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-<H1>curs_getch 3x</H1>
-<HR>
+<H1 class="no-header">curs_getch 3x</H1>
<PRE>
-<!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2>NAME</H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>getch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>ungetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> - get
(or push back) characters from <STRONG>curses</STRONG> terminal keyboard
-</PRE>
-<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>getch(void);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wgetch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvgetch(int</STRONG> <STRONG>y,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>x);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwgetch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>y,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>x);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>ungetch(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
- <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>has_key(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wgetch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win);</EM>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvgetch(int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwgetch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>ungetch(int</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>has_key(int</STRONG> <EM>ch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Reading-characters">Reading characters</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>getch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvgetch</STRONG> and <STRONG>mvwgetch</STRONG>, routines read a
character from the window. In no-delay mode, if no input
is waiting, the value <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> is returned. In delay mode, the
waits until a character is typed or the specified timeout
has been reached.
- Unless <STRONG>noecho</STRONG> has been set, then the character will also
- be echoed into the designated window according to the fol-
- lowing rules: if the character is the current erase char-
- acter, left arrow, or backspace, the cursor is moved one
- space to the left and that screen position is erased as if
- <STRONG>delch</STRONG> had been called. If the character value is any oth-
- er <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG> define, the user is alerted with a <STRONG>beep</STRONG> call.
- Otherwise the character is simply output to the screen.
+ If <STRONG>echo</STRONG> is enabled, and the window is not a pad, then the
+ character will also be echoed into the designated window
+ according to the following rules:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the character is the current erase character, left
+ arrow, or backspace, the cursor is moved one space to
+ the left and that screen position is erased as if
+ <STRONG>delch</STRONG> had been called.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the character value is any other <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG> define, the
+ user is alerted with a <STRONG>beep</STRONG> call.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the character is a carriage-return, and if <STRONG>nl</STRONG> is
+ enabled, it is translated to a line-feed after echo-
+ ing.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise the character is simply output to the
+ screen.
If the window is not a pad, and it has been moved or modi-
fied since the last call to <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>, <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG> will be
called before another character is read.
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Keypad-mode">Keypad mode</a></H3><PRE>
If <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> is <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>, and a function key is pressed, the to-
ken for that function key is returned instead of the raw
- characters. Possible function keys are defined in <STRONG><curs-</STRONG>
- <STRONG>es.h></STRONG> as macros with values outside the range of 8-bit
- characters whose names begin with <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG>. Thus, a variable
- intended to hold the return value of a function key must
- be of short size or larger.
+ characters:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The predefined function keys are listed in <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
+ as macros with values outside the range of 8-bit char-
+ acters. Their names begin with <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG>.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Other (user-defined) function keys which may be de-
+ fined using <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">define_key(3x)</A></STRONG> have no names, but also are
+ expected to have values outside the range of 8-bit
+ characters.
+
+ Thus, a variable intended to hold the return value of a
+ function key must be of short size or larger.
When a character that could be the beginning of a function
key is received (which, on modern terminals, means an es-
experience a delay between the time a user presses the es-
cape key and the escape is returned to the program.
+ In <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>, the timer normally expires after the value in
+ <STRONG>ESCDELAY</STRONG> (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>). If <STRONG>notimeout</STRONG> is <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG>,
+ the timer does not expire; it is an infinite (or very
+ large) value. Because function keys usually begin with an
+ escape character, the terminal may appear to hang in no-
+ timeout mode after pressing the escape key until another
+ key is pressed.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Ungetting-characters">Ungetting characters</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>ungetch</STRONG> routine places <EM>ch</EM> back onto the input queue to
be returned by the next call to <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>. There is just one
input queue for all windows.
- <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Keys</STRONG>
- The following function keys, defined in <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>, might
- be returned by <STRONG>getch</STRONG> if <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> has been enabled. Note
- that not all of these are necessarily supported on any
- particular terminal.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Predefined-key-codes">Predefined key-codes</a></H3><PRE>
+ The following special keys are defined in <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Except for the special case <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>, it is neces-
+ sary to enable <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> for <STRONG>getch</STRONG> to return these codes.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Not all of these are necessarily supported on any par-
+ ticular terminal.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The naming convention may seem obscure, with some ap-
+ parent misspellings (such as "RSUME" for "resume").
+ The names correspond to the long terminfo capability
+ names for the keys, and were defined long ago, in the
+ 1980s.
<EM>Name</EM> <EM>Key</EM> <EM>name</EM>
+ -------------------------------------------------
KEY_BREAK Break key
KEY_DOWN The four arrow keys ...
KEY_UP
KEY_SR Scroll 1 line backward (reverse)
KEY_NPAGE Next page
KEY_PPAGE Previous page
+
KEY_STAB Set tab
KEY_CTAB Clear tab
KEY_CATAB Clear all tabs
KEY_RESIZE Screen resized
KEY_RESTART Restart key
KEY_RESUME Resume key
-
KEY_SAVE Save key
KEY_SBEG Shifted beginning key
KEY_SCANCEL Shifted cancel key
KEY_SREDO Shifted redo key
KEY_SREPLACE Shifted replace key
KEY_SRIGHT Shifted right arrow
+
KEY_SRSUME Shifted resume key
KEY_SSAVE Shifted save key
KEY_SSUSPEND Shifted suspend key
Keypad is arranged like this:
-
+-----+------+-------+
| <STRONG>A1</STRONG> | <STRONG>up</STRONG> | <STRONG>A3</STRONG> |
+-----+------+-------+
+-----+------+-------+
| <STRONG>C1</STRONG> | <STRONG>down</STRONG> | <STRONG>C3</STRONG> |
+-----+------+-------+
- The <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> routine takes a key value from the above list,
- and returns TRUE or FALSE according to whether the current
- terminal type recognizes a key with that value. Note that
- a few values do not correspond to a real key, e.g.,
- <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG> and <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG>. See <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG> for more de-
- tails about <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG>, and <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG> for a discus-
- sion of <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG>.
+ A few of these predefined values do <EM>not</EM> correspond to a
+ real key:
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG> is returned when the <STRONG>SIGWINCH</STRONG> signal has
+ been detected (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">initscr(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>).
+ This code is returned whether or not <STRONG>keypad</STRONG> has been
+ enabled.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG> is returned for mouse-events (see
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>). This code relies upon whether or not
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">keypad(3x)</A></STRONG> has been enabled, because (e.g., with <EM>xterm</EM>
+ mouse prototocol) ncurses must read escape sequences,
+ just like a function key.
-</PRE>
-<H2>RETURN VALUE</H2><PRE>
- All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and an
- integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> (<STRONG>OK</STRONG> in the case of ungetch())
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Testing-key-codes">Testing key-codes</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> routine takes a key-code value from the above
+ list, and returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> according to whether the
+ current terminal type recognizes a key with that value.
+
+ The library also supports these extensions:
+
+ <STRONG>define_key</STRONG>
+ defines a key-code for a given string (see <STRONG>de-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="define_key.3x.html">fine_key(3x)</A></STRONG>).
+
+ <STRONG>key_defined</STRONG>
+ checks if there is a key-code defined for a given
+ string (see <STRONG><A HREF="key_defined.3x.html">key_defined(3x)</A></STRONG>).
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
+ All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and an
+ integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> (<STRONG>OK</STRONG> in the case of <STRONG>ungetch</STRONG>)
upon successful completion.
- <STRONG>ungetch</STRONG>
- returns an error if there is no more room in
- the FIFO.
+ <STRONG>ungetch</STRONG>
+ returns ERR if there is no more room in the FIFO.
- <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>
- returns an error if the window pointer is
- null, or if its timeout expires without having
- any data.
+ <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>
+ returns ERR if the window pointer is null, or if
+ its timeout expires without having any data, or if
+ the execution was interrupted by a signal (<STRONG>errno</STRONG>
+ will be set to <STRONG>EINTR</STRONG>).
- Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor move-
- ment using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is
+ Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor move-
+ ment using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is
outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.
-</PRE>
-<H2>NOTES</H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
Use of the escape key by a programmer for a single charac-
- ter function is discouraged, as it will cause a delay of
+ ter function is discouraged, as it will cause a delay of
up to one second while the keypad code looks for a follow-
ing function-key sequence.
- Note that some keys may be the same as commonly used con-
- trol keys, e.g., <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> versus control/M, <STRONG>KEY_BACKSPACE</STRONG>
- versus control/H. Some curses implementations may differ
- according to whether they treat these control keys spe-
- cially (and ignore the terminfo), or use the terminfo def-
- initions. <STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG> uses the terminfo definition. If it
- says that <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> is control/M, <STRONG>getch</STRONG> will return
- <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> when you press control/M.
+ Some keys may be the same as commonly used control keys,
+ e.g., <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> versus control/M, <STRONG>KEY_BACKSPACE</STRONG> versus
+ control/H. Some curses implementations may differ accord-
+ ing to whether they treat these control keys specially
+ (and ignore the terminfo), or use the terminfo defini-
+ tions. <STRONG>Ncurses</STRONG> uses the terminfo definition. If it says
+ that <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> is control/M, <STRONG>getch</STRONG> will return <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG>
+ when you press control/M.
- Generally, <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> denotes the character(s) sent by the
+ Generally, <STRONG>KEY_ENTER</STRONG> denotes the character(s) sent by the
<EM>Enter</EM> key on the numeric keypad:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the terminal description lists the most useful keys,
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> the <EM>Enter</EM> key on the regular keyboard is already han-
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the <EM>Enter</EM> key on the regular keyboard is already han-
dled by the standard ASCII characters for carriage-re-
turn and line-feed,
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> depending on whether <STRONG>nl</STRONG> or <STRONG>nonl</STRONG> was called, pressing
- "Enter" on the regular keyboard may return either a
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> depending on whether <STRONG>nl</STRONG> or <STRONG>nonl</STRONG> was called, pressing
+ "Enter" on the regular keyboard may return either a
carriage-return or line-feed, and finally
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> "Enter or send" is the standard description for this
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> "Enter or send" is the standard description for this
key.
- When using <STRONG>getch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvgetch</STRONG>, or <STRONG>mvwgetch</STRONG>, nocbreak
+ When using <STRONG>getch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wgetch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvgetch</STRONG>, or <STRONG>mvwgetch</STRONG>, nocbreak
mode (<STRONG>nocbreak</STRONG>) and echo mode (<STRONG>echo</STRONG>) should not be used at
- the same time. Depending on the state of the tty driver
- when each character is typed, the program may produce un-
+ the same time. Depending on the state of the tty driver
+ when each character is typed, the program may produce un-
desirable results.
Note that <STRONG>getch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvgetch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>mvwgetch</STRONG> may be macros.
Historically, the set of keypad macros was largely defined
- by the extremely function-key-rich keyboard of the AT&T
- 7300, aka 3B1, aka Safari 4. Modern personal computers
- usually have only a small subset of these. IBM PC-style
- consoles typically support little more than <STRONG>KEY_UP</STRONG>,
- <STRONG>KEY_DOWN</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_LEFT</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_RIGHT</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_HOME</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_END</STRONG>,
+ by the extremely function-key-rich keyboard of the AT&T
+ 7300, aka 3B1, aka Safari 4. Modern personal computers
+ usually have only a small subset of these. IBM PC-style
+ consoles typically support little more than <STRONG>KEY_UP</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>KEY_DOWN</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_LEFT</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_RIGHT</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_HOME</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_END</STRONG>,
<STRONG>KEY_NPAGE</STRONG>, <STRONG>KEY_PPAGE</STRONG>, and function keys 1 through 12. The
Ins key is usually mapped to <STRONG>KEY_IC</STRONG>.
-</PRE>
-<H2>PORTABILITY</H2><PRE>
- The *get* functions are described in the XSI Curses stan-
- dard, Issue 4. They read single-byte characters only.
- The standard specifies that they return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on failure,
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
+ The *get* functions are described in the XSI Curses stan-
+ dard, Issue 4. They read single-byte characters only.
+ The standard specifies that they return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on failure,
but specifies no error conditions.
- The echo behavior of these functions on input of <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG> or
- backspace characters was not specified in the SVr4 docu-
+ The echo behavior of these functions on input of <STRONG>KEY_</STRONG> or
+ backspace characters was not specified in the SVr4 docu-
mentation. This description is adopted from the XSI Curs-
es standard.
- The behavior of <STRONG>getch</STRONG> and friends in the presence of han-
- dled signals is unspecified in the SVr4 and XSI Curses
- documentation. Under historical curses implementations,
- it varied depending on whether the operating system's im-
- plementation of handled signal receipt interrupts a
- <STRONG><A HREF="read.2.html">read(2)</A></STRONG> call in progress or not, and also (in some imple-
- mentations) depending on whether an input timeout or non-
+ The behavior of <STRONG>getch</STRONG> and friends in the presence of han-
+ dled signals is unspecified in the SVr4 and XSI Curses
+ documentation. Under historical curses implementations,
+ it varied depending on whether the operating system's im-
+ plementation of handled signal receipt interrupts a
+ <STRONG>read(2)</STRONG> call in progress or not, and also (in some imple-
+ mentations) depending on whether an input timeout or non-
blocking mode has been set.
+ <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG> is mentioned in XSI Curses, along with a few re-
+ lated terminfo capabilities, but no higher-level functions
+ use the feature. The implementation in ncurses is an ex-
+ tension.
+
+ <STRONG>KEY_RESIZE</STRONG> is an extension first implemented for ncurses.
+ NetBSD curses later added this extension.
+
Programmers concerned about portability should be prepared
- for either of two cases: (a) signal receipt does not in-
- terrupt <STRONG>getch</STRONG>; (b) signal receipt interrupts <STRONG>getch</STRONG> and
- causes it to return ERR with <STRONG>errno</STRONG> set to <STRONG>EINTR</STRONG>. Under
- the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation, handled signals never inter-
- rupt <STRONG>getch</STRONG>.
-
- The <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> function is unique to <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. We recommend
- that any code using it be conditionalized on the <STRONG>NCURS-</STRONG>
+ for either of two cases: (a) signal receipt does not in-
+ terrupt <STRONG>getch</STRONG>; (b) signal receipt interrupts <STRONG>getch</STRONG> and
+ causes it to return ERR with <STRONG>errno</STRONG> set to <STRONG>EINTR</STRONG>.
+
+ The <STRONG>has_key</STRONG> function is unique to <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. We recommend
+ that any code using it be conditionalized on the <STRONG>NCURS-</STRONG>
<STRONG>ES_VERSION</STRONG> feature macro.
-</PRE>
-<H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inopts.3x.html">curs_inopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>,
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>re-</STRONG>
- <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">sizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>.
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_mouse.3x.html">curs_mouse(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_move.3x.html">curs_move(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>,
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="resizeterm.3x.html">resizeterm(3x)</A></STRONG>.
- Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) li-
+ Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) li-
brary are described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_get_wch.3x.html">curs_get_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_getch.3x.html">curs_getch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
-<HR>
-<ADDRESS>
-Man(1) output converted with
-<a href="http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/man2html.html">man2html</a>
-</ADDRESS>
+<div class="nav">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h3-Reading-characters">Reading characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Keypad-mode">Keypad mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Ungetting-characters">Ungetting characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Predefined-key-codes">Predefined key-codes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Testing-key-codes">Testing key-codes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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