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42 <H1 class="no-header">tic 1m 2023-10-07 ncurses 6.4 User commands</H1>
44 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG> User commands <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
49 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
50 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> - compile terminal descriptions for <EM>terminfo</EM> or <EM>termcap</EM>
53 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
54 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> [<STRONG>-01CDGIKLNTUVWacfgqrstx</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>names</EM>] [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> <EM>dir</EM>] [<STRONG>-Q</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-R</STRONG> <EM>subset</EM>]
55 [<STRONG>-v</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-w</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] <EM>file</EM>
58 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
59 The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command translates a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> file from source format into
60 compiled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the
61 library routines in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
63 As described in <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, the database may be either a directory tree
64 (one file per terminal entry) or a hashed database (one record per
65 entry). The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command writes only one type of entry, depending on
68 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g.,
69 /usr/share/terminfo, specifies the location of the database.
71 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is
72 not found by that name, but can be found by adding the suffix
73 ".db", then that is used.
75 The default name for the hashed database is the same as the default
76 directory name (only adding a ".db" suffix).
78 In either case (directory or hashed database), <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will create the
79 container if it does not exist. For a directory, this would be the
80 "terminfo" leaf, versus a "terminfo.db" file.
82 The results are normally placed in the system terminfo database
83 <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG>. The compiled terminal description can be placed
84 in a different terminfo database. There are two ways to achieve this:
86 <STRONG>o</STRONG> First, you may override the system default either by using the <STRONG>-o</STRONG>
87 option, or by setting the variable <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> in your shell
88 environment to a valid database location.
90 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Secondly, if <STRONG>tic</STRONG> cannot write in <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM> or the
91 location specified using your TERMINFO variable, it looks for the
92 directory <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> (or hashed database <EM>$HOME/.terminfo.db)</EM>;
93 if that location exists, the entry is placed there.
95 Libraries that read terminfo entries are expected to check in
98 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a location specified with the TERMINFO environment variable,
100 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>,
102 <STRONG>o</STRONG> directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable,
104 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a compiled-in list of directories (/usr/share/terminfo), and
106 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the system terminfo database (<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>).
108 The <EM>Fetching</EM> <EM>Compiled</EM> <EM>Descriptions</EM> section in the <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> manual
109 goes into further detail.
112 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-ALIASES">ALIASES</a></H3><PRE>
113 This is the same program as infotocap and captoinfo; usually those are
114 linked to, or copied from this program:
116 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as infotocap, tic sets the <STRONG>-I</STRONG> option.
118 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as captoinfo, tic sets the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option.
121 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></H3><PRE>
122 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> restricts the output to a single line
124 <STRONG>-1</STRONG> restricts the output to a single column
126 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to retain commented-out capabilities rather than
127 discarding them. Capabilities are commented by prefixing them
128 with a period. This sets the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option, because it treats the
129 commented-out entries as user-defined names. If the source is
130 termcap, accept the 2-character names required by version 6.
131 Otherwise these are ignored.
133 <STRONG>-C</STRONG> Force source translation to termcap format. Note: this differs
134 from the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option of <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG> in that it does not merely
135 translate capability names, but also translates terminfo strings
136 to termcap format. Capabilities that are not translatable are
137 left in the entry under their terminfo names but commented out
138 with two preceding dots. The actual format used incorporates
139 some improvements for escaped characters from terminfo format.
140 For a stricter BSD-compatible translation, add the <STRONG>-K</STRONG> option.
142 If this is combined with <STRONG>-c</STRONG>, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> makes additional checks to
143 report cases where the terminfo values do not have an exact
144 equivalent in termcap form. For example:
146 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> usually will not convert, because termcap lacks the
147 ability to work with more than two parameters, and because
148 termcap lacks many of the arithmetic/logical operators used
151 <STRONG>o</STRONG> capabilities with more than one delay or with delays before
152 the end of the string will not convert completely.
154 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to only check <EM>file</EM> for errors, including syntax
155 problems and bad use-links. If you specify <STRONG>-C</STRONG> (<STRONG>-I</STRONG>) with this
156 option, the code will print warnings about entries which, after
157 use resolution, are more than 1023 (4096) bytes long. Due to a
158 fixed buffer length in older termcap libraries, as well as buggy
159 checking for the buffer length (and a documented limit in
160 terminfo), these entries may cause core dumps with other
163 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> checks string capabilities to ensure that those with
164 parameters will be valid expressions. It does this check only
165 for the predefined string capabilities; those which are defined
166 with the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option are ignored.
168 <STRONG>-D</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to print the database locations that it knows about,
169 and exit. The first location shown is the one to which it would
170 write compiled terminal descriptions. If <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is not able to
171 find a writable database location according to the rules
172 summarized above, it will print a diagnostic and exit with an
173 error rather than printing a list of database locations.
175 <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>names</EM>
176 Limit writes and translations to the following comma-separated
177 list of terminals. If any name or alias of a terminal matches
178 one of the names in the list, the entry will be written or
179 translated as normal. Otherwise no output will be generated for
180 it. The option value is interpreted as a file containing the
181 list if it contains a '/'. (Note: depending on how tic was
182 compiled, this option may require <STRONG>-I</STRONG> or <STRONG>-C</STRONG>.)
184 <STRONG>-f</STRONG> Display complex terminfo strings which contain
185 if/then/else/endif expressions indented for readability.
187 <STRONG>-G</STRONG> Display constant literals in decimal form rather than their
188 character equivalents.
190 <STRONG>-g</STRONG> Display constant character literals in quoted form rather than
191 their decimal equivalents.
193 <STRONG>-I</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format.
195 <STRONG>-K</STRONG> Suppress some longstanding ncurses extensions to termcap format,
196 e.g., "\s" for space.
198 <STRONG>-L</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format using the long C
199 variable names listed in <<STRONG>term.h</STRONG>>
201 <STRONG>-N</STRONG> Disable smart defaults. Normally, when translating from termcap
202 to terminfo, the compiler makes a number of assumptions about
203 the defaults of string capabilities <STRONG>reset1_string</STRONG>,
204 <STRONG>carriage_return</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_down</STRONG>, <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG>, <STRONG>tab</STRONG>,
205 <STRONG>newline</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_backspace</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_left</STRONG>, and <STRONG>key_down</STRONG>, then attempts to
206 use obsolete termcap capabilities to deduce correct values. It
207 also normally suppresses output of obsolete termcap capabilities
208 such as <STRONG>bs</STRONG>. This option forces a more literal translation that
209 also preserves the obsolete capabilities.
211 <STRONG>-o</STRONG><EM>dir</EM> Write compiled entries to given database location. Overrides
212 the TERMINFO environment variable.
214 <STRONG>-Q</STRONG><EM>n</EM> Rather than show source in terminfo (text) format, print the
215 compiled (binary) format in hexadecimal or base64 form,
216 depending on the option's value:
222 3 hexadecimal and base64
224 <STRONG>-q</STRONG> Suppress comments and blank lines when showing translated
227 <STRONG>-R</STRONG><EM>subset</EM>
228 Restrict output to a given subset. This option is for use with
229 archaic versions of terminfo like those on SVr1, Ultrix, or HP-
230 UX that do not support the full set of SVR4/XSI Curses terminfo;
231 and outright broken ports like AIX 3.x that have their own
232 extensions incompatible with SVr4/XSI.
234 Available subsets are
235 "SVr1", "Ultrix", "HP", "BSD", and "AIX"
237 See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for details.
239 <STRONG>-r</STRONG> Force entry resolution (so there are no remaining tc
240 capabilities) even when doing translation to termcap format.
241 This may be needed if you are preparing a termcap file for a
242 termcap library (such as GNU termcap through version 1.3 or BSD
243 termcap through 4.3BSD) that does not handle multiple tc
244 capabilities per entry.
246 <STRONG>-s</STRONG> Summarize the compile by showing the database location into
247 which entries are written, and the number of entries which are
250 <STRONG>-T</STRONG> eliminates size-restrictions on the generated text. This is
251 mainly useful for testing and analysis, since the compiled
252 descriptions are limited (e.g., 1023 for termcap, 4096 for
255 <STRONG>-t</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to discard commented-out capabilities. Normally when
256 translating from terminfo to termcap, untranslatable
257 capabilities are commented-out.
259 <STRONG>-U</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to not post-process the data after parsing the source
260 file. Normally, it infers data which is commonly missing in older
261 terminfo data, or in termcaps.
263 <STRONG>-V</STRONG> reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and
266 <STRONG>-v</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error trace
267 information showing <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s progress.
269 The optional parameter <EM>n</EM> is a number from 1 to 9, inclusive,
270 indicating the desired level of detail of information.
272 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If ncurses is built without tracing support, the optional
273 parameter is ignored.
275 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is omitted, the default level is 1.
277 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is specified and greater than 1, the level of detail is
278 increased, and the output is written (with tracing
279 information) to the "trace" file.
281 The debug flag levels are as follows:
283 1 Names of files created and linked
285 2 Information related to the "use" facility
287 3 Statistics from the hashing algorithm
289 4 Details of extended capabilities
295 7 Entries into the string-table
297 8 List of tokens encountered by scanner
299 9 All values computed in construction of the hash table
301 <STRONG>-W</STRONG> By itself, the <STRONG>-w</STRONG> option will not force long strings to be
302 wrapped. Use the <STRONG>-W</STRONG> option to do this.
304 If you specify both <STRONG>-f</STRONG> and <STRONG>-W</STRONG> options, the latter is ignored when
305 <STRONG>-f</STRONG> has already split the line.
307 <STRONG>-w</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies the width of the output. The parameter is optional. If
308 it is omitted, it defaults to 60.
310 <STRONG>-x</STRONG> Treat unknown capabilities as user-defined (see <STRONG>user_caps(5)</STRONG>).
311 That is, if you supply a capability name which <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not
312 recognize, it will infer its type (boolean, number or string) from
313 the syntax and make an extended table entry for that. User-
314 defined capability strings whose name begins with "k" are treated
318 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PARAMETERS">PARAMETERS</a></H3><PRE>
319 <EM>file</EM> contains one or more <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> terminal descriptions in source
320 format [see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>]. Each description in the file
321 describes the capabilities of a particular terminal.
323 If <EM>file</EM> is "-", then the data is read from the standard input.
324 The <EM>file</EM> parameter may also be the path of a character-device.
327 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PROCESSING">PROCESSING</a></H3><PRE>
328 All but one of the capabilities recognized by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are documented in
329 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>. The exception is the <STRONG>use</STRONG> capability.
331 When a <STRONG>use</STRONG>=<EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> field is discovered in a terminal entry currently
332 being compiled, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> reads in the binary from <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG> to
333 complete the entry. (Entries created from <EM>file</EM> will be used first.
334 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> duplicates the capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> for the current entry,
335 with the exception of those capabilities that explicitly are defined in
338 When an entry, e.g., <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>, contains a <STRONG>use=</STRONG><EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> field,
339 any canceled capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> must also appear in
340 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG> before <STRONG>use=</STRONG> for these capabilities to be canceled in
341 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>.
343 Total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes. The name field cannot
344 exceed 512 bytes. Terminal names exceeding the maximum alias length
345 (32 characters on systems with long filenames, 14 characters otherwise)
346 will be truncated to the maximum alias length and a warning message
350 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
351 System V Release 2 provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility. It accepted a single
352 option: <STRONG>-v</STRONG> (optionally followed by a number). According to Ross
353 Ridge's comment in <EM>mytinfo</EM>, this version of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> was unable to represent
354 cancelled capabilities.
356 System V Release 3 provided a different <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility, written by Pavel
357 Curtis, (originally named "compile" in <EM>pcurses</EM>). This added an option
358 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> to check the file for errors, with the caveat that errors in "use="
359 links would not be reported. System V Release 3 documented a few
360 warning messages which did not appear in <EM>pcurses</EM>. While the program
361 itself was changed little as development continued with System V
362 Release 4, the table of capabilities grew from 180 (<EM>pcurses</EM>) to 464
365 In early development of ncurses (1993), Zeyd Ben-Halim used the table
366 from <EM>mytinfo</EM> to extend the <EM>pcurses</EM> table to 469 capabilities (456
367 matched SVr4, 8 were only in SVr4, 13 were not in SVr4). Of those 13,
368 11 were ultimately discarded (perhaps to match the draft of X/Open
369 Curses). The exceptions were <STRONG>memory_lock_above</STRONG> and <STRONG>memory_unlock</STRONG> (see
370 <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
372 Eric Raymond incorporated parts of <EM>mytinfo</EM> into ncurses to implement
373 the termcap-to-terminfo source conversion, and extended that to begin
374 development of the corresponding terminfo-to-termcap source conversion,
375 Thomas Dickey completed that development over the course of several
378 In 1999, Thomas Dickey added the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option to support user-defined
381 In 2010, Roy Marples provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program and terminfo library for
382 NetBSD. That implementation adapts several features from ncurses,
383 including <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option.
385 The <STRONG>-c</STRONG> option tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to check for problems in the terminfo source
386 file. Continued development provides additional checks:
388 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>pcurses</EM> had 8 warnings
390 <STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses in 1996 had 16 warnings
392 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Solaris (SVr4) curses has 28 warnings
394 <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD tic in 2019 has 19 warnings.
396 <STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses in 2019 has 96 warnings
398 The checking done in ncurses' <STRONG>tic</STRONG> helps with the conversion to termcap,
399 as well as pointing out errors and inconsistencies. It is also used to
400 ensure consistency with the user-defined capabilities. There are 527
401 distinct capabilities in ncurses' terminal database; 128 of those are
405 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
406 X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) provides a brief description of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. It
407 lists one option: <STRONG>-c</STRONG>. The omission of <STRONG>-v</STRONG> is unexpected. The change
408 history states that the description is derived from True64 UNIX.
409 According to its manual pages, that system also supported the <STRONG>-v</STRONG>
412 Shortly after Issue 7 was released, Tru64 was discontinued. As of
413 2019, the surviving implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are SVr4 (AIX, HP-UX and
414 Solaris), ncurses and NetBSD curses. The SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> programs all support
415 the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option. The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program follows X/Open's documentation,
416 omitting the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
418 The X/Open rationale states that some implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> read
419 terminal descriptions from the standard input if the <EM>file</EM> parameter is
420 omitted. None of these implementations do that. Further, it comments
421 that some may choose to read from "./terminfo.src" but that is
422 obsolescent behavior from SVr2, and is not (for example) a documented
426 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COMPATIBILITY">COMPATIBILITY</a></H3><PRE>
427 There is some evidence that historic <STRONG>tic</STRONG> implementations treated
428 description fields with no whitespace in them as additional aliases or
429 short names. This <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not do that, but it does warn when
430 description fields may be treated that way and check them for dangerous
434 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H3><PRE>
435 Unlike the SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command, this implementation can actually compile
436 termcap sources. In fact, entries in terminfo and termcap syntax can
437 be mixed in a single source file. See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for the list of
438 termcap names taken to be equivalent to terminfo names.
440 The SVr4 manual pages are not clear on the resolution rules for <STRONG>use</STRONG>
441 capabilities. This implementation of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will find <STRONG>use</STRONG> targets
442 anywhere in the source file, or anywhere in the file tree rooted at
443 <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> (if <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is defined), or in the user's <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>
444 database (if it exists), or (finally) anywhere in the system's file
445 tree of compiled entries.
447 The error messages from this <STRONG>tic</STRONG> have the same format as GNU C error
448 messages, and can be parsed by GNU Emacs's compile facility.
450 Aside from <STRONG>-c</STRONG> and <STRONG>-v</STRONG>, options are not portable:
452 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Most of tic's options are not supported by SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG>:
454 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> <STRONG>-1</STRONG> <STRONG>-C</STRONG> <STRONG>-G</STRONG> <STRONG>-I</STRONG> <STRONG>-N</STRONG> <STRONG>-R</STRONG> <STRONG>-T</STRONG> <STRONG>-V</STRONG> <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <STRONG>-f</STRONG> <STRONG>-g</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-r</STRONG> <STRONG>-s</STRONG> <STRONG>-t</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
456 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> supports a few of the ncurses options
458 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
460 and adds <STRONG>-S</STRONG> (a feature which does the same thing as infocmp's <STRONG>-e</STRONG>
461 and <STRONG>-E</STRONG> options).
463 The SVr4 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> mode does not report bad "use=" links.
465 System V does not compile entries to or read entries from your
466 <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> database unless TERMINFO is explicitly set to it.
469 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
470 <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo/?/*</STRONG>
471 Compiled terminal description database.
474 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a></H2><PRE>
475 Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and
476 Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net>
479 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
480 <STRONG><A HREF="captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infotocap.1m.html">infotocap(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="toe.1m.html">toe(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,
481 <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
485 ncurses 6.4 2023-10-07 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
489 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
490 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
491 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
493 <li><a href="#h3-ALIASES">ALIASES</a></li>
494 <li><a href="#h3-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></li>
495 <li><a href="#h3-PARAMETERS">PARAMETERS</a></li>
496 <li><a href="#h3-PROCESSING">PROCESSING</a></li>
499 <li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
500 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
502 <li><a href="#h3-COMPATIBILITY">COMPATIBILITY</a></li>
503 <li><a href="#h3-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
506 <li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
507 <li><a href="#h2-AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a></li>
508 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>