- Announcing ncurses 5.5
+ Announcing ncurses 6.1
+
+Overview
The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
- curses in System V Release 4.0, and more. It uses terminfo format,
- supports pads and color and multiple highlights and forms characters
- and function-key mapping, and has all the other SYSV-curses
- enhancements over BSD curses.
+ curses in System V Release 4.0 (SVr4), and more. It uses terminfo
+ format, supports pads and color and multiple highlights and forms
+ characters and function-key mapping, and has all the other SVr4-curses
+ enhancements over BSD curses. SVr4 curses became the basis of X/Open
+ Curses.
In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
- considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the keepers of Unix
+ considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the keepers of unix
releases such as BSD/OS, FreeBSD and NetBSD to switch over to ncurses.
- The ncurses code was developed under GNU/Linux. It has been in use for
- some time with OpenBSD as the system curses library, and on FreeBSD
- and NetBSD as an external package. It should port easily to any
- ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX. It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!
+ Since 1995, ncurses has been ported to many systems:
+ * It is used in almost every system based on the Linux kernel (aside
+ from some embedded applications).
+ * It is used as the system curses library on OpenBSD, FreeBSD and
+ OSX.
+ * It is used in environments such as Cygwin and MinGW. The first of
+ these was EMX on OS/2 Warp.
+ * It is used (though usually not as the system curses) on all of the
+ vendor unix systems, e.g., AIX, HP-UX, IRIX64, SCO, Solaris,
+ Tru64.
+ * It should work readily on any ANSI/POSIX-conforming unix.
The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including
- a terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1),
- tput(1), tset(1), and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full
- manual pages are provided for the library and tools.
-
- The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at the GNU
- distribution site [1]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ .
- It is also available at [2]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
-
- Release Notes
-
- This release is designed to be upward compatible from ncurses 5.0
- through 5.4; very few applications will require recompilation,
- depending on the platform. These are the highlights from the
- change-log since ncurses 5.4 release.
-
- Interface changes:
- * terminfo installs "xterm-new" as "xterm" entry rather than
- "xterm-old" (aka xterm-r6).
- * terminfo data is installed using the tic -x option (few systems
- still use ncurses 4.2).
- * modify C++ binding to work with newer C++ compilers by providing
- initializers and using modern casts. Old-style header names are
- still used in this release to allow compiling with not-so-old
+ * [1]captoinfo, a termcap conversion tool
+ * [2]clear, utility for clearing the screen
+ * [3]infocmp, the terminfo decompiler
+ * [4]tabs, set tabs on a terminal
+ * [5]tic, the terminfo compiler
+ * [6]toe, list (table of) terminfo entries
+ * [7]tput, utility for retrieving terminal capabilities in shell
+ scripts
+ * [8]tset, to initialize the terminal
+
+ Full manual pages are provided for the library and tools.
+
+ The ncurses distribution is available at ncurses' [9]homepage:
+
+ [10]ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/ or
+ [11]https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/ .
+
+ It is also available via anonymous FTP at the GNU distribution site
+
+ [12]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ .
+
+Release Notes
+
+ These notes are for ncurses 6.1, released January 27, 2018.
+
+ This release is designed to be source-compatible with ncurses 5.0
+ through 6.0; providing extensions to the application binary interface
+ (ABI). Although the source can still be configured to support the
+ ncurses 5 ABI, the intent of the release is to provide extensions to
+ the ncurses 6 ABI:
+ * improve integration of tput and tset
+ * provide support for extended numeric capabilities.
+
+ There are, of course, numerous other improvements, listed in this
+ announcement.
+
+ The release notes also mention some bug-fixes, but are focused on new
+ features and improvements to existing features since ncurses 6.0
+ release.
+
+ Library improvements
+
+ New features
+
+ The improved integration of tput and tset made only small changes to
+ the libraries. However, supporting extended numeric capabilities
+ required a few changes:
+ * The TERMINAL structure in <term.h> is now opaque. Doing that
+ allowed making the structure larger, to hold the extended numeric
+ data.
+ A few applications required changes during development of
+ ncurses 6.1 because those applications misused the members of that
+ structure, e.g., directly modifying it rather than using
+ [13]def_prog_mode.
+ * Having made TERMINAL opaque (and because none of the library
+ functions use anything except a pointer to TERMINAL), it was
+ possible to increase the size of the structure, adding to the end.
+ Existing applications which were linked to the ncurses 6.0
+ high-level (ncurses, ncursesw) and low-level (tinfo, tinfo)
+ libraries should not require re-linking since the binary interface
+ did not change, nor did the structure offsets with TERMINAL
+ change.
+ A few applications use the inner TERMTYPE structure's offsets to
+ refer to terminfo capabilities within that structure. Again, those
+ do not require modification because their offsets within TERMINAL
+ did not change.
+ * When configured for wide-characters, i.e., "ncursesw" the TERMINAL
+ structure is extended.
+ The new data in TERMINAL holds the same information as TERMTYPE,
+ but with larger numbers ("int" versus "short"). It is named
+ TERMTYPE2.
+ The library uses this structure internally in preference to
+ TERMTYPE, referring to TERMTYPE only to initialize it for
+ applications that use the capabilities defined in <term.h>
+ * When configured for 8-bit (narrow) characters, the TERMTYPE2
+ structure is not used.
+ * The updated application binary interface is 6.1.20171230 (used for
+ new [14]versioned symbols), although the interface changes were
+ developed several months previously.
+
+ The motivation for making this extension came from noticing that
+ [15]termcap applications could (though not [16]realistically) use
+ larger numbers than would fit in 16-bits, and the fact that the number
+ of color pairs for a 256-color xterm could not be expressed in
+ terminfo (i.e., 32767 versus 65536). Also, a few terminals support
+ direct-colors, which could use the extension.
+
+ Generally speaking, applications that use internal details of a
+ library are unsupported. There was exactly one exception for ncurses:
+ the tack program used the internal details of TERMINAL, because it
+ provides an ncurses-specific feature for interactively modifying a
+ terminfo description and writing the updated description to a
+ text-file. It was possible to not only separate tack from these
+ [17]internal details of ncurses, but to generalize it so that the
+ program works with Unix curses (omitting the ncurses-specific
+ feature). That was released as [18]tack 1.08 in July 2017.
+
+ While making changes to tack to eliminate its dependency upon ncurses
+ internals, the publicly-visible details of those internals were
+ reviewed, and some symbols were moved to private header files, while
+ others were marked explicitly as ncurses internals. Future releases of
+ ncurses may eliminate some of those symbols (such as those used by
+ tack 1.07) because they are neither part of the API or the ABI.
+
+ Using the TERMTYPE2 extended numeric capabilities, it is possible to
+ support both color pair values and color values past 32767. Taking
+ compatibility into account, developers readily understand that neither
+ function signatures nor structure offsets change. Also, existing
+ functions have to operate with the extended numbers. Most of that work
+ is internal to the library. For the external interfaces, a hybrid
+ approach was used:
+ * X/Open Curses defined function prototypes such as wattr_set with
+ an unused parameter, for "future" use. After 25 years, the future
+ is here: ncurses uses the parameter to augment color pair values
+ as described in the [19]manual page.
+ * Other functions such as those defining color pairs did not have a
+ corresponding reserved parameter. For those, ncurses defines
+ extended versions such as init_extended_pair (versus init_pair),
+ init_extended_color (versus init_color).
+
+ Additionally, to improve performance other changes (and extensions)
+ are provided in this release:
+ * Several new functions simplify management of large sets of color
+ pairs: reset_color_pairs, alloc_pair, find_pair and free_pair.
+ * New "RGB" extension capability for direct-color support is used to
+ improve performance of color_content.
+ * The internal colorpair_t is now a struct, eliminating an internal
+ 8-bit limit on colors
+ * Allocation for SCREEN's color-pair table starts small, grows on
+ demand up to the limit given in the terminal description.
+ * setcchar and getcchar now treat a negative color-pair as an error.
+
+ Other improvements
+
+ These are new or revised features:
+ * modify c++/etip.h.in to accommodate deprecation of throw and
+ throws in c++17
+ * add new function unfocus_current_field
+ * add option to preserve leading whitespace in form fields
+ * add a macro for is_linetouched and adjust the function's return
+ value to make it possible for most applications to check for an
+ error-return.
+ * add build-time utility report_offsets to help show when the
+ various configurations of tinfo library are compatible or not.
+
+ These were done to limit or ultimately deprecate features:
+ * drop two symbols obsoleted in 2004: _nc_check_termtype, and
+ _nc_resolve_uses
+ * move _nc_tracebits, _tracedump and _tracemouse to curses.priv.h,
+ since they are not part of the suggested ABI6.
+ * mark some structs in form/menu/panel libraries as potentially
+ opaque without modifying API/ABI.
+ * ifdef'd header-file definition of mouse_trafo with
+ NCURSES_NOMACROS
+ * remove initialization-check for calling napms in the term-driver
+ configuration; none is needed.
+ * modify trace to avoid overwriting existing file
+
+ These are improvements to existing features:
+ * modify make_hash to allow building with address-sanitizer,
+ assuming that --disable-leaks is configured.
+ * move SCREEN field for use_tioctl data before the ncursesw fields,
+ and limit that to the sp-funcs configuration to improve termlib
+ compatibility
+ * modify db-iterator:
+ + ignore zero-length files in db-iterator; these are useful for
+ instance to suppress $HOME/.terminfo when not wanted.
+ + modify update_getenv to ensure that environment variables
+ which are not initially set will be checked later if an
+ application happens to set them
+ * modify _nc_outc_wrapper to use the standard output if the screen
+ was not initialized, rather than returning an error.
+ * improve checks for low-level terminfo functions when the terminal
+ has not been initialized.
+ * modify set_curterm to update ttytype[] data used by longname/p>
+ * modify _nc_get_screensize to allow for use_env and use_tioctl
+ state to be per-screen when sp-funcs are configured, better
+ matching the behavior when using the term-driver configuration.
+ * remove an early-return from _nc_do_color, which can interfere with
+ data needed by bkgd when ncurses is configured with extended
+ colors
+ * incorporate A_COLOR mask into COLOR_PAIR, in case user application
+ provides an out-of-range pair number
+ * modify logic for endwin-state to be able to detect the case where
+ the screen was never initialized, using that to trigger a flush of
+ ncurses' buffer for mvcur, e.g., in the sample program dots_mvcur
+ for the term-driver configuration.
+
+ These are corrections to existing features:
+ * fixes for writing extended color pairs in putwin.
+ * modify no-leaks code for lib_cur_term.c to account for the tgetent
+ cache.
+ * amend handling of the repeat_char capability in EmitRange to avoid
+ scope creep: translate the character to the alternate character
+ set when the alternate character set is enabled, and do not use
+ repeat_char for characters past 255.
+ * improve wide-character implementation of myADDNSTR in
+ frm_driver.c, which was inconsistent with the normal
+ implementation.
+ * modify winnstr and winchnstr to return error if the output pointer
+ is null, as well as adding a null pointer check of the window
+ pointer for better compatibility with other implementations.
+ * modify setupterm to save original tty-modes so that erasechar
+ works as expected. Also modify _nc_setupscreen to avoid redundant
+ calls to get original tty-modes.
+ * modify wattr_set and wattr_get to return ERR if win-parameter is
+ null, as documented.
+ * correct order of initialization for traces in use_env and
+ use_tioctl versus first _tracef calls.
+ * correct parameters for copywin call in _nc_Synchronize_Attributes
+ * flush the standard output in _nc_flush for the case where SP is
+ zero, e.g., when called via putp. This fixes a scenario where
+ "tput flash" did not work after changes in 20130112.
+ * amend internal use of tputs to consistently use the number of
+ lines affected, e.g., for insert/delete character operations.
+ While merging terminfo source early in 1995, several descriptions
+ used the "*" proportional delay for these operations, prompting a
+ change in doupdate.
+ * correct return-value of extended putwin.
+ * double-width multibyte characters were not counted properly in
+ winsnstr and wins_nwstr.
+ * amend fix for _nc_ripoffline from 20091031 to make test/ditto.c
+ work in threaded configuration.
+ * modify _nc_viscbuf2 and _tracecchar_t2 to trace wide-characters as
+ a whole rather than their multibyte equivalents.
+ * minor fix in wadd_wchnstr to ensure that each cell has nonzero
+ width.
+ * move PUTC_INIT calls next to wcrtomb calls, to avoid carry-over of
+ error status when processing Unicode values which are not mapped.
+ * add missing assignment in lib_getch.c to make notimeout work
+
+ Program improvements
+
+ While reviewing user feedback, it became apparent that the differences
+ between [20]reset (an alias for tset) and "tput reset" were confusing:
+ * one ([21]tset) updated the terminal modes, but used only part of
+ the terminfo capabilities for initialization, while
+ * the other ([22]tput) used all of the terminal capabilities while
+ neglecting the terminal modes.
+
+ On further investigation, it turned out that the differences were
+ largely an accident due to the way those programs had evolved.
+
+ This release eliminates the unnecessary differences, using the same
+ approach for tput's init (initialization), reset and clear operations
+ as the separate [23]reset and [24]clear programs. Doing this does not
+ change the command-line options; existing scripts are unaffected.
+
+ These are the user-visible changes for the three programs (tput, tset
+ and clear):
+ * add the terminal-mode parts of "reset" (aka tset) to the "tput
+ reset" command, making the two almost the same except for
+ window-size.
+ * improve tput's check for being called as "init" or "reset" to
+ allow for transformed names.
+ * add "clear" as a possible link/alias to tput.
+ * amend changes for tput to reset tty modes to "sane" if the program
+ is run as "reset", like tset. Likewise, ensure that tset sends
+ either reset- or init-strings.
+ * add -x option to clear/tput to make the E3 extension optional
+ * add functionality of "tset -w" to tput, like the "-c" feature this
+ is not optional in tput.
+ * add options -T and -V to clear command for compatibility with
+ tput.
+ * drop long-obsolete "-n" option from tset.
+ * modify tset's assignment to TERM in its output to reflect the name
+ by which the terminal description is found, rather than the
+ primary name. That was an unnecessary part from the initial
+ conversion of tset from termcap to terminfo. The termcap library
+ in 4.3BSD did this to avoid using the short 2-character name
+ * remove a restriction in tput's support for termcap names which
+ omitted capabilities normally not shown in termcap translations
+ * add usage message to clear command
+ * improve usage messages for tset and tput.
+
+ Other user-visible improvements and new features include:
+ * modify tic/infocmp display of numeric values to use hexadecimal
+ when they are "close" to a power of two, making the result more
+ readable.
+ * add "-W" option to tic/infocmp to force long strings to wrap.
+ + This is in addition to the "-w" option which attempts to fit
+ capabilities into a given line-length.
+ + If "-f" option splits line, do not further split it with
+ "-W".
+ + Begin a new line when adding "use=" after a wrapped line.
+ * add "-q" option to infocmp to suppress the "Reconstructed from"
+ comment from the header, and a corresponding option to tic to
+ suppress all comments from the "tic -I" output.
+ * Sorted options in usage message for infocmp, to make it simpler to
+ see unused letters.
+ * Updated usage message for tic, adding "-0" option.
+ * add infocmp/tic "-Q" option, which allows one to dump the compiled
+ form of the terminal entry, in hexadecimal or base64:
+ + A "b64:" prefix in the TERMINFO variable tells the terminfo
+ reader to use base64 according to RFC-3548 as well as
+ RFC-4648 url/filename-safe format.
+ + A "hex:" prefix tells the terminfo reader to accept
+ hexadecimal data as generated by "infocmp -0qQ1".
+
+ Other less-visible improvements and new features include:
+ * modify utility headers such as tic.h to make it clearer which are
+ externals that are used by tack.
+ * add "reset" to list of programs whose names might change in
+ manpages due to program-transformation configure options.
+ * modify "-T" option of clear and tput to call use_tioctl to obtain
+ the operating system's notion of the screensize if possible.
+ * add check in tput for init/reset operands to ensure those use a
+ terminal.
+ * modify programs clear, tabs, tput and tset to pass the actual tty
+ file descriptor to setupterm rather than the standard output or
+ error, making padding work.
+ * change tset's initialization to allow it to get settings from the
+ standard input as well as /dev/tty, to be more effective when
+ output or error are redirected.
+ * amend check in tput, tabs and clear to allow those to use the
+ database-only features in cron if a "-T" option gives a suitable
+ terminal name.
+ * improve error message from tset/reset when both stderr/stdout are
+ redirected to a file or pipe.
+
+ Several of the less apparent features deal with translation of
+ terminfo to termcap (and the reverse), with corresponding checks by
+ tic:
+ * modify check in fmt_entry to handle a cancelled reset string. Make
+ similar fixes in other parts of dump_entry.c and tput.c
+ * correct read of terminfo entry in which all strings are absent or
+ explicitly cancelled. Before this fix, the result was that all
+ were treated as only absent.
+ * modify infocmp to suppress mixture of absent/cancelled
+ capabilities that would only show as "NULL, NULL", unless the "-q"
+ option is used, e.g., to show "-, @" or "@, -".
+ * correct a warning from tic about keys which are the same, to skip
+ over missing/cancelled values.
+ * add check in tic for use of bold, etc., video attributes in the
+ color capabilities, accounting whether the feature is listed in
+ ncv.
+ * add check in tic for unnecessary use of "2" to denote a shifted
+ special key.
+ * improve check in tic for delays by also warning about beep/flash
+ when a delay is not embedded, or if those use the VT100 reverse
+ video escape without using a delay.
+ * improve checks in trim_sgr0, comp_parse.c and parse_entry.c, for
+ cancelled string capabilities.
+ * add check in tic for some syntax errors of delays, as well as use
+ of proportional delays for non-line capabilities.
+ * add check in tic for conflict between ritm, rmso, rmul versus
+ sgr0.
+ * add check in _nc_parse_entry for invalid entry name, setting the
+ name to "invalid" to avoid problems storing entries.
+ * improve _nc_tparm_analyze, using that to extend the checks made by
+ tic for reporting inconsistencies between the expected number of
+ parameters for a capability and the actual.
+ * remove tic warning about "^?" in string capabilities, which was
+ marked as an extension; however all Unix implementations support
+ this and X/Open Curses does not address it. On the other hand,
+ [25]BSD termcap did not support this feature (until the
+ [26]mid-1990s).
+ in _nc_infotocap, added a check to ensure that terminfo "^?" is
+ not written to termcap.
+ * modify sscanf calls in _nc_infotocap for patterns "%{number}%+%c"
+ and "%'char'%+%c" to check that the final character is really "c",
+ avoiding a case in icl6404 which cannot be converted to termcap.
+ * in _nc_tic_expand and _nc_infotocap, improved string-length check
+ when deciding whether to use "^X" or "\xxx" format for control
+ characters, to make the output of tic/infocmp more predictable.
+ * limited termcap "%d" width to 2 digits on input, and use "%2" in
+ preference to "%02" on output.
+ * correct terminfo/termcap conversion of "%02" and "%03" into "%2"
+ and "%3"; the result repeated the last character.
+
+ Examples
+
+ Along with the library and utilities, many improvements were made to
+ the [27]ncurses-examples.
+
+ These changes were made to demonstrate new extensions in ncurses:
+ * add demo_new_pair program, to demonstrate [28]alloc_pair,
+ [29]find_pair and [30]free_pair functions.
+ This program iterates over the possible color combinations,
+ allocating or initializing color pairs. For best results, choose
+ screen-width dividing evenly into the number of colors. e.g.,
+
+ 32x64,32x128 256 colors
+ 24x44,24x88 88 colors
+ 32x64,24x128 16 colors
+
+ * add extended_color program, like the older color_set program, but
+ using the extended color functions, with and without the
+ SP-functions interface.
+ * add picsmap program to fill in some testing issues not met by
+ dots, using this as the third example in a comparison of the
+ [31]ncurses versus slang libraries.
+ The program can directly read X bitmap and pixmap files,
+ displaying a picture. It can read other image files using
+ ImageMagick's convert program to translate the image into text.
+ For 16-, 88- and 256-color terminal descriptions, picsmap can load
+ a palette file which tells it which color palette entries to use.
+ For direct-colors, the terminal descriptions use the RGB extension
+ capability.
+
+ There are other new example programs and a few scripts:
+ * add dots_xcurses program to illustrate a different approach used
+ for extended colors which can be contrasted with dots_curses.
+ * add list_keys program show function keys for one or more terminal
+ descriptions. It uses ncurses's convention of modifiers for
+ special keys, based on xterm.
+ * add padview program, to compare pads with direct updates in the
+ view program.
+ * add sp_tinfo program to exercise the SP-functions extension of the
+ low-level terminfo library.
+ * add test-programs for termattrs and term_attrs functions.
+ * add test_sgr program to exercise all combinations of the sgr
+ capability.
+ * add tput-colorcube demo script, imitating xterm's 88- and
+ 256-color scripts using tput.
+ * add tput-initc script to demonstrate how tput may be used to
+ initialize a color palette from a data file.
+
+ A variety of improvements were made to existing programs, both new
+ features as well as options added to make the set of programs more
+ consistent.
+
+ The ncurses program is the largest; a proportionately large number of
+ changes were made to it:
+ * modify a/A screens to make exiting on an escape character depend
+ on the start of keypad and timeout modes, to allow better testing
+ of function-keys.
+ add "t" toggle for notimeout function.
+ * modify layout of b/B screens to allow for additional annotation on
+ the right margin; some terminals with partial support did not
+ display well.
+ * modify c/C screens to allow for extended color pairs.
+ add z/Z zoom feature to make extended color pairs easier to test.
+ modify test-screens to take advantage of wide screens, reducing
+ the number of lines used for 88- and 256-colors.
+ * modify "d" edit-color screen to optionally read xterm color
+ palette directly from terminal, as well as handling KEY_RESIZE and
+ screen-repainting with control/L and control/R.
+ * add examples to "F" screen for WACS_D_PLUS and WACS_T_PLUS.
+ * improve "g" screen, correcting ifdef which made the legend not
+ reflect changes to keypad- and scroll-modes. Added check for
+ return-value of putwin.
+ * make "s" test easier to understand which subtests are available
+ add a corresponding "S" wide-character overlap test-screen.
+ * add "v" screen to show baudrate and other values.
+
+ These changes were made to the other examples:
+ * modify blue program to use Unicode values for card-glyphs when
+ available, as well as improving the check for CP437 and CP850.
+ * improve demo_menus program, allowing mouse-click on the
+ menu-headers to switch the active menu. This requires a new
+ extension option O_MOUSE_MENU to tell the menu driver to put mouse
+ events which do not apply to the active menu back into the queue
+ so that the application can handle the event.
+ * correct logic in demo_terminfo program for "-f" option
+ * modify ditto program to allow $XTERM_PROG environment variable to
+ override "xterm" as the name of the program to run in the threaded
+ configuration.
+ * add several options to the "dots" test-programs.
+ * modify filter program:
+ + illustrate an alternative to getnstr, that polls for input
+ while updating a clock on the right margin as well as
+ responding to window size-changes.
+ + adapt logic used in [32]dialog [33]"--keep-tite" option for
+ filter program as the "-a" option. When set, filter attempts
+ to suppress the alternate screen.
+ * modify knight program to provide the "slow" solution for small
+ screens using "R", noting that Warnsdorf's method is easily done
+ with "a".
+ * modify the savescreen program to add test patterns that exercise
+ 88-, 256-, etc., colors.
+ * add options to test_arrays, for selecting termcap vs terminfo,
+ etc.
+ * modify the view program:
+ + expand tabs using the ncurses library rather than in the
+ test-program.
+ + eliminate the "-n" option by simply reading the whole file.
+ + implement page up/down commands.
+ + remove the very old SIGWINCH example; just use KEY_RESIZE.
+ * improve animation in xmas program by adding a time-delay in
+ blinkit.
+ * modify several test-programs which call use_default_colors to
+ consistently do this only if the "-d" option is given.
+ * modify the install-rule for ncurses-examples to put the data files
+ in the data directory, e.g., /usr/share/ncurses-examples.
+ * modify several test programs to use new popup_msgs function,
+ adapted from the help-screen used in the edit_field program.
+ * modify test data for xterm palettes to use the newer
+ color4/color12 values.
+ * improve the tracemunch script:
+ + show screenXX pointers and thread identifiers as names.
+ + chang address-parameters of add_wch, color_content and
+ pair_content to dummy parameters.
+
+ Terminal database
+
+ There are several new terminal descriptions:
+
+ dumb-emacs-ansi, dvtm, dvtm-256color, fbterm, iterm2, linux-m1
+ minitel entries, putty-noapp, viewdata, and vt100+4bsd
+ building-block.
+
+ xterm+noalt, xterm+titlestack, xterm+alt1049, xterm+alt+title
+ building blocks and xterm+direct, xterm+indirect, xterm-direct.
+ from [34]xterm patch #331.
+
+ several other "-direct" descriptions to address the differences of
+ other terminal emulators versus xterm-direct.
+
+ There are many changes to existing terminal descriptions. Some were
+ updates to several descriptions:
+ * use xterm+sm+1006 in several terminal descriptions which were
+ validated as supporting the extended mouse feature for their
+ respective terminal emulators.
+ * corrected sgr/sgr0 strings in a few cases reported by tic, making
+ those correspond to the non-sgr settings where they differ, but
+ otherwise use ECMA-48 consistently.
+ * add 0.1sec mandatory delay to flash capabilities using the VT100
+ reverse-video control
+
+ while others affected specific descriptions. These were retested, to
+ take into account new/undocumented changes by their developers:
+
+ iterm, minitel, st, viewdata, nsterm
+
+ while these are specific fixes based on user reports, or warnings from
+ tic:
+
+ [35]ansi building blocks
+
+ + restored rmir/smir in ansi+idc to better match original
+ ansiterm+idc, add alias ansiterm
+
+ [36]icl6402
+
+ + corrected missing comma-separator between string capabilities
+ in icl6402 and m2-nam
+
+ [37]interix
+
+ + updated using tack and SFU with Windows 7 Ultimate.
+ + used ^? for kdch1
+
+ [38]linux
+
+ + made linux3.0 entry the default linux entry
+ + modify linux2.6 entry to improve line-drawing so that the
+ linux3.0 entry can be used in non-UTF-8 mode
+ + omitted selection of ISO-8859-1 for G0 in enacs capability
+ from linux2.6 entry, to avoid conflict with the user-defined
+ mapping. The reset feature uses ISO-8859-1 in any case.
+ + modify flash capability for linux and wyse entries to put the
+ delay between the reverse/normal escapes rather than after
+ + modify linux-16color to not mask dim, standout or reverse
+ with the ncv capability
+
+ [39]pccon entries
+
+ + fixed some inconsistencies in the pccon* entries
+ + add bold to pccon+sgr+acs and pccon-base
+ + add keys f12-f124 to pccon+keys
+
+ [40]tmux
+
+ + corrected sgr string, which used screen's "standout" code
+ rather than the standard code.
+ + add settings corresponding to xterm-keys option to reflect
+ upcoming change to make that option "on" by default
+ + uncanceled Ms
+
+ [41]vt100
+
+ + modify vt100 rs2 string to reset vt52 mode and scrolling
+ regions
+ + corrected rs2 string for vt100-nam
+ + made minor fixes for vt100+4bsd, e.g., delay in sgr for
+ consistency
+
+ [42]vte
+
+ + moved SGR 24 and 27 from vte-2014 to vte-2012
+ + add a few capabilities fixed in recent VTE development
+
+ [43]xterm
+
+ + add rep to xterm-new, available since [44]late 1996.
+ + modify xterm+256color and xterm+256setaf to use correct
+ number of color pairs.
+ + modify rs1 for xterm-16color, xterm-88color and
+ xterm-256color to reset palette using oc string as in linux
+ entry.
+ + add rs1 capability to xterm-256color
+ + add oc capability to xterm+256color, allowing palette reset
+ for xterm
+ + add op to xterm+256setaf
+ + modify xterm-r5, xterm-r6 and xterm-xf86-v32 to use xterm+kbs
+ to match [45]xterm #272, reflecting packager's changes
+ + used ANSI reply for u8 in xterm-new, to reflect vt220-style
+ responses that could be returned.
+ + made xterm-pcolor sgr consistent with other capabilities
+
+ A few entries use extensions (user-defined terminal capabilities):
+ * add rmxx/smxx ECMA-48 strikeout extension to tmux and xterm-basic
+ * used RGB capability in new *-direct entries to denote direct-color
+ feature.
+
+ Documentation
+
+ As usual, this release
+ * improves documentation by describing new features,
+ * attempts to improve the description of features which users have
+ found confusing
+ * fills in overlooked descriptions of features which were described
+ in the [46]NEWS file but treated sketchily in manual pages.
+
+ In particular,
+ * Since the underlying features for [47]tset, [48]tput, and
+ [49]clear have been better integrated, the documentation now
+ includes information on how those tools evolved.
+ In addition to explaining the improved integration of the tools,
+ the manual pages made it easier to see how the tools are similar
+ and how they are different.
+ * The addch manual page has additional information on
+ [50]portability and differences from other implementations.
+ * The discussion of color-pairs in the attributes manual page is
+ improved in its [51]history section.
+ * The documentation of the chtype, cchar_t types and the attribute
+ values which can be stored in those types, in particular the
+ [52]history and [53]portability sections of the attributes manual
+ page, has been improved.
+ * improve discussion of [54]portability in the mouse manual.
+ * The pad manual page has a section on the [55]origin and
+ portability of pads.
+ * Differences between SVr4 and X/Open Curses soft-keys are discussed
+ in a new section on [56]portability.
+ * There are updated/improved notes on portability in the
+ [57]resizeterm and [58]wresize manual pages.
+
+ In addition to providing background information to explain these
+ features and show how they evolved, there are corrections,
+ clarifications, etc.:
+ * add note in the [59]addch manual about line-drawing when it
+ depends upon UTF-8.
+ * improve discussion of line-drawing characters in the [60]add_wch
+ manual.
+ * explain in [61]clear's manual page that it writes to the standard
+ output.
+ * improve description of [62]endwin.
+ * improve discussion of field validation in the [63]form driver
+ manual page.
+ * clarify the use of wint_t vs wchar_t in [64]get_wstr manual page.
+ * clarify in the [65]getch manual that the keypad mode affects an
+ application's ability to read KEY_MOUSE codes, but does not affect
+ KEY_RESIZE.
+ trim some obsolete/incorrect wording about EINTR from the getch
+ manual page
+ improve manual pages for [66]getch and [67]get_wch to point out
+ that they might return user-defined values which have no
+ predefined names in <curses.h>
+ * improve description of the -R option in the [68]infocmp manual
+ page
+ * clarify in the [69]resizeterm manual page how KEY_RESIZE is pushed
+ onto the input stream.
+ * document return value of [70]use_extended_names
+ * document differences in [71]ESCDELAY versus AIX's implementation
+ in the variables manual page.
+ * The _nc_free_tinfo function is now documented in the
+ [72]memory-leaks manual page, because it could be used in tack for
+ memory-leak checking.
+ * add a note to the [73]tic manual page about -W versus -f options.
+ * improve terminfo manual description of [74]terminfo syntax.
+ improve terminfo manual page discussion of [75]control- and
+ graphics- characters.
+ improve [76]color-handling section in terminfo manual page
+ * clarify description in [77]tput manual page regarding support for
+ termcap names
+ update [78]tput manual page to reflect changes to manipulate
+ terminal modes by sharing functions with tset.
+ * clarify in manual pages that the optional verbose option level of
+ [79]tic and [80]infocmp is available only when ncurses is
+ configured for tracing.
+ * improve manual page description of [81]tset/reset versus
+ window-size.
+ * improve description of [82]tgoto parameters
+
+ There are new manual pages:
+ * [83]user_caps documents the terminfo extensions used by ncurses.
+ * [84]scr_dump documents the screen-dump format.
+
+ Some of the improvements are more subtle, relating to the way the
+ information is presented:
+ * Made minor fixes to manpage NAME/SYNOPSIS sections to consistently
+ use rule that either all functions which are prototyped in
+ SYNOPSIS are listed in the NAME section, or the manual-page name
+ is the sole item listed in the NAME section. The latter is used to
+ reduce clutter, e.g., for the top-level library manual pages as
+ well as for certain feature-pages such as [85]SP-funcs and
+ [86]threading.
+ * improve manual pages for utilities with respect to POSIX versus
+ X/Open Curses.
+ * improve organization of the [87]attributes and [88]color manual
+ pages.
+
+ Interesting bug-fixes
+
+ * modify toe to not exit if unable to read a terminal description,
+ e.g., if there is a permission problem.
+ * correct 20100515 change for weak signals versus sigprocmask
+ * work around Ada tool-breakage in Debian 9 and later by invoking
+ gprconfig to specify the C compiler to be used by gnatmake, and
+ conditionally suppressing Library_Options line for static
+ libraries.
+ * There were, as well, several bug-fixes to handle illegal input for
+ tic. Because those did not correspond to useful terminal
+ descriptions, most users are unaffected.
+
+ Configuration changes
+
+ Major changes
+
+ This release provides a new binary format for terminal descriptions
+ that use extended numeric capabilities. Applications built with the
+ wide-character ncursesw library can use these extended numbers.
+ * This includes utilities such as tic and infocmp, because (as noted
+ in [89]New features), the feature relies upon an extension to the
+ low-level tinfo library.
+ * A few software packagers use a configuration option of ncurses
+ which allows the low-level tinfo library to be shared between the
+ high-level ncurses and ncursesw libraries. This new feature was
+ designed to work in that configuration as well.
+
+ Other applications (i.e., using the 8-bit ncurses library) which read
+ the extended terminal descriptions see those numeric capabilities set
+ to the maximum value for a signed 16-bit number.
+
+ Older versions of ncurses' tic accept out-of-range numeric
+ capabilities, storing those as the maximum value for a signed 16-bit
+ number. Other implementations of curses (mentioned in the discussion
+ of [90]picsmap) give zero for these out-of-range capabilities.
+
+ Configuration options
+
+ These changes provide support for tack 1.08, released in [91]July
+ 2017:
+ * add --without-tack configure option to refine --with-progs
+ configure option. Normally tack is built outside the ncurses tree,
+ but a few packagers combine it during the build. If term_entry.h
+ is installed, there is no advantage to in-tree builds.
+ * adjust configure-script to define HAVE_CURSES_DATA_BOOLNAMES
+ symbol needed for tack 1.08 when built in-tree. Rather than
+ relying upon internal "_nc_" functions, tack now uses the boolean,
+ number and string capability name-arrays provided by ncurses and
+ SVr4 Unix curses. It still uses term_entry.h for the definitions
+ of the extended capability arrays.
+ * add dependency upon ncurses_cfg.h to tic's header-files; any
+ program using tic-library will have to supply this file. Legacy
+ tack versions supply this file; ongoing tack development has
+ dropped the dependency upon tic-library and new releases will not
+ be affected.
+
+ Other changes to the configure-script and generated files include
+ * add configure options to disable checks for form, menu and panel
+ libraries so that ncurses-examples can be built with non-SVr4
+ curses implementations.
+ * add configure option --enable-opaque-curses for ncurses library
+ and similar options for the other libraries.
+ * add configure option --disable-wattr-macros for use in cases where
+ one wants to use the same headers for ncurses5/ncurses6
+ development, by suppressing the wattr* macros which differ due to
+ the introduction of extended colors
+ * modify configure macro for shared-library rules to use -Wl,-rpath
+ rather than -rpath to work around a bug in scons
+ * improve ncurses-examples' configure script to define as needed
+ NCURSES_WIDECHAR for platforms where _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED does
+ not work. Also modified the test program to ensure that if
+ building with ncurses, that the cchar_t type is checked, since
+ that is normally (since [92]20111030) ifdef'd depending on this
+ test.
+ * modify configure script to handle the case where tic-library is
+ renamed, but the --with-debug option is used by itself without
+ normal or shared libraries
+ * modify editing script which generates resulting.map to work with
+ the clang configuration on recent FreeBSD, which gives an error on
+ an empty "local" section.
+ * improve configure check for setting the WILDCARD_SYMS variable; on
+ ppc64 the variable is in the Data section rather than Text.
+ * correct result of configure option --without-fallbacks, which
+ caused FALLBACK_LIST to be set to "no"
+ * modify --with-pkg-config-libdir option to make it possible to
+ install ".pc" files even if pkg-config is not found. Limit this
+ change, to suppress the actual install if it is not overridden to
+ a valid directory at install time.
+ * disallow "no" as a possible value for --with-shlib-version option,
+ overlooked in cleanup-changes for [93]20000708.
+
+ Portability
+
+ Many of the portability changes are implemented via the configure
+ script:
+ * improve configure script's CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS macro to allow for
+ compiler wrappers such as ccache. This change moves only the
+ preprocessor, optimization and warning flags to CPPFLAGS and
+ CFLAGS, leaving the residue in CC. That happens to work for gcc's
+ various "model" options, but may require tuning for other
compilers.
- * modify parameter type in c++ binding for insch() and mvwinsch() to
- be consistent with underlying ncurses library (was char, is
- chtype).
- * change NCursesWindow::err_handler() to a virtual function.
- * form and menu libraries now work with wide-character data.
- Applications which bypassed the form library and manipulated the
- FIELD.buf data directly will not work properly with libformw,
- since that no longer points to an array of char. The
- set_field_buffer() and field_buffer() functions translate to/from
- the actual field data.
- * add symbol to curses.h which can be used to suppress include of
- stdbool.h, e.g.,
- #define NCURSES_ENABLE_STDBOOL_H 0
- #include <curses.h>
-
- * change SP->_current_attr to a pointer, adjust ifdef's to ensure
- that libtinfo.so and libtinfow.so have the same ABI. The reason
- for this is that the corresponding data which belongs to the
- upper-level ncurses library has a different size in each model.
- * winnstr() now returns multibyte character strings for the
- wide-character configuration.
- * assume_default_colors() no longer requires that
- use_default_colors() be called first.
- * data_ahead() now works with wide-characters.
- * slk_set() and slk_wset() now accept and store multibyte or
- multicolumn characters.
- * start_color() now returns OK if colors have already been started.
- start_color() also returns ERR if it cannot allocate memory.
- * pair_content() now returns -1 for consistency with init_pair() if
- it corresponds to the default-color.
- * unctrl() now returns null if its parameter does not correspond to
- an unsigned char.
-
- New features and improvements:
- * library
- + environment variable NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS supports
- miscellaneous terminal emulators which ignore alternate
- character set escape sequences when in UTF-8 mode.
- + modify initialization of key lookup table so that if an
- extended capability (tic -x) string is defined, and its name
- begins with 'k', ncurses will automatically treat it as a
- key.
- + change GPM initialization, using dl library to load it
- dynamically at runtime.
- + form, menu and panel libraries support debug-tracing.
- * add NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html by Pradeep Padala (see
- http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/).
- * programs:
- * infocmp:
- + The -i option now matches 8-bit controls against its table
- entries, e.g., so it can analyze the xterm-8bit entry.
- + add "-x" option to infocmp like tic's "-x", for use in "-F"
- comparisons. This modifies infocmp to only report extended
- capabilities if the -x option is given, making this more
- consistent with tic. Some scripts may break, since infocmp
- previous gave this information without an option.
- * tic:
- + modify termcap-parsing to retain 2-character aliases at the
- beginning of an entry if the "-x" option is used in tic.
- + filter out long extended names when translating to termcap
- format. Only two characters are permissible for termcap
- capability names.
- + correct translation of "%%" in terminfo format to termcap,
- e.g., using "tic -C".
- + modify the "-c -v" options to ignore delays when comparing
- strings. Also modify it to ignore a canceled sgr string,
- e.g., for terminals which cannot properly combine attributes
- in one control sequence.
- + add a check for improperly ended strings, i.e., where a
- following line begins in column 1.
- + add a check in tic for terminfo entries having an sgr0 but no
- sgr string. This confuses Tru64 and HPUX curses when combined
- with color, e.g., making them leave line-drawing characters
- in odd places.
- + add check (with debug configuration) that provides about the
- runtime changes that would be made to sgr0 for termcap
- applications.
- * tset:
- + add -c and -w options to allow user to suppress ncurses'
- resizing of the terminal emulator window in the special case
- where it is not able to detect the true size.
-
- Major bug fixes:
- * improve logic in tgetent() which adjusts the termcap "me" string
- to work with ISO-2022 string used in xterm-new. This is a feature
- that was incompletely implemented in ncurses 5.3. ncurses attempts
- to provide termcap clients with the portion of the sgr0 (termcap
- "me") string that does not reset line-drawing.
- * cells in the WINDOW which are continuations of a multicolumn
- character are encoded differently, making repainting more
- reliable.
- * amend change to setupterm() in ncurses 5.4 (20030405) which would
- reuse the value of cur_term if the same output was selected. This
- now reuses it only when setupterm() is called from tgetent(),
- which has no notion of separate SCREENs. Note that tgetent() must
- be called after initscr() or newterm() to use this feature.
- * make setcchar() now works when its wchar_t* parameter is pointing
- to a string which contains more data than can be converted.
- * win_wchnstr() now works for more than one cell.
- * resizeterm() now processes all levels of window hierarchy.
- * disable GPM mouse support when $TERM happens to be prefixed with
- "xterm". Gpm_Open() would otherwise assert that it can deal with
- mouse events in this case.
- * add SP->_screen_acs_map[], used to ensure that mapping of missing
- line-drawing characters is handled properly. For example,
- ACS_DARROW is absent from xterm-new, and it was coincidentally
- displayed the same as ACS_BTEE.
-
- Portability:
- * configure script:
- + new options:
-
- --enable-largefile
- set compiler and linker flags to use largefile
- support.
-
- --enable-ext-colors
- Allow encoding of 256 foreground and background
- colors, e.g., with the xterm-256color or
- xterm-88color terminfo entries. This requires ABI 6
- because it changes the size of cchar_t.
-
- --enable-ext-mouse
- This defines NCURSES_MOUSE_VERSION 2, and modifies
- the encoding of mouse events to support wheel mice,
- which may transmit buttons 4 and 5. This works with
- xterm and similar terminal emulators. This requires
- ABI 6 because it changes the encoding of mouse
- events.
-
- --with-chtype
- overriding of the non-LP64 model's use of chtype
-
- --with-mmask-t
- overriding of the non-LP64 model's use of mmask_t
-
- --without-xterm-new
- Installs "xterm-old" as the "xterm" entry of the
- terminfo database.
-
- + The --with-termlib option now accepts a value which sets the
- name of the terminfo library. This would allow a packager to
- build libtinfow.so renamed to coincide with libtinfo.so
- + fixes/improvements for cross-compiling:
- o suppress $suffix in misc/run_tic.sh when
- cross-compiling. This allows cross-compiles to use the
- host's tic program to handle the "make install.data"
- step.
- o correct BUILD_CPPFLAGS substitution in
- ncurses/Makefile.in, to allow cross-compiling from a
- separate directory tree.
- * library:
- + add ifdef's for _LP64 in curses.h to avoid using wasteful
- 64-bits for chtype and mmask_t, but add configure option
- --disable-lp64 in case anyone used that configuration.
- + modify C++ binding to use some C internal functions to make
- it compile properly on Solaris (and other platforms).
- + remove check in newwin() that prevents allocating windows
- that extend beyond the screen (Solaris does this).
- + check for nl_langinfo(CODESET), use it if available. This
- replaces ad hoc tests of environment variables to check if
- the terminal is setup for UTF-8 encoding. Applications which
- do not call setlocale() should be corrected, to make them
- work properly with UTF-8 encoding.
- In particular, applications which assume (and do not call
- setlocale()) that Latin-1 codes are printable will no longer
- work in a UTF-8 locale since the ad hoc check of environment
- variables to see if the locale was UTF-8 is not used when
- nl_langinfo(CODESET) is available.
- + use setlocale() to query the program's current locale rather
- than using getenv(). This supports applications which rely
- upon legacy treatment of 8-bit characters when the locale is
- not initialized.
-
- Features of Ncurses
-
- The ncurses package is fully compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4)
- curses:
- * All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are
- documented).
- * Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping,
- color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic
- recognition of keypad and function keys.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting a stack of
- windows with backing store, is included.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting a uniform but
- flexible interface for menu programming, is included.
- * An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting data collection
- through on-screen forms, is included.
- * Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1)
- implementation are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format
- SVr4 curses uses.
- * The utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo entries
- for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as the
- HP/UX and AIX ports.
+ * modify ncurses-examples' configure script to use pkg-config for
+ the extra form/menu/panel libraries, to be more consistent with
+ the handling of the curses/ncurses library.
+ * add configuration checks to build with [94]NetBSD curses, which
+ for example lacks [95]use_env.
+ * change ncurses-examples to use attr_t vs chtype to follow X/Open
+ documentation more closely since Solaris xpg4-curses uses
+ different values for WA_xxx vs A_xxx that rely on attr_t being an
+ unsigned short. Tru64 aka OSF1, HPUX, AIX did as ncurses does,
+ equating the two sets.
+ * modify several test programs to reflect that ncurses honors
+ existing signal handlers in initscr, while other implementations
+ do not.
+ * add configure check for openpty to ncurses-examples' configure
+ script, for ditto.
+ * improve check for working poll function by using posix_openpt as a
+ fallback in case there is no valid terminal on the standard input
+ * modify ncurses-examples' configure script to check for pthread
+ dependency of ncursest or ncursestw library when building the
+ ncurses examples, e.g., in case weak symbols are used.
+ * add checks in ncurses-examples' configure script for some
+ functions neither in 4.3BSD curses, nor based on X/Open Curses:
+ + modify a loop limit in firework.c to work around absense of
+ limit checks in some libraries.
+ + fill the last row of a window with "?" in firstlast if waddch
+ does not return ERR on the lower-right corner.
+ * build-fixes for the Portland Group (PGI) compilers
+ + accept whitespace in sed expression for generating expanded.c
+ + modify configure check that g++ compiler warnings are not
+ used.
+ + add configure check for -fPIC option needed for shared
+ libraries.
+ * modify configure script for clang as used on FreeBSD, to work
+ around clang's differences in exit codes vs gcc.
+ * fixes for configure/build using clang on OSX
+ + do not redefine "inline" in ncurses_cfg.h; this was
+ originally to solve a problem with gcc/g++, but is aggravated
+ by clang's misuse of symbols to pretend it is gcc.
+ + add braces to configure script to prevent unwanted addition
+ of "-lstdc++" option to the CXXLIBS symbol.
+ + improve/update test-program used for checking existence of
+ stdc++ library.
+ + if $CXXLIBS is set, the linkage test uses that in addition to
+ $LIBS.
+ * fixes for OS/2:
+ + use button instead of kbuf[0] in EMX-specific part of
+ lib_mouse.c
+ + support building with libtool on OS/2
+ + use stdc++ library with OS/2 kLIBC
+ + clear configure script's cf_XOPEN_SOURCE for OS/2, to work
+ with its header files
+ * add "newer" baudrate symbols to the [96]baudrate function in the
+ ncurses library as well as to a corresponding table in tset.
+ * modify ncurses-examples savescreen to work with AIX and HPUX.
+ * define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN for MinGW port, making builds faster.
+ * add a configure check for wcwidth versus the ncurses line-drawing
+ characters, to use in special-casing systems such as Solaris.
+ Solaris, however, requires a special case that maps Unicode
+ line-drawing characters into the acsc string for non-Unicode
+ locales. Solaris also has a misconfigured wcwidth which marks all
+ of the line drawing characters as double-width.
+ * string-hacks (non-standard):
+ + fix configure script to record when strlcat is found on
+ OpenBSD.
+ + add --enable-string-hacks option to ncurses-examples'
+ configure script.
+ + completed string-hacks for sprintf, etc., including the
+ ncurses-examples programs.
+ + make --enable-string-hacks option work with Debian by
+ checking for the "bsd" library and its associated
+ "<bsd/string.h>" header.
+ * workaround for Debian's antique/unmaintained version of mawk:
+ + see Debian #65617, which was fixed in mawk's upstream
+ releases in [97]2009.
+ + related fixes when building link_test.
+ _________________________________________________________________
+
+Features of ncurses
+
+ The ncurses package is fully upward-compatible with SVr4 (System V
+ Release 4) curses:
+ * All of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are documented).
+ * ncurses supports all of the for SVr4 curses features including
+ keyboard mapping, color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and
+ automatic recognition of keypad and function keys.
+ * ncurses provides these SVr4 add-on libraries (not part of X/Open
+ Curses):
+ + the panels library, supporting a stack of windows with
+ backing store.
+ + the menus library, supporting a uniform but flexible
+ interface for menu programming.
+ + the form library, supporting data collection through
+ on-screen forms.
+ * ncurses's terminal database is fully compatible with that used by
+ SVr4 curses.
+ + ncurses supports user-defined capabilities which it can see,
+ but which are hidden from SVr4 curses applications using the
+ same terminal database.
+ + It can be optionally configured to match the format used in
+ related systems such as AIX and Tru64.
+ + Alternatively, ncurses can be configured to use hashed
+ databases rather than the directory of files used by SVr4
+ curses.
+ * The ncurses utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo
+ entries for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as
+ the HP/UX and AIX ports.
The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
* The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN
curses specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE
- level features, but not all EXTENDED features). Most
- EXTENDED-level features not directly concerned with wide-character
- support are implemented, including many function calls not
- supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of all calls is
- documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
+ level features, and most EXTENDED features). It includes many
+ function calls not supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of
+ all calls is documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
* Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost
corner of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character
capability.
* Ada95 and C++ bindings.
- * Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and OS/2
- console windows.
+ * Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and FreeBSD
+ and OS/2 console windows.
* Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
- * The function wresize() allows you to resize windows, preserving
+ * The function wresize allows you to resize windows, preserving
their data.
- * The function use_default_colors() allows you to use the terminal's
+ * The function use_default_colors allows you to use the terminal's
default colors for the default color pair, achieving the effect of
transparent colors.
- * The functions keyok() and define_key() allow you to better control
- the use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
- or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given
- key code.
- * Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and XFree86 xterm.
+ * The functions keyok and define_key allow you to better control the
+ use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE, or by
+ defining more than one control sequence to map to a given key
+ code.
+ * Support for 256-color terminals, such as modern xterm.
+ * Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and modern xterm.
* Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
or System V's.
incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it
to make optimal use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and
line-deletion for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more
- powerful than the 4.4BSD curses quickch() routine.
+ powerful than the 4.4BSD curses quickch routine.
* Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the
magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before the
types even when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible
(this may be useful for support of screen-oriented programs that
must run in single-user mode).
- * The tic(1)/captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the ability
- to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T extension
- sets.
- * A BSD-like tset(1) utility is provided.
+ * The [98]tic/[99]captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the
+ ability to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T
+ extension sets.
+ * A BSD-like [100]tset utility is provided.
* The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that
directory if it exists and the user has no write access to the
other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the
user's $HOME/.terminfo directory.
- * A script (capconvert) is provided to help BSD users transition
- from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a TERMCAP
- environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file and
- converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under
- $HOME/.terminfo.
- * Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
- when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is
- neither fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have
- to, but it's there.
- * The table-of-entries utility toe makes it easy for users to see
- exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
+ * The table-of-entries utility [101]toe makes it easy for users to
+ see exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
* The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry point
have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
#undef.
- * An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document
- provides a narrative introduction to the curses programming
- interface.
+ * Extensive documentation is provided (see the [102]Additional
+ Reading section of the [103]ncurses FAQ for online documentation).
+
+Applications using ncurses
- State of the Package
+ The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
+ (including a few games). These are available separately as
+ [104]ncurses-examples
+
+ The ncurses library has been tested with a wide variety of
+ applications including:
- Numerous bugs present in earlier versions have been fixed; the library
- is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
- `dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
- according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks
- and arena corruption by the Purify memory-allocation tester.
+ aptitude
+ FrontEnd to Apt, the debian package manager
- The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
- including (versions starting with those noted):
+ [105]https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
cdk
Curses Development Kit
- [3]http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
- [4]http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
+
+ [106]https://invisible-island.net/cdk/
ded
directory-editor
- [5]http://invisible-island.net/ded/
+
+ [107]https://invisible-island.net/ded/
dialog
the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the
- basis for similar applications on GNU/Linux.
- [6]http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
+ basis for similar install/configure applications on many
+ systems.
+
+ [108]https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
lynx
- the character-screen WWW browser
- [7]http://lynx.isc.org/release/
+ the text WWW browser
- Midnight Commander
- file manager
- [8]http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
+ [109]https://lynx.invisible-island.net/
mutt
mail utility
- [9]http://www.mutt.org/
+
+ [110]http://www.mutt.org/
ncftp
file-transfer utility
- [10]http://www.ncftp.com/
+
+ [111]https://www.ncftp.com/
nvi
- New vi versions 1.50 are able to use ncurses versions 1.9.7 and
- later.
- [11]http://www.bostic.com/vi/
+ New vi uses ncurses.
+
+ [112]https://sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/vi
- pinfo
- Lynx-like info browser.
- [12]http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
+ ranger
+ A console file manager with VI key bindings in Python.
+
+ [113]https://ranger.github.io/
tin
- newsreader, supporting color, MIME [13]http://www.tin.org/
+ newsreader, supporting color, MIME
+
+ [114]http://www.tin.org/
- vh-1.6
- Volks-Hypertext browser for the Jargon File
- [14]http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
+ vifm
+ File manager with vi like keybindings
+
+ [115]https://vifm.info/
as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
minicom
- terminal emulator
- [15]http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
+ terminal emulator for serial modem connections
+
+ [116]https://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/
+
+ mosh
+ a replacement for ssh.
+
+ [117]https://mosh.mit.edu/
+
+ tack
+ terminfo action checker
+
+ [118]https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html
+
+ tmux
+ terminal multiplexor
+
+ [119]https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki
vile
- vi-like-emacs
- [16]http://invisible-island.net/vile/
+ vi-like-emacs may be built to use the terminfo, termcap or
+ curses interfaces.
- The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
- (including a few games).
+ [120]https://invisible-island.net/vile/
+
+ and finally, those which use only the termcap interface:
-Who's Who and What's What
+ emacs
+ text editor
- Zeyd Ben-Halim started it from a previous package pcurses, written by
- Pavel Curtis. Eric S. Raymond continued development. Jürgen Pfeifer
- wrote most of the form and menu libraries. Ongoing work is being done
- by [17]Thomas Dickey. Thomas Dickey acts as the maintainer for the
- Free Software Foundation, which holds the copyright on ncurses.
- Contact the current maintainers at [18]bug-ncurses@gnu.org.
+ [121]https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
- To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
- bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org containing the line:
- subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
+ less
+ The most commonly used pager (a program that displays text
+ files).
+
+ [122]http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/
+
+ screen
+ terminal multiplexor
+
+ [123]https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/
+
+ vim
+ text editor
+
+ [124]https://www.vim.org/
+
+Development activities
+
+ Zeyd Ben-Halim started ncurses from a previous package pcurses,
+ written by Pavel Curtis. Eric S. Raymond continued development.
+ Juergen Pfeifer wrote most of the form and menu libraries. Ongoing
+ development work is done by [125]Thomas Dickey. Thomas Dickey also
+ acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation, which holds
+ the [126]copyright on ncurses.
+
+ Contact the current maintainers at
+
+ [127]bug-ncurses@gnu.org
+
+ To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
+
+ [128]bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org
+
+ containing the line:
+
+ subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development
and testing of this package.
Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made
- available at [19]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
+ available at
+
+ [129]ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/ and
+ [130]https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/ .
-Future Plans
+ There is an archive of the mailing list here:
- * Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization
- support.
- * Ports to more systems, including DOS and Windows.
+ [131]http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses (also
+ [132]https)
- We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in
- working on them, please join the ncurses list.
+Related resources
-Other Related Resources
+ The release notes make scattered references to these pages, which may
+ be interesting by themselves:
+ * [133]ncurses licensing
+ * [134]Symbol versioning in ncurses
+ * [135]Comments on ncurses versus slang (S-Lang)
+ * [136]tack - terminfo action checker
+ * [137]tctest - termcap library checker
+ * [138]Terminal Database
+
+Other resources
The distribution provides a newer version of the terminfo-format
- terminal description file maintained by [20]Eric Raymond . Unlike the
- older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided in the same
- file.
+ terminal description file once maintained by [139]Eric Raymond .
+ Unlike the older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided
+ in the same file, which also provides several user-definable
+ extensions beyond the X/Open specification.
You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics not
- covered in the terminfo file at [21]Richard Shuford's archive .
+ covered in the terminfo file at [140]Richard Shuford's archive .
+
+ * [141]Overview
+ * [142]Release Notes
+ + [143]Library improvements
+ o [144]New features
+ o [145]Other improvements
+ + [146]Program improvements
+ o [147]Utilities
+ o [148]Examples
+ + [149]Terminal database
+ + [150]Documentation
+ + [151]Interesting bug-fixes
+ + [152]Configuration changes
+ o [153]Major changes
+ o [154]Configuration options
+ + [155]Portability
+ * [156]Features of ncurses
+ * [157]Applications using ncurses
+ * [158]Development activities
+ * [159]Related resources
+ * [160]Other resources
References
- 1. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
- 2. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
- 3. http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
- 4. http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
- 5. http://invisible-island.net/ded/
- 6. http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
- 7. http://lynx.isc.org/release/
- 8. http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
- 9. http://www.mutt.org/
- 10. http://www.ncftp.com/
- 11. http://www.bostic.com/vi/
- 12. http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
- 13. http://www.tin.org/
- 14. http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
- 15. http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
- 16. http://invisible-island.net/vile/
- 17. mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net
- 18. mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org
- 19. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
- 20. http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/
- 21. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html
+ 1. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/captoinfo.1m.html
+ 2. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html
+ 3. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/infocmp.1m.html
+ 4. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tabs.1.html
+ 5. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html
+ 6. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/toe.1m.html
+ 7. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html
+ 8. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
+ 9. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+ 10. ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+ 11. https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/
+ 12. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
+ 13. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_kernel.3x.html#h3-def_prog_mode_-def_shell_mode
+ 14. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html
+ 15. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#bsd42-numeric-caps
+ 16. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html#cause_numbers
+ 17. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html#portable
+ 18. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack/CHANGES.html#index-t20170726
+ 19. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-EXTENSIONS
+ 20. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html#h3-reset---reinitialization
+ 21. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
+ 22. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html
+ 23. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html#h3-reset---reinitialization
+ 24. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html
+ 25. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#bsd42-ctl-question
+ 26. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#freebsd-ctl-question
+ 27. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html
+ 28. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-alloc_pair
+ 29. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-find_pair
+ 30. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-free_pair
+ 31. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html#compare_picsmap
+ 32. https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
+ 33. https://invisible-island.net/dialog/manpage/dialog.html#h3-Common-Options
+ 34. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_331
+ 35. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_A_N_S_I__S_Y_S__I_S_O_6429__E_C_M_A-48__Capabilities
+ 36. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-icl6404
+ 37. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-interix
+ 38. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Linux_consoles
+ 39. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Open_B_S_D_consoles
+ 40. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Tmux
+ 41. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_D_E_C__V_T100_and_compatibles
+ 42. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_G_N_O_M_E__V_T_E_
+ 43. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_X_T_E_R_M
+ 44. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_32
+ 45. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_272
+ 46. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html
+ 47. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
+ 48. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
+ 49. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
+ 50. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_addch.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 51. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-HISTORY
+ 52. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-HISTORY
+ 53. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 54. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_mouse.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 55. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_pad.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 56. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_slk.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 57. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/resizeterm.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 58. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/wresize.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 59. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_addch.3x.html#h3-ACS-Symbols
+ 60. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_add_wch.3x.html
+ 61. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-DESCRIPTION
+ 62. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_initscr.3x.html#h3-endwin
+ 63. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/form_driver.3x.html
+ 64. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_get_wstr.3x.html#h2-RETURN-VALUE
+ 65. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_getch.3x.html#h3-Predefined-key-codes
+ 66. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_getch.3x.html#h3-Keypad-Mode
+ 67. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_get_wch.3x.html#h2-DESCRIPTION
+ 68. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/infocmp.1m.html
+ 69. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/resizeterm.3x.html#h2-NOTES
+ 70. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_extend.3x#h2-RETURN-VALUE
+ 71. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_variables.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 72. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_memleaks.3x.html
+ 73. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html
+ 74. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/terminfo.5.html#h3-Terminfo-Capabilities-Syntax
+ 75. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/terminfo.5.html#h3-Line-Graphics
+ 76. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/terminfo.5.html#h3-Color-Handling
+ 77. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html#h2-PORTABILITY
+ 78. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html#h3-Aliases
+ 79. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html#h2-OPTIONS
+ 80. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/infocmp.1m.html#h3-Other-Options
+ 81. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
+ 82. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_termcap.3x.html#h3-FORMATTING-CAPABILITIES
+ 83. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/user_caps.5.html
+ 84. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/scr_dump.5.html
+ 85. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_sp_funcs.3x.html
+ 86. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_threads.3x.html
+ 87. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html
+ 88. file:///ncurses/man/curs_color.3x.html
+ 89. file:///usr/build/ncurses/ncurses-6.1-20180127/doc/html/announce.html#h4-new-library
+ 90. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html#compare_picsmap
+ 91. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack/CHANGES.html#index-t20170726
+ 92. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20111030
+ 93. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20000708
+ 94. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-netbsd.html
+ 95. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_util.3x.html#h3-use_env
+ 96. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_termattrs.3x.html#h3-baudrate
+ 97. https://invisible-island.net/mawk/CHANGES.html#t20090727
+ 98. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html
+ 99. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/captoinfo.1m.html
+ 100. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
+ 101. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/toe.1m.html
+ 102. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html#additional_reading
+ 103. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html
+ 104. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html
+ 105. https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
+ 106. https://invisible-island.net/cdk/
+ 107. https://invisible-island.net/ded/
+ 108. https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
+ 109. https://lynx.invisible-island.net/
+ 110. http://www.mutt.org/
+ 111. https://www.ncftp.com/
+ 112. https://sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/vi
+ 113. https://ranger.github.io/
+ 114. http://www.tin.org/
+ 115. https://vifm.info/
+ 116. https://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/
+ 117. https://mosh.mit.edu/
+ 118. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html
+ 119. https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki
+ 120. https://invisible-island.net/vile/
+ 121. https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
+ 122. http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/
+ 123. https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/
+ 124. https://www.vim.org/
+ 125. mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net
+ 126. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-license.html
+ 127. mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org
+ 128. mailto:bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org
+ 129. ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+ 130. https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/
+ 131. http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses
+ 132. https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses
+ 133. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-license.html
+ 134. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html
+ 135. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html
+ 136. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html
+ 137. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html
+ 138. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.html#download_database
+ 139. http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/
+ 140. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal
+ 141. file:///usr/build/ncurses/ncurses-6.1-20180127/doc/html/announce.html#h2-overview
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projects / ncurses.git / blobdiff