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
+ If standard output from a ncurses program is re-directed to something
+ which is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error.
+ This was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
-
-
AUTHORS
- Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
- Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
+