NAME
ncurses - CRT screen handling and optimization package
SYNOPSIS
#include <curses.h>
DESCRIPTION
The ncurses library routines give the user a terminal-
independent method of updating character screens with
reasonable optimization. This implementation is ``new
curses'' (ncurses) and is the approved replacement for
4.4BSD classic curses, which has been discontinued.
The ncurses routines emulate the curses(3x) library of
System V Release 4 UNIX, and the XPG4 curses standard (XSI
curses) but the ncurses library is freely redistributable
in source form. Differences from the SVr4 curses are
summarized under the EXTENSIONS and BUGS sections below
and described in detail in the EXTENSIONS and BUGS
sections of individual man pages.
A program using these routines must be linked with the
-lncurses option, or (if it has been generated) with the
debugging library -lncurses_g. (Your system integrator
may also have installed these libraries under the names
-lcurses and -lcurses_g.) The ncurses_g library generates
trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the current
directory) that describe curses actions.
The ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and
pad manipulation; output to windows and pads; reading
terminal input; control over terminal and curses input and
output options; environment query routines; color
manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo
capabilities; and access to low-level terminal-
manipulation routines.
To initialize the routines, the routine initscr or newterm
must be called before any of the other routines that deal
with windows and screens are used. The routine endwin
must be called before exiting. To get character-at-a-time
input without echoing (most interactive, screen oriented
programs want this), the following sequence should be
used:
initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();
Most programs would additionally use the sequence:
nonl();
intrflush(stdscr, FALSE);
keypad(stdscr, TRUE);
Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the
terminal should be set and its initialization strings, if
defined, must be output. This can be done by executing
the tput init command after the shell environment variable
TERM has been exported. tset(1) is usually responsible
for doing this. [See terminfo(5) for further details.]
The ncurses library permits manipulation of data
structures, called windows, which can be thought of as
two-dimensional arrays of characters representing all or
part of a CRT screen. A default window called stdscr,
which is the size of the terminal screen, is supplied.
Others may be created with newwin.
Note that curses does not handle overlapping windows,
that's done by the panel(3x) library. This means that you
can either use stdscr or divide the screen into tiled
windows and not using stdscr at all. Mixing the two will
result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.
Windows are referred to by variables declared as WINDOW *.
These data structures are manipulated with routines
described here and elsewhere in the ncurses manual pages.
Among which the most basic routines are move and addch.
More general versions of these routines are included with
names beginning with w, allowing the user to specify a
window. The routines not beginning with w affect stdscr.)
After using routines to manipulate a window, refresh is
called, telling curses to make the user's CRT screen look
like stdscr. The characters in a window are actually of
type chtype, (character and attribute data) so that other
information about the character may also be stored with
each character.
Special windows called pads may also be manipulated.
These are windows which are not constrained to the size of
the screen and whose contents need not be completely
displayed. See curs_pad(3x) for more information.
In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video
attributes and colors may be supported, causing the
characters to show up in such modes as underlined, in
reverse video, or in color on terminals that support such
display enhancements. Line drawing characters may be
specified to be output. On input, curses is also able to
translate arrow and function keys that transmit escape
sequences into single values. The video attributes, line
drawing characters, and input values use names, defined in
<curses.h>, such as A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, and KEY_LEFT.
If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or
if the program is executing in a window environment, line
and column information in the environment will override
information read by terminfo. This would effect a program
running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where the size
of a screen is changeable (see ENVIRONMENT).
If the environment variable TERMINFO is defined, any
program using curses checks for a local terminal
definition before checking in the standard place. For
example, if TERM is set to att4424, then the compiled
terminal definition is found in
/usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.
(The a is copied from the first letter of att4424 to avoid
creation of huge directories.) However, if TERMINFO is
set to $HOME/myterms, curses first checks
$HOME/myterms/a/att4424,
and if that fails, it then checks
/usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.
This is useful for developing experimental definitions or
when write permission in /usr/share/terminfo is not
available.
The integer variables LINES and COLS are defined in
<curses.h> and will be filled in by initscr with the size
of the screen. The constants TRUE and FALSE have the
values 1 and 0, respectively.
The curses routines also define the WINDOW * variable
curscr which is used for certain low-level operations like
clearing and redrawing a screen containing garbage. The
curscr can be used in only a few routines.
Routine and Argument Names
Many curses routines have two or more versions. The
routines prefixed with w require a window argument. The
routines prefixed with p require a pad argument. Those
without a prefix generally use stdscr.
The routines prefixed with mv require a y and x coordinate
to move to before performing the appropriate action. The
mv routines imply a call to move before the call to the
other routine. The coordinate y always refers to the row
(of the window), and x always refers to the column. The
upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).
The routines prefixed with mvw take both a window argument
and x and y coordinates. The window argument is always
specified before the coordinates.
In each case, win is the window affected, and pad is the
pad affected; win and pad are always pointers to type
WINDOW.
Option setting routines require a Boolean flag bf with the
value TRUE or FALSE; bf is always of type bool. The
variables ch and attrs below are always of type chtype.
The types WINDOW, SCREEN, bool, and chtype are defined in
<curses.h>. The type TERMINAL is defined in <term.h>.
All other arguments are integers.
Routine Name Index
The following table lists each curses routine and the name
of the manual page on which it is described. Routines
flagged with `*' are ncurses-specific, not described by
XPG4 or present in SVr4.
curses Routine Name Manual Page Name
--------------------------------------------
COLOR_PAIR curs_color(3x)
PAIR_NUMBER curs_attr(3x)
_nc_tracebits curs_trace(3x)*
_traceattr curs_trace(3x)*
_traceattr2 curs_trace(3x)*
_tracechar curs_trace(3x)*
_tracechtype curs_trace(3x)*
_tracechtype2 curs_trace(3x)*
_tracedump curs_trace(3x)*
_tracef curs_trace(3x)*
_tracemouse curs_trace(3x)*
addch curs_addch(3x)
addchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
addchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
addnstr curs_addstr(3x)
addstr curs_addstr(3x)
assume_default_colors default_colors(3x)*
attr_get curs_attr(3x)
attr_off curs_attr(3x)
attr_on curs_attr(3x)
attr_set curs_attr(3x)
attroff curs_attr(3x)
attron curs_attr(3x)
attrset curs_attr(3x)
baudrate curs_termattrs(3x)
beep curs_beep(3x)
bkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
bkgdset curs_bkgd(3x)
border curs_border(3x)
box curs_border(3x)
can_change_color curs_color(3x)
cbreak curs_inopts(3x)
chgat curs_attr(3x)
clear curs_clear(3x)
clearok curs_outopts(3x)
clrtobot curs_clear(3x)
clrtoeol curs_clear(3x)
color_content curs_color(3x)
color_set curs_attr(3x)
copywin curs_overlay(3x)
curs_set curs_kernel(3x)
curses_version curs_extend(3x)*
def_prog_mode curs_kernel(3x)
def_shell_mode curs_kernel(3x)
define_key define_key(3x)*
del_curterm curs_terminfo(3x)
delay_output curs_util(3x)
delch curs_delch(3x)
deleteln curs_deleteln(3x)
delscreen curs_initscr(3x)
delwin curs_window(3x)
derwin curs_window(3x)
doupdate curs_refresh(3x)
dupwin curs_window(3x)
echo curs_inopts(3x)
echochar curs_addch(3x)
endwin curs_initscr(3x)
erase curs_clear(3x)
erasechar curs_termattrs(3x)
filter curs_util(3x)
flash curs_beep(3x)
flushinp curs_util(3x)
getbegyx curs_getyx(3x)
getbkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
getch curs_getch(3x)
getmaxyx curs_getyx(3x)
getmouse curs_mouse(3x)*
getnstr curs_getstr(3x)
getparyx curs_getyx(3x)
getstr curs_getstr(3x)
getsyx curs_kernel(3x)
getwin curs_util(3x)
getyx curs_getyx(3x)
halfdelay curs_inopts(3x)
has_colors curs_color(3x)
has_ic curs_termattrs(3x)
has_il curs_termattrs(3x)
has_key curs_getch(3x)*
hline curs_border(3x)
idcok curs_outopts(3x)
idlok curs_outopts(3x)
immedok curs_outopts(3x)
inch curs_inch(3x)
inchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
inchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
init_color curs_color(3x)
init_pair curs_color(3x)
initscr curs_initscr(3x)
innstr curs_instr(3x)
insch curs_insch(3x)
insdelln curs_deleteln(3x)
insertln curs_deleteln(3x)
insnstr curs_insstr(3x)
insstr curs_insstr(3x)
instr curs_instr(3x)
intrflush curs_inopts(3x)
is_linetouched curs_touch(3x)
is_wintouched curs_touch(3x)
isendwin curs_initscr(3x)
keybound keybound(3x)*
keyname curs_util(3x)
keyok keyok(3x)*
keypad curs_inopts(3x)
killchar curs_termattrs(3x)
leaveok curs_outopts(3x)
longname curs_termattrs(3x)
mcprint curs_print(3x)*
meta curs_inopts(3x)
mouse_trafo curs_mouse(3x)*
mouseinterval curs_mouse(3x)*
mousemask curs_mouse(3x)*
move curs_move(3x)
mvaddch curs_addch(3x)
mvaddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvaddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvaddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvaddstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvchgat curs_attr(3x)
mvcur curs_terminfo(3x)
mvdelch curs_delch(3x)
mvderwin curs_window(3x)
mvgetch curs_getch(3x)
mvgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvhline curs_border(3x)
mvinch curs_inch(3x)
mvinchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvinchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvinnstr curs_instr(3x)
mvinsch curs_insch(3x)
mvinsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvinsstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvinstr curs_instr(3x)
mvprintw curs_printw(3x)
mvscanw curs_scanw(3x)
mvvline curs_border(3x)
mvwaddch curs_addch(3x)
mvwaddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvwaddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
mvwaddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvwaddstr curs_addstr(3x)
mvwchgat curs_attr(3x)
mvwdelch curs_delch(3x)
mvwgetch curs_getch(3x)
mvwgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvwgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
mvwhline curs_border(3x)
mvwin curs_window(3x)
mvwinch curs_inch(3x)
mvwinchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvwinchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
mvwinnstr curs_instr(3x)
mvwinsch curs_insch(3x)
mvwinsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvwinsstr curs_insstr(3x)
mvwinstr curs_instr(3x)
mvwprintw curs_printw(3x)
mvwscanw curs_scanw(3x)
mvwvline curs_border(3x)
napms curs_kernel(3x)
newpad curs_pad(3x)
newterm curs_initscr(3x)
newwin curs_window(3x)
nl curs_outopts(3x)
nocbreak curs_inopts(3x)
nodelay curs_inopts(3x)
noecho curs_inopts(3x)
nonl curs_outopts(3x)
noqiflush curs_inopts(3x)
noraw curs_inopts(3x)
notimeout curs_inopts(3x)
overlay curs_overlay(3x)
overwrite curs_overlay(3x)
pair_content curs_color(3x)
pechochar curs_pad(3x)
pnoutrefresh curs_pad(3x)
prefresh curs_pad(3x)
printw curs_printw(3x)
putp curs_terminfo(3x)
putwin curs_util(3x)
qiflush curs_inopts(3x)
raw curs_inopts(3x)
redrawwin curs_refresh(3x)
refresh curs_refresh(3x)
reset_prog_mode curs_kernel(3x)
reset_shell_mode curs_kernel(3x)
resetty curs_kernel(3x)
resizeterm resizeterm(3x)*
restartterm curs_terminfo(3x)
ripoffline curs_kernel(3x)
savetty curs_kernel(3x)
scanw curs_scanw(3x)
scr_dump curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_init curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_restore curs_scr_dump(3x)
scr_set curs_scr_dump(3x)
scrl curs_scroll(3x)
scroll curs_scroll(3x)
scrollok curs_outopts(3x)
set_curterm curs_terminfo(3x)
set_term curs_initscr(3x)
setscrreg curs_outopts(3x)
setsyx curs_kernel(3x)
setterm curs_terminfo(3x)
setupterm curs_terminfo(3x)
slk_attr curs_slk(3x)*
slk_attr_off curs_slk(3x)
slk_attr_on curs_slk(3x)
slk_attr_set curs_slk(3x)
slk_attroff curs_slk(3x)
slk_attron curs_slk(3x)
slk_attrset curs_slk(3x)
slk_clear curs_slk(3x)
slk_color curs_slk(3x)
slk_init curs_slk(3x)
slk_label curs_slk(3x)
slk_noutrefresh curs_slk(3x)
slk_refresh curs_slk(3x)
slk_restore curs_slk(3x)
slk_set curs_slk(3x)
slk_touch curs_slk(3x)
standend curs_attr(3x)
standout curs_attr(3x)
start_color curs_color(3x)
subpad curs_pad(3x)
subwin curs_window(3x)
syncok curs_window(3x)
termattrs curs_termattrs(3x)
termname curs_termattrs(3x)
tgetent curs_termcap(3x)
tgetflag curs_termcap(3x)
tgetnum curs_termcap(3x)
tgetstr curs_termcap(3x)
tgoto curs_termcap(3x)
tigetflag curs_terminfo(3x)
tigetnum curs_terminfo(3x)
tigetstr curs_terminfo(3x)
timeout curs_inopts(3x)
touchline curs_touch(3x)
touchwin curs_touch(3x)
tparm curs_terminfo(3x)
tputs curs_termcap(3x)
tputs curs_terminfo(3x)
trace curs_trace(3x)*
typeahead curs_inopts(3x)
unctrl curs_util(3x)
ungetch curs_getch(3x)
ungetmouse curs_mouse(3x)*
untouchwin curs_touch(3x)
use_default_colors default_colors(3x)*
use_env curs_util(3x)
use_extended_names curs_extend(3x)*
vidattr curs_terminfo(3x)
vidputs curs_terminfo(3x)
vline curs_border(3x)
vw_printw curs_printw(3x)
vw_scanw curs_scanw(3x)
vwprintw curs_printw(3x)
vwscanw curs_scanw(3x)
waddch curs_addch(3x)
waddchnstr curs_addchstr(3x)
waddchstr curs_addchstr(3x)
waddnstr curs_addstr(3x)
waddstr curs_addstr(3x)
wattr_get curs_attr(3x)
wattr_off curs_attr(3x)
wattr_on curs_attr(3x)
wattr_set curs_attr(3x)
wattroff curs_attr(3x)
wattron curs_attr(3x)
wattrset curs_attr(3x)
wbkgd curs_bkgd(3x)
wbkgdset curs_bkgd(3x)
wborder curs_border(3x)
wchgat curs_attr(3x)
wclear curs_clear(3x)
wclrtobot curs_clear(3x)
wclrtoeol curs_clear(3x)
wcolor_set curs_attr(3x)
wcursyncup curs_window(3x)
wdelch curs_delch(3x)
wdeleteln curs_deleteln(3x)
wechochar curs_addch(3x)
wenclose curs_mouse(3x)*
werase curs_clear(3x)
wgetch curs_getch(3x)
wgetnstr curs_getstr(3x)
wgetstr curs_getstr(3x)
whline curs_border(3x)
winch curs_inch(3x)
winchnstr curs_inchstr(3x)
winchstr curs_inchstr(3x)
winnstr curs_instr(3x)
winsch curs_insch(3x)
winsdelln curs_deleteln(3x)
winsertln curs_deleteln(3x)
winsnstr curs_insstr(3x)
winsstr curs_insstr(3x)
winstr curs_instr(3x)
wmouse_trafo curs_mouse(3x)*
wmove curs_move(3x)
wnoutrefresh curs_refresh(3x)
wprintw curs_printw(3x)
wredrawln curs_refresh(3x)
wrefresh curs_refresh(3x)
wresize wresize(3x)*
wscanw curs_scanw(3x)
wscrl curs_scroll(3x)
wsetscrreg curs_outopts(3x)
wstandend curs_attr(3x)
wstandout curs_attr(3x)
wsyncdown curs_window(3x)
wsyncup curs_window(3x)
wtimeout curs_inopts(3x)
wtouchln curs_touch(3x)
wvline curs_border(3x)
RETURN VALUE
Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure
and an integer value other than ERR upon successful
completion, unless otherwise noted in the routine
descriptions.
All macros return the value of the w version, except
setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx, getmaxyx. The
return values of setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx, getbegyx,
and getmaxyx are undefined (i.e., these should not be used
as the right-hand side of assignment statements).
Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.
ENVIRONMENT
The following environment symbols are useful for
customizing the runtime behavior of the ncurses library.
The most important ones have been already discussed in
detail.
BAUDRATE
The debugging library checks this environment symbol
when the application has redirected output to a file.
The symbol's numeric value is used for the baudrate.
If no value is found ncurses uses 9600. This allows
testers to construct repeatable test-cases that take
into account costs that depend on baudrate.
CC When set, change occurrences of the command_character
(i.e., the cmdch capability) of the loaded terminfo
entries to the value of this symbol. Very few
terminfo entries provide this feature.
COLUMNS
Specify the width of the screen in characters.
Applications running in a windowing environment
usually are able to obtain the width of the window in
which they are executing. If neither the $COLUMNS
value nor the terminal's screen size is available,
ncurses uses the size which may be specified in the
terminfo database (i.e., the cols capability).
It is important that your application use a correct
size for the screen. However, this is not always
possible because your application may be running on a
host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About
Window Size), or because you are temporarily running
as another user.
Either COLUMNS or LINES symbols may be specified
independently. This is mainly useful to circumvent
legacy misfeatures of terminal descriptions, e.g.,
xterm which commonly specifies a 65 line screen. For
best results, lines and cols should not be specified
in a terminal description for terminals which are run
as emulations.
Use the use_env function to disable this feature.
ESCDELAY
Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which
ncurses will await a character sequence, e.g., a
function key. The default value, 1000 milliseconds,
is enough for most uses. However, it is made a
variable to accommodate unusual applications.
The most common instance where you may wish to change
this value is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running
on a network. If the host cannot read characters
rapidly enough, it will have the same effect as if
the terminal did not send characters rapidly enough.
The library will still see a timeout.
Note that xterm mouse events are built up from
character sequences received from the xterm. If your
application makes heavy use of multiple-clicking, you
may wish to lengthen this default value because the
timeout applies to the composed multi-click event as
well as the individual clicks.
HOME Tells ncurses where your home directory is. That is
where it may read and write auxiliary terminal
descriptions:
$HOME/.termcap
$HOME/.terminfo
LINES
Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in
characters. See COLUMNS for a detailed description.
MOUSE_BUTTONS_123
This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port. It specifies
the order of buttons on the mouse. OS/2 numbers a
3-button mouse inconsistently from other platforms:
1 = left
2 = right
3 = middle.
This symbol lets you customize the mouse. The symbol
must be three numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g.,
123 or 321. If it is not specified, ncurses uses
132.
NCURSES_NO_PADDING
Most of the terminal descriptions in the terminfo
database are written for real "hardware" terminals.
Many people use terminal emulators which run in a
windowing environment and use curses-based
applications. Terminal emulators can duplicate all
of the important aspects of a hardware terminal, but
they do not have the same limitations. The chief
limitation of a hardware terminal from the standpoint
of your application is the management of dataflow,
i.e., timing. Unless a hardware terminal is
interfaced into a terminal concentrator (which does
flow control), it (or your application) must manage
dataflow, preventing overruns. The cheapest solution
(no hardware cost) is for your program to do this by
pausing after operations that the terminal does
slowly, such as clearing the display.
As a result, many terminal descriptions (including
the vt100) have delay times embedded. You may wish
to use these descriptions, but not want to pay the
performance penalty.
Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING symbol to disable all but
mandatory padding. Mandatory padding is used as a
part of special control sequences such as flash.
NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
Normally ncurses enables buffered output during
terminal initialization. This is done (as in SVr4
curses) for performance reasons. For testing
purposes, both of ncurses and certain applications,
this feature is made optional. Setting the
NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable disables output buffering,
leaving the output in the original (usually line
buffered) mode.
NCURSES_TRACE
During initialization, the ncurses debugging library
checks the NCURSES_TRACE symbol. If it is defined,
to a numeric value, ncurses calls the trace function,
using that value as the argument.
The argument values, which are defined in curses.h,
provide several types of information. When running
with traces enabled, your application will write the
file trace to the current directory.
TERM Denotes your terminal type. Each terminal type is
distinct, though many are similar.
TERMCAP
If the ncurses library has been configured with
termcap support, ncurses will check for a terminal's
description in termcap form if it is not available in
the terminfo database.
The TERMCAP symbol contains either a terminal
description (with newlines stripped out), or a file
name telling where the information denoted by the
TERM symbol exists. In either case, setting it
directs ncurses to ignore the usual place for this
information, e.g., /etc/termcap.
TERMINFO
Overrides the directory in which ncurses searches for
your terminal description. This is the simplest, but
not the only way to change the list of directories.
The complete list of directories in order follows:
- the last directory to which ncurses wrote, if any,
is searched first.
- the directory specified by the TERMINFO symbol
- $HOME/.terminfo
- directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS symbol
- one or more directories whose names are configured
and compiled into the ncurses library, e.g.,
/usr/share/terminfo
TERMINFO_DIRS
Specifies a list of directories to search for
terminal descriptions. The list is separated by
colons (i.e., ":"). All of the terminal descriptions
are in terminfo form, which makes a subdirectory
named for the first letter of the terminal names
therein.
TERMPATH
If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then ncurses
checks the TERMPATH symbol. This is a list of
filenames separated by colons (i.e., ":"). If the
TERMPATH symbol is not set, ncurses looks in the
files /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap and
$HOME/.termcap, in that order.
The library may be configured to disregard the following
variables when the current user is the superuser (root),
or if the application uses setuid or setgid permissions:
$TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.
FILES
/usr/share/tabset
directory containing initialization files for the
terminal capability database /usr/share/terminfo
terminal capability database
SEE ALSO
terminfo(5) and 3x pages whose names begin "curs_" for
detailed routine descriptions.
EXTENSIONS
The ncurses library can be compiled with an option
(-DUSE_GETCAP) that falls back to the old-style
/etc/termcap file if the terminal setup code cannot find a
terminfo entry corresponding to TERM. Use of this feature
is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire
termcap compiler in the ncurses startup code, at
significant cost in core and startup cycles.
The ncurses library includes facilities for capturing
mouse events on certain terminals (including xterm). See
the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for details.
The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to
window resizing events, e.g., when running in an xterm.
See the resizeterm(3x) and wresize(3x) manual pages for
details. In addition, the library may be configured with
a SIGWINCH handler.
The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key
capabilities of terminals by allowing the application
designer to define additional key sequences at runtime.
See the define_key(3x) and keyok(3x) manual pages for
details.
The ncurses library can exploit the capabilities of
terminals which implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49
controls, which allow an application to reset the terminal
to its original foreground and background colors. From
the users' perspective, the application is able to draw
colored text on a background whose color is set
independently, providing better control over color
contrasts. See the use_default_colors(3x) manual page for
details.
The ncurses library includes a function for directing
application output to a printer attached to the terminal
device. See the curs_print(3x) manual page for details.
PORTABILITY
The ncurses library is intended to be BASE-level
conformant with the XSI Curses standard. Certain portions
of the EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality (including color
support) are supported. The following EXTENDED XSI Curses
calls in support of wide (multibyte) characters are not
yet implemented: add_wch, add_wchnstr, add_wchstr,
addnwstr, addwstr, bkgrnd, bkgrndset, border_set, box_set,
echo_wchar, erasewchar, get_wch, get_wstr, getbkgrnd,
getcchar, getn_wstr, getwchtype, hline_set, in_wch,
in_wchnstr, in_wchstr, innwstr, ins_nwstr, ins_wch,
ins_wstr, inwchnstr, inwchstr, inwstr, key_name,
killwchar, mvadd_wch, mvadd_wchnstr, mvadd_wchstr,
mvaddnwstr, mvaddwstr, mvget_wch, mvget_wstr, mvgetn_wstr,
mvhline_set, mvin_wch, mvinnwstr, mvins_nwstr, mvins_wch,
mvins_wstr, mvinwchnstr, mvinwchstr, mvinwchstr, mvinwstr,
mvvline_set, mvwadd_wch, mvwadd_wchnstr, mvwadd_wchstr,
mvwaddnwstr, mvwaddwstr, mvwget_ch, mvwget_wch,
mvwget_wstr, mvwgetn_wstr, mvwhline_set, mvwin_wch,
mvwin_wchnstr, mvwin_wchstr, mvwinnwstr, mvwins_nwstr,
mvwins_wch, mvwins_wstr, mvwinwchnstr. mvwinwstr,
mvwvline_set, pecho_wchar, setcchar, slk_wset, term_attrs,
unget_wch, vhline_set, vid_attr, vid_puts, vline_set,
wadd_wch, wadd_wchnstr, wadd_wchstr, waddnwstr, waddwstr,
waddwstr, wbkgrnd, wbkgrndset, wbkgrndset, wborder_set,
wecho_wchar, wecho_wchar, wget_wch, wget_wstr, wgetbkgrnd,
wgetn_wstr, whline_set, win_wch, win_wchnstr, win_wchstr,
winnwstr, wins_nwstr, wins_wch, wins_wstr, winwchnstr,
winwchstr, winwstr, wunctrl, wvline_set,
A small number of local differences (that is, individual
differences between the XSI Curses and ncurses calls) are
described in PORTABILITY sections of the library man
pages.
The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it present
in SVr4. See the curs_getch(3x) manual page for details.
The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4, nor is it
present in SVr4. See the curs_slk(3x) manual page for
details.
The routines getmouse, mousemask, ungetmouse,
mouseinterval, and wenclose relating to mouse interfacing
are not part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4. See
the curs_mouse(3x) manual page for details.
The routine mcprint was not present in any previous curses
implementation. See the curs_print(3x) manual page for
details.
The routine wresize is not part of XPG4, nor is it present
in SVr4. See the wresize(3x) manual page for details.
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the
capabilities cr, ind, cub1, ff and tab activated
corresponding delay bits in the UNIX tty driver. In this
implementation, all padding is done by NUL sends. This
method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the
interface to the UNIX kernel significantly and increases
the package's portability correspondingly.
In the XSI standard and SVr4 manual pages, many entry
points have prototype arguments of the for char *const (or
cchar_t *const, or wchar_t *const, or void *const).
Depending on one's interpretation of the ANSI C standard
(see section 3.5.4.1), these declarations are either (a)
meaningless, or (b) meaningless and illegal. The
declaration const char *x is a modifiable pointer to
unmodifiable data, but char *const x' is an unmodifiable
pointer to modifiable data. Given that C passes arguments
by value, <type> *const as a formal type is at best
dubious. Some compilers choke on the prototypes.
Therefore, in this implementation, they have been changed
to const <type> * globally.
NOTES
The header file <curses.h> automatically includes the
header files <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.
If standard output from a ncurses program is re-directed
to something which is not a tty, screen updates will be
directed to standard error. This was an undocumented
feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.
AUTHORS
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
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