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41 <H1 class="no-header">curs_color 3x</H1>
43 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
48 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
49 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG>, <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG>, <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG>, <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, <STRONG>init_color</STRONG>,
50 <STRONG>color_content</STRONG>, <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG>, <STRONG>reset_color_pairs</STRONG>, <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR</STRONG>, <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER</STRONG>
51 - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> color manipulation routines
54 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
55 <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
57 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>start_color(void);</STRONG>
59 <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>has_colors(void);</STRONG>
60 <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>can_change_color(void);</STRONG>
62 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_pair(short</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>f,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
63 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_color(short</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>r,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>g,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
65 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_extended_pair(int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>f,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
66 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_extended_color(int</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>r,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>g,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
68 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>color_content(short</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*r,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*g,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
69 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair_content(short</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*f,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
71 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>extended_color_content(int</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*r,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*g,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
72 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>extended_pair_content(int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*f,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
75 <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>reset_color_pairs(void);</STRONG>
77 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR(int</STRONG> <STRONG>n);</STRONG>
78 <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER(</STRONG><EM>attrs</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
81 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
83 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Overview">Overview</a></H3><PRE>
84 <STRONG>curses</STRONG> supports color attributes on terminals with that capability. To
85 use these routines <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> must be called, usually right after
86 <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. Colors are always used in pairs (referred to as color-pairs).
87 A color-pair consists of a foreground color (for characters) and a
88 background color (for the blank field on which the characters are dis-
89 played). A programmer initializes a color-pair with the routine
90 <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>. After it has been initialized, <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR</STRONG>(<EM>n</EM>) can be used to
91 convert the pair to a video attribute.
93 If a terminal is capable of redefining colors, the programmer can use
94 the routine <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> to change the definition of a color. The rou-
95 tines <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> and <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> return <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>, depending
96 on whether the terminal has color capabilities and whether the program-
97 mer can change the colors. The routine <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> allows a program-
98 mer to extract the amounts of red, green, and blue components in an
99 initialized color. The routine <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG> allows a programmer to
100 find out how a given color-pair is currently defined.
103 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Color-Rendering">Color Rendering</a></H3><PRE>
104 The <STRONG>curses</STRONG> library combines these inputs to produce the actual fore-
105 ground and background colors shown on the screen:
107 <STRONG>o</STRONG> per-character video attributes (e.g., via <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>),
109 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the window attribute (e.g., by <STRONG>wattrset</STRONG>), and
111 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the background character (e.g., <STRONG>wbkgdset</STRONG>).
113 Per-character and window attributes are usually set by a parameter con-
114 taining video attributes including a color pair value. Some functions
115 such as <STRONG>wattr_set</STRONG> use a separate parameter which is the color pair num-
118 The background character is a special case: it includes a character
119 value, just as if it were passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
121 The <STRONG>curses</STRONG> library does the actual work of combining these color pairs
122 in an internal function called from <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>:
124 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> is <EM>blank</EM>, and it uses the special
127 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>curses</STRONG> next checks the window attribute.
129 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the window attribute does not use color pair 0, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> uses
130 the color pair from the window attribute.
132 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> uses the background character.
134 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> is <EM>not</EM> <EM>blank</EM>, or it does not use
135 the special color pair 0, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> prefers the color pair from the
136 parameter, if it is nonzero. Otherwise, it tries the window at-
137 tribute next, and finally the background character.
139 Some <STRONG>curses</STRONG> functions such as <STRONG>wprintw</STRONG> call <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>. Those do not com-
140 bine its parameter with a color pair. Consequently those calls use on-
141 ly the window attribute or the background character.
144 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-CONSTANTS">CONSTANTS</a></H2><PRE>
145 In <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG> the following macros are defined. These are the standard
146 colors (ISO-6429). <STRONG>curses</STRONG> also assumes that <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> is the default
147 background color for all terminals.
149 <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG>
150 <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG>
151 <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG>
152 <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG>
153 <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG>
154 <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG>
155 <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG>
156 <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG>
158 Some terminals support more than the eight (8) "ANSI" colors. There
159 are no standard names for those additional colors.
162 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-VARIABLES">VARIABLES</a></H2><PRE>
164 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLORS">COLORS</a></H3><PRE>
165 is initialized by <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> to the maximum number of colors the ter-
169 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLOR_PAIRS">COLOR_PAIRS</a></H3><PRE>
170 is initialized by <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> to the maximum number of color pairs the
171 terminal can support.
174 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FUNCTIONS">FUNCTIONS</a></H2><PRE>
176 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-start_color">start_color</a></H3><PRE>
177 The <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It must be called if
178 the programmer wants to use colors, and before any other color manipu-
179 lation routine is called. It is good practice to call this routine
180 right after <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> does this:
182 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It initializes two global variables, <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG> (re-
183 spectively defining the maximum number of colors and color-pairs
184 the terminal can support).
186 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It initializes the special color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> to the default foreground
187 and background colors. No other color pairs are initialized.
189 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It restores the colors on the terminal to the values they had when
190 the terminal was just turned on.
192 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the terminal supports the <STRONG>initc</STRONG> (<STRONG>initialize_color</STRONG>) capability,
193 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> initializes its internal table representing the red,
194 green and blue components of the color palette.
196 The components depend on whether the terminal uses CGA (aka "ANSI")
197 or HLS (i.e., the <STRONG>hls</STRONG> (<STRONG>hue_lightness_saturation</STRONG>) capability is
198 set). The table is initialized first for eight basic colors
199 (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white), and
200 after that (if the terminal supports more than eight colors) the
201 components are initialized to <STRONG>1000</STRONG>.
203 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> does not attempt to set the terminal's color palette to
204 match its built-in table. An application may use <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> to al-
205 ter the internal table along with the terminal's color.
207 These limits apply to color values and color pairs. Values outside
208 these limits are not legal, and may result in a runtime error:
210 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> corresponds to the terminal database's <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> capabili-
211 ty, (see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>).
213 <STRONG>o</STRONG> color values are expected to be in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>, inclu-
214 sive (including <STRONG>0</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>).
216 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a special color value <STRONG>-1</STRONG> is used in certain extended functions to
217 denote the <EM>default</EM> <EM>color</EM> (see <STRONG>use_default_colors</STRONG>).
219 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG> corresponds to the terminal database's <STRONG>max_pairs</STRONG> capa-
220 bility, (see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>).
222 <STRONG>o</STRONG> legal color pair values are in the range <STRONG>1</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>, inclu-
225 <STRONG>o</STRONG> color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> is special; it denotes "no color".
227 Color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> is assumed to be white on black, but is actually what-
228 ever the terminal implements before color is initialized. It can-
229 not be modified by the application.
232 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-has_colors">has_colors</a></H3><PRE>
233 The <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> if the
234 terminal can manipulate colors; otherwise, it returns <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>. This rou-
235 tine facilitates writing terminal-independent programs. For example, a
236 programmer can use it to decide whether to use color or some other
240 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-can_change_color">can_change_color</a></H3><PRE>
241 The <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> if
242 the terminal supports colors and can change their definitions; other,
243 it returns <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>. This routine facilitates writing terminal-indepen-
247 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-init_pair">init_pair</a></H3><PRE>
248 The <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> routine changes the definition of a color-pair. It takes
249 three arguments: the number of the color-pair to be changed, the fore-
250 ground color number, and the background color number. For portable ap-
253 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color pair value. If default
254 colors are used (see <STRONG>use_default_colors</STRONG>) the upper limit is adjust-
255 ed to allow for extra pairs which use a default color in foreground
258 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The second and third arguments must be legal color values.
260 If the color-pair was previously initialized, the screen is refreshed
261 and all occurrences of that color-pair are changed to the new defini-
264 As an extension, ncurses allows you to set color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> via the <STRONG>as-</STRONG>
265 <STRONG><A HREF="assume_default_colors.3x.html">sume_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> routine, or to specify the use of default col-
266 ors (color number <STRONG>-1</STRONG>) if you first invoke the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">use_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>
269 The extension <STRONG>reset_color_pairs</STRONG> tells ncurses to discard all of the
270 color-pair information which was set with <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>. It also touches
271 the current- and standard-screens, allowing an application to switch
272 color palettes rapidly.
275 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-init_color">init_color</a></H3><PRE>
276 The <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> routine changes the definition of a color. It takes
277 four arguments: the number of the color to be changed followed by three
278 RGB values (for the amounts of red, green, and blue components).
280 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value; default colors are
281 not allowed here. (See the section <STRONG>Colors</STRONG> for the default color
284 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Each of the last three arguments must be a value in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG>
285 through <STRONG>1000</STRONG>.
287 When <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> is used, all occurrences of that color on the screen
288 immediately change to the new definition.
291 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-color_content">color_content</a></H3><PRE>
292 The <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> routine gives programmers a way to find the intensity
293 of the red, green, and blue (RGB) components in a color. It requires
294 four arguments: the color number, and three addresses of <STRONG>short</STRONG>s for
295 storing the information about the amounts of red, green, and blue com-
296 ponents in the given color.
298 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value, i.e., <STRONG>0</STRONG> through
299 <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>, inclusive.
301 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The values that are stored at the addresses pointed to by the last
302 three arguments are in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> (no component) through <STRONG>1000</STRONG>
303 (maximum amount of component), inclusive.
306 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-pair_content">pair_content</a></H3><PRE>
307 The <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG> routine allows programmers to find out what colors a
308 given color-pair consists of. It requires three arguments: the color-
309 pair number, and two addresses of <STRONG>short</STRONG>s for storing the foreground and
310 the background color numbers.
312 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value, i.e., in the range
313 <STRONG>1</STRONG> through <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>, inclusive.
315 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The values that are stored at the addresses pointed to by the sec-
316 ond and third arguments are in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> through <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>, inclu-
320 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PAIR_NUMBER">PAIR_NUMBER</a></H3><PRE>
321 <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER(</STRONG><EM>attrs</EM>) extracts the color value from its <EM>attrs</EM> parameter
322 and returns it as a color pair number.
325 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLOR_PAIR">COLOR_PAIR</a></H3><PRE>
326 Its inverse <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR(</STRONG><EM>n</EM><STRONG>)</STRONG> converts a color pair number to an attribute.
327 Attributes can hold color pairs in the range 0 to 255. If you need a
328 color pair larger than that, you must use functions such as <STRONG>attr_set</STRONG>
329 (which pass the color pair as a separate parameter) rather than the
330 legacy functions such as <STRONG>attrset</STRONG>.
333 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
334 The routines <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> and <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> return <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>.
336 All other routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and an <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4
337 specifies only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful com-
340 X/Open defines no error conditions. This implementation will return
341 <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on attempts to use color values outside the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>-1
342 (except for the default colors extension), or use color pairs outside
343 the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>. Color values used in <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> must be
344 in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>1000</STRONG>. An error is returned from all functions if the
345 terminal has not been initialized. An error is returned from secondary
346 functions such as <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> if <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> was not called.
348 <STRONG>init_color</STRONG>
349 returns an error if the terminal does not support this feature,
350 e.g., if the <STRONG>initialize_color</STRONG> capability is absent from the
351 terminal description.
353 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG>
354 returns an error if the color table cannot be allocated.
357 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
358 In the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation, there is a separate color activation
359 flag, color palette, color pairs table, and associated <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> and <STRONG>COL-</STRONG>
360 <STRONG>OR_PAIRS</STRONG> counts for each screen; the <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> function only affects
361 the current screen. The SVr4/XSI interface is not really designed with
362 this in mind, and historical implementations may use a single shared
365 Setting an implicit background color via a color pair affects only
366 character cells that a character write operation explicitly touches.
367 To change the background color used when parts of a window are blanked
368 by erasing or scrolling operations, see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>.
370 Several caveats apply on older x86 machines (e.g., i386, i486) with
371 VGA-compatible graphics:
373 <STRONG>o</STRONG> COLOR_YELLOW is actually brown. To get yellow, use COLOR_YELLOW
374 combined with the <STRONG>A_BOLD</STRONG> attribute.
376 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The A_BLINK attribute should in theory cause the background to go
377 bright. This often fails to work, and even some cards for which it
378 mostly works (such as the Paradise and compatibles) do the wrong
379 thing when you try to set a bright "yellow" background (you get a
380 blinking yellow foreground instead).
382 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Color RGB values are not settable.
385 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
386 This implementation satisfies XSI Curses's minimum maximums for <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>
387 and <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG>.
389 The <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> routine accepts negative values of foreground and back-
390 ground color to support the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">use_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> extension, but only
391 if that routine has been first invoked.
393 The assumption that <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> is the default background color for all
394 terminals can be modified using the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">assume_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> exten-
397 This implementation checks the pointers, e.g., for the values returned
398 by <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> and <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG>, and will treat those as optional pa-
401 X/Open Curses does not specify a limit for the number of colors and
402 color pairs which a terminal can support. However, in its use of <STRONG>short</STRONG>
403 for the parameters, it carries over SVr4's implementation detail for
404 the compiled terminfo database, which uses signed 16-bit numbers. This
405 implementation provides extended versions of those functions which use
406 <STRONG>short</STRONG> parameters, allowing applications to use larger color- and pair-
409 The <STRONG>reset_color_pairs</STRONG> function is an extension of ncurses.
412 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
413 <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>de-</STRONG>
414 <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">fault_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>
418 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
422 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
423 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
424 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
426 <li><a href="#h3-Overview">Overview</a></li>
427 <li><a href="#h3-Color-Rendering">Color Rendering</a></li>
430 <li><a href="#h2-CONSTANTS">CONSTANTS</a></li>
431 <li><a href="#h2-VARIABLES">VARIABLES</a>
433 <li><a href="#h3-COLORS">COLORS</a></li>
434 <li><a href="#h3-COLOR_PAIRS">COLOR_PAIRS</a></li>
437 <li><a href="#h2-FUNCTIONS">FUNCTIONS</a>
439 <li><a href="#h3-start_color">start_color</a></li>
440 <li><a href="#h3-has_colors">has_colors</a></li>
441 <li><a href="#h3-can_change_color">can_change_color</a></li>
442 <li><a href="#h3-init_pair">init_pair</a></li>
443 <li><a href="#h3-init_color">init_color</a></li>
444 <li><a href="#h3-color_content">color_content</a></li>
445 <li><a href="#h3-pair_content">pair_content</a></li>
446 <li><a href="#h3-PAIR_NUMBER">PAIR_NUMBER</a></li>
447 <li><a href="#h3-COLOR_PAIR">COLOR_PAIR</a></li>
450 <li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
451 <li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
452 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
453 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>