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30 * @Id: tic.1m,v 1.111 2024/05/11 20:39:53 tom Exp @
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42 <H1 class="no-header">tic 1m 2024-05-11 ncurses 6.5 User commands</H1>
44 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG> User commands <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
49 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
50 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> - compile terminal descriptions for <EM>terminfo</EM> or <EM>termcap</EM>
53 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
54 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> [<STRONG>-01acCDfgGIKLNqrstTUVWx</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>terminal-type-list</EM>] [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> <EM>dir</EM>] [<STRONG>-Q</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]]
55 [<STRONG>-R</STRONG> <EM>subset</EM>] [<STRONG>-v</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-w</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] <EM>file</EM>
58 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
59 The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command translates a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> file from source format into
60 compiled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the
61 library routines in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
63 As described in <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, the database may be either a directory tree
64 (one file per terminal entry) or a hashed database (one record per
65 entry). The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command writes only one type of entry, depending on
68 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g.,
69 /usr/share/terminfo, specifies the location of the database.
71 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is
72 not found by that name, but can be found by adding the suffix
73 ".db", then that is used.
75 The default name for the hashed database is the same as the default
76 directory name (only adding a ".db" suffix).
78 In either case (directory or hashed database), <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will create the
79 container if it does not exist. For a directory, this would be the
80 "terminfo" leaf, versus a "terminfo.db" file.
82 The results are normally placed in the system terminfo database
83 <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG>. The compiled terminal description can be placed
84 in a different terminfo database. There are two ways to achieve this:
86 <STRONG>o</STRONG> First, you may override the system default either by using the <STRONG>-o</STRONG>
87 option, or by setting the variable <EM>TERMINFO</EM> in your shell
88 environment to a valid database location.
90 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Secondly, if <STRONG>tic</STRONG> cannot write in <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM> or the
91 location specified using your <EM>TERMINFO</EM> variable, it looks for the
92 directory <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> (or hashed database <EM>$HOME/.terminfo.db)</EM>;
93 if that location exists, the entry is placed there.
95 Libraries that read terminfo entries are expected to check in
98 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a location specified with the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable,
100 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>,
102 <STRONG>o</STRONG> directories listed in the <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> environment variable,
104 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a compiled-in list of directories (/usr/share/terminfo), and
106 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the system terminfo database (<EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>).
108 The <EM>Fetching</EM> <EM>Compiled</EM> <EM>Descriptions</EM> section in the <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> manual
109 goes into further detail.
112 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Aliases">Aliases</a></H3><PRE>
113 This is the same program as infotocap and captoinfo; usually those are
114 linked to, or copied from this program:
116 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as infotocap, tic sets the <STRONG>-I</STRONG> option.
118 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as captoinfo, tic sets the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option.
121 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></H2><PRE>
122 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> restricts the output to a single line
124 <STRONG>-1</STRONG> restricts the output to a single column
126 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to retain commented-out capabilities rather than
127 discarding them. Capabilities are commented by prefixing them
128 with a period. This sets the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option, because it treats the
129 commented-out entries as user-defined names. If the source is
130 termcap, accept the 2-character names required by version 6.
131 Otherwise these are ignored.
133 <STRONG>-C</STRONG> Force source translation to termcap format. Note: this differs
134 from the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option of <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG> in that it does not merely
135 translate capability names, but also translates terminfo strings
136 to termcap format. Capabilities that are not translatable are
137 left in the entry under their terminfo names but commented out
138 with two preceding dots. The actual format used incorporates
139 some improvements for escaped characters from terminfo format.
140 For a stricter BSD-compatible translation, add the <STRONG>-K</STRONG> option.
142 If this is combined with <STRONG>-c</STRONG>, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> makes additional checks to
143 report cases where the terminfo values do not have an exact
144 equivalent in termcap form. For example:
146 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> usually will not convert, because termcap lacks the
147 ability to work with more than two parameters, and because
148 termcap lacks many of the arithmetic/logical operators used
151 <STRONG>o</STRONG> capabilities with more than one delay or with delays before
152 the end of the string will not convert completely.
154 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to only check <EM>file</EM> for errors, including syntax
155 problems and bad use-links. If you specify <STRONG>-C</STRONG> (<STRONG>-I</STRONG>) with this
156 option, the code will print warnings about entries which, after
157 use resolution, are more than 1023 (4096) bytes long. Due to a
158 fixed buffer length in older termcap libraries, as well as buggy
159 checking for the buffer length (and a documented limit in
160 terminfo), these entries may cause core dumps with other
163 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> checks string capabilities to ensure that those with
164 parameters will be valid expressions. It does this check only
165 for the predefined string capabilities; those which are defined
166 with the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option are ignored.
168 <STRONG>-D</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to print the database locations that it knows about,
169 and exit. The first location shown is the one to which it would
170 write compiled terminal descriptions. If <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is not able to
171 find a writable database location according to the rules
172 summarized above, it will print a diagnostic and exit with an
173 error rather than printing a list of database locations.
175 <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>list</EM>
176 Limit writes and translations to the comma-separated <EM>list</EM> of
177 terminal types. If any name or alias of a terminal matches one
178 of the names in the list, the entry will be written or
179 translated as normal. Otherwise no output will be generated for
180 it. The option value is interpreted as a file containing the
181 list if it contains a '/'. (Note: depending on how tic was
182 compiled, this option may require <STRONG>-I</STRONG> or <STRONG>-C</STRONG>.)
184 <STRONG>-f</STRONG> Display complex terminfo strings which contain
185 if/then/else/endif expressions indented for readability.
187 <STRONG>-G</STRONG> Display constant literals in decimal form rather than their
188 character equivalents.
190 <STRONG>-g</STRONG> Display constant character literals in quoted form rather than
191 their decimal equivalents.
193 <STRONG>-I</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format.
195 <STRONG>-K</STRONG> Suppress some longstanding <EM>ncurses</EM> extensions to termcap format,
196 e.g., "\s" for space.
198 <STRONG>-L</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format using the long C
199 variable names listed in <<STRONG>term.h</STRONG>>
201 <STRONG>-N</STRONG> Disable smart defaults. Normally, when translating from termcap
202 to terminfo, the compiler makes a number of assumptions about
203 the defaults of string capabilities <STRONG>reset1_string</STRONG>,
204 <STRONG>carriage_return</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_down</STRONG>, <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG>, <STRONG>tab</STRONG>,
205 <STRONG>newline</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_backspace</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_left</STRONG>, and <STRONG>key_down</STRONG>, then attempts to
206 use obsolete termcap capabilities to deduce correct values. It
207 also normally suppresses output of obsolete termcap capabilities
208 such as <STRONG>bs</STRONG>. This option forces a more literal translation that
209 also preserves the obsolete capabilities.
211 <STRONG>-o</STRONG><EM>dir</EM> Write compiled entries to given database location. Overrides
212 the <EM>TERMINFO</EM> environment variable.
214 <STRONG>-Q</STRONG><EM>n</EM> Rather than show source in terminfo (text) format, print the
215 compiled (binary) format in hexadecimal or base64 form,
216 depending on the option's value:
222 3 hexadecimal and base64
224 <STRONG>-q</STRONG> Suppress comments and blank lines when showing translated
227 <STRONG>-R</STRONG><EM>subset</EM>
228 Restrict output to a given subset. This option is for use with
229 archaic versions of terminfo like those on SVr1, Ultrix, or HP-
230 UX that do not support the full set of SVR4/XSI Curses terminfo;
231 and outright broken ports like AIX 3.x that have their own
232 extensions incompatible with SVr4/XSI.
234 Available subsets are
235 "SVr1", "Ultrix", "HP", "BSD", and "AIX"
237 See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for details.
239 <STRONG>-r</STRONG> Force entry resolution (so there are no remaining tc
240 capabilities) even when doing translation to termcap format.
241 This may be needed if you are preparing a termcap file for a
242 termcap library (such as GNU termcap through version 1.3 or BSD
243 termcap through 4.3BSD) that does not handle multiple tc
244 capabilities per entry.
246 <STRONG>-s</STRONG> Summarize the compile by showing the database location into
247 which entries are written, and the number of entries which are
250 <STRONG>-T</STRONG> eliminates size-restrictions on the generated text. This is
251 mainly useful for testing and analysis, since the compiled
252 descriptions are limited (e.g., 1023 for termcap, 4096 for
255 <STRONG>-t</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to discard commented-out capabilities. Normally when
256 translating from terminfo to termcap, untranslatable
257 capabilities are commented-out.
259 <STRONG>-U</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to not post-process the data after parsing the source
260 file. Normally, it infers data which is commonly missing in
261 older terminfo data, or in termcaps.
263 <STRONG>-V</STRONG> reports the version of <EM>ncurses</EM> which was used in this program,
266 <STRONG>-v</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error
267 trace information showing <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s progress.
269 The optional parameter <EM>n</EM> is a number from 1 to 9, inclusive,
270 indicating the desired level of detail of information.
272 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>ncurses</EM> is built without tracing support, the optional
273 parameter is ignored.
275 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is omitted, the default level is 1.
277 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <EM>n</EM> is specified and greater than 1, the level of detail is
278 increased, and the output is written (with tracing
279 information) to the "trace" file.
281 The debug flag levels are as follows:
283 1 Names of files created and linked
285 2 Information related to the "use" facility
287 3 Statistics from the hashing algorithm
289 4 Details of extended capabilities
295 7 Entries into the string-table
297 8 List of tokens encountered by scanner
299 9 All values computed in construction of the hash table
301 <STRONG>-W</STRONG> By itself, the <STRONG>-w</STRONG> option will not force long strings to be
302 wrapped. Use the <STRONG>-W</STRONG> option to do this.
304 If you specify both <STRONG>-f</STRONG> and <STRONG>-W</STRONG> options, the latter is ignored
305 when <STRONG>-f</STRONG> has already split the line.
307 <STRONG>-w</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies the width of the output. The parameter is optional.
308 If it is omitted, it defaults to 60.
310 <STRONG>-x</STRONG> Treat unknown capabilities as user-defined (see <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
311 That is, if you supply a capability name which <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not
312 recognize, it will infer its type (Boolean, number or string)
313 from the syntax and make an extended table entry for that.
314 User-defined capability strings whose name begins with "k" are
315 treated as function keys.
318 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Parameters">Parameters</a></H3><PRE>
319 <EM>file</EM> contains one or more <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> terminal descriptions in source
320 format [see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>]. Each description in the file
321 describes the capabilities of a particular terminal.
323 If <EM>file</EM> is "-", then the data is read from the standard input.
324 The <EM>file</EM> parameter may also be the path of a character-device.
327 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Processing">Processing</a></H3><PRE>
328 All but one of the capabilities recognized by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are documented in
329 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>. The exception is the <STRONG>use</STRONG> capability.
331 When a <STRONG>use</STRONG>=<EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> field is discovered in a terminal entry currently
332 being compiled, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> reads in the binary from <STRONG>/usr/share/terminfo</STRONG> to
333 complete the entry. (Entries created from <EM>file</EM> will be used first.
334 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> duplicates the capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> for the current entry,
335 with the exception of those capabilities that explicitly are defined in
338 When an entry, e.g., <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>, contains a <STRONG>use=</STRONG><EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> field,
339 any canceled capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> must also appear in
340 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG> before <STRONG>use=</STRONG> for these capabilities to be canceled in
341 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>.
343 Total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes in the legacy storage
344 format, or 32768 using the extended number format. The name field
345 cannot exceed 512 bytes. Terminal names exceeding the maximum alias
346 length (32 characters on systems with long filenames, 14 characters
347 otherwise) will be truncated to the maximum alias length and a warning
348 message will be printed.
351 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
352 <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
353 compiled terminal description database
356 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
357 There is some evidence that historic <STRONG>tic</STRONG> implementations treated
358 description fields with no whitespace in them as additional aliases or
359 short names. This <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not do that, but it does warn when
360 description fields may be treated that way and check them for dangerous
364 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
365 Unlike the SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command, this implementation can actually compile
366 termcap sources. In fact, entries in terminfo and termcap syntax can
367 be mixed in a single source file. See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for the list of
368 termcap names taken to be equivalent to terminfo names.
370 The SVr4 manual pages are not clear on the resolution rules for <STRONG>use</STRONG>
371 capabilities. This implementation of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will find <STRONG>use</STRONG> targets
372 anywhere in the source file, or anywhere in the file tree rooted at
373 <EM>TERMINFO</EM> (if <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is defined), or in the user's <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>
374 database (if it exists), or (finally) anywhere in the system's file
375 tree of compiled entries.
377 The error messages from this <STRONG>tic</STRONG> have the same format as GNU C error
378 messages, and can be parsed by GNU Emacs's compile facility.
380 Aside from <STRONG>-c</STRONG> and <STRONG>-v</STRONG>, options are not portable:
382 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Most of tic's options are not supported by SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG>:
384 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> <STRONG>-1</STRONG> <STRONG>-C</STRONG> <STRONG>-G</STRONG> <STRONG>-I</STRONG> <STRONG>-N</STRONG> <STRONG>-R</STRONG> <STRONG>-T</STRONG> <STRONG>-V</STRONG> <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <STRONG>-f</STRONG> <STRONG>-g</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-r</STRONG> <STRONG>-s</STRONG> <STRONG>-t</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
386 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> supports a few of the <EM>ncurses</EM> options
388 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
390 and adds <STRONG>-S</STRONG> (a feature which does the same thing as infocmp's <STRONG>-e</STRONG>
391 and <STRONG>-E</STRONG> options).
393 The SVr4 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> mode does not report bad "use=" links.
395 System V does not compile entries to or read entries from your
396 <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> database unless <EM>TERMINFO</EM> is explicitly set to it.
399 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
400 X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) provides a brief description of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. It
401 lists one option: <STRONG>-c</STRONG>. The omission of <STRONG>-v</STRONG> is unexpected. The change
402 history states that the description is derived from Tru64. According
403 to its manual pages, that system also supported the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
405 Shortly after Issue 7 was released, Tru64 was discontinued. As of
406 2019, the surviving implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are SVr4 (AIX, HP-UX and
407 Solaris), <EM>ncurses</EM> and NetBSD curses. The SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> programs all support
408 the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option. The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program follows X/Open's documentation,
409 omitting the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
411 The X/Open rationale states that some implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> read
412 terminal descriptions from the standard input if the <EM>file</EM> parameter is
413 omitted. None of these implementations do that. Further, it comments
414 that some may choose to read from "./terminfo.src" but that is
415 obsolescent behavior from SVr2, and is not (for example) a documented
419 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
420 System V Release 2 provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility. It accepted a single
421 option: <STRONG>-v</STRONG> (optionally followed by a number). According to Ross
422 Ridge's comment in <EM>mytinfo</EM>, this version of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> was unable to represent
423 cancelled capabilities.
425 System V Release 3 provided a different <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility, written by Pavel
426 Curtis, (originally named "compile" in <EM>pcurses</EM>). This added an option
427 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> to check the file for errors, with the caveat that errors in "use="
428 links would not be reported. System V Release 3 documented a few
429 warning messages which did not appear in <EM>pcurses</EM>. While the program
430 itself was changed little as development continued with System V
431 Release 4, the table of capabilities grew from 180 (<EM>pcurses</EM>) to 464
434 In early development of <EM>ncurses</EM> (1993), Zeyd Ben-Halim used the table
435 from <EM>mytinfo</EM> to extend the <EM>pcurses</EM> table to 469 capabilities (456
436 matched SVr4, 8 were only in SVr4, 13 were not in SVr4). Of those 13,
437 11 were ultimately discarded (perhaps to match the draft of X/Open
438 Curses). The exceptions were <STRONG>memory_lock_above</STRONG> and <STRONG>memory_unlock</STRONG> (see
439 <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
441 Eric Raymond incorporated parts of <EM>mytinfo</EM> into <EM>ncurses</EM> to implement
442 the termcap-to-terminfo source conversion, and extended that to begin
443 development of the corresponding terminfo-to-termcap source conversion,
444 Thomas Dickey completed that development over the course of several
447 In 1999, Thomas Dickey added the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option to support user-defined
450 In 2010, Roy Marples provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program and terminfo library for
451 NetBSD. That implementation adapts several features from <EM>ncurses</EM>,
452 including <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option.
454 The <STRONG>-c</STRONG> option tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to check for problems in the terminfo source
455 file. Continued development provides additional checks:
457 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>pcurses</EM> had 8 warnings
459 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>ncurses</EM> in 1996 had 16 warnings
461 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Solaris (SVr4) curses has 28 warnings
463 <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD tic in 2019 has 19 warnings.
465 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>ncurses</EM> in 2019 has 96 warnings
467 The checking done in <EM>ncurses</EM>' <STRONG>tic</STRONG> helps with the conversion to termcap,
468 as well as pointing out errors and inconsistencies. It is also used to
469 ensure consistency with the user-defined capabilities. There are 527
470 distinct capabilities in <EM>ncurses</EM>' terminal database; 128 of those are
474 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
475 Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and
476 Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net>
479 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
480 <STRONG><A HREF="captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infotocap.1m.html">infotocap(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="toe.1m.html">toe(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,
481 <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
485 ncurses 6.5 2024-05-11 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
489 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
490 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
491 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
493 <li><a href="#h3-Aliases">Aliases</a></li>
496 <li><a href="#h2-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a>
498 <li><a href="#h3-Parameters">Parameters</a></li>
499 <li><a href="#h3-Processing">Processing</a></li>
502 <li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
503 <li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
504 <li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
505 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
506 <li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
507 <li><a href="#h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></li>
508 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>