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<H1 class="no-header">curs_addch 3x</H1>
<PRE>
-<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
+<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echochar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> -
- add a character (with attributes) to a <STRONG>curses</STRONG> window, then
- advance the cursor
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
+ <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echochar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> - add a character
+ (with attributes) to a <STRONG>curses</STRONG> window, then advance the cursor
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>addch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wechochar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
- The <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG> and <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG> routines put the
- character <EM>ch</EM> into the given window at its current window
- position, which is then advanced. They are analogous to
- <STRONG>putchar</STRONG> in <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG>. If the advance is at the right mar-
- gin:
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the
- next line.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if
- <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled
- up one line.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the
- lower right margin succeeds. However, an error is
- returned because it is not possible to wrap to a new
- line
-
- If <EM>ch</EM> is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the
- cursor is moved appropriately within the window:
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the
- left edge of a window it does nothing.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left
- margin on the current line.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Newline does a <STRONG>clrtoeol</STRONG>, then moves the cursor to the
- window left margin on the next line, scrolling the
- window if on the last line.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The
- tab interval may be altered by setting the <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG>
- variable.
-
- If <EM>ch</EM> is any other control character, it is drawn in <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM>
- notation. Calling <STRONG>winch</STRONG> after adding a control character
- does not return the character itself, but instead returns
- the ^-representation of the control character.
-
- Video attributes can be combined with a character argument
- passed to <STRONG>addch</STRONG> or related functions by logical-ORing them
- into the character. (Thus, text, including attributes,
- can be copied from one place to another using <STRONG>inch</STRONG> and
- <STRONG>addch</STRONG>.) See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> page for values of prede-
- fined video attribute constants that can be usefully OR'ed
- into characters.
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
- The <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> and <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> routines are equivalent to a
- call to <STRONG>addch</STRONG> followed by a call to <STRONG>refresh</STRONG>, or a call to
- <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> followed by a call to <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that
- only a single character is being output is used and, for
- non-control characters, a considerable performance gain
- may be seen by using these routines instead of their
- equivalents.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Adding-characters">Adding characters</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG> and <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG> routines put the character <EM>ch</EM>
+ into the given window at its current window position, which is then
+ advanced. They are analogous to <STRONG>putchar(3)</STRONG> in <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG>. If the
+ advance is at the right margin:
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the next line.
-</PRE>
-<H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
- The following variables may be used to add line drawing
- characters to the screen with routines of the <STRONG>addch</STRONG> fam-
- ily. The default character listed below is used if the
- <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability does not define a terminal-specific
- replacement for it. The names are taken from VT100 nomen-
- clature.
-
- <EM>Name</EM> <EM>Default</EM> <EM>Description</EM>
- --------------------------------------------------
- ACS_BLOCK # solid square block
- ACS_BOARD # board of squares
- ACS_BTEE + bottom tee
- ACS_BULLET o bullet
- ACS_CKBOARD : checker board (stipple)
- ACS_DARROW v arrow pointing down
- ACS_DEGREE ' degree symbol
- ACS_DIAMOND + diamond
- ACS_GEQUAL > greater-than-or-equal-to
- ACS_HLINE - horizontal line
- ACS_LANTERN # lantern symbol
- ACS_LARROW < arrow pointing left
- ACS_LEQUAL < less-than-or-equal-to
- ACS_LLCORNER + lower left-hand corner
- ACS_LRCORNER + lower right-hand corner
- ACS_LTEE + left tee
- ACS_NEQUAL ! not-equal
- ACS_PI * greek pi
- ACS_PLMINUS # plus/minus
- ACS_PLUS + plus
- ACS_RARROW > arrow pointing right
- ACS_RTEE + right tee
- ACS_S1 - scan line 1
- ACS_S3 - scan line 3
- ACS_S7 - scan line 7
- ACS_S9 _ scan line 9
- ACS_STERLING f pound-sterling symbol
- ACS_TTEE + top tee
- ACS_UARROW ^ arrow pointing up
- ACS_ULCORNER + upper left-hand corner
- ACS_URCORNER + upper right-hand corner
- ACS_VLINE | vertical line
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is
+ enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled up one line.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right
+ margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not
+ possible to wrap to a new line
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
- All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on
- success (the SVr4 manuals specify only "an integer value
- other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion, unless other-
- wise noted in the preceding routine descriptions.
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the cursor is
+ moved appropriately within the window:
- Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor move-
- ment using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is
- outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the left edge of
+ a window it does nothing.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left margin on the
+ current line.
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
- Note that <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> may be
- macros.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Newline does a <STRONG>clrtoeol</STRONG>, then moves the cursor to the window left
+ margin on the next line, scrolling the window if on the last line.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The tab interval
+ may be altered by setting the <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable.
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
- All these functions are described in the XSI Curses stan-
- dard, Issue 4. The defaults specified for forms-drawing
- characters apply in the POSIX locale.
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is any other control character, it is drawn in <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.
+ Calling <STRONG>winch</STRONG> after adding a control character does not return the
+ character itself, but instead returns the ^-representation of the con-
+ trol character.
- X/Open Curses states that the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions are <STRONG>char</STRONG>
- constants. For the wide-character implementation (see
- <STRONG>curs_add_wch</STRONG>), there are analogous <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions which
- are <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> constants.
+ Video attributes can be combined with a character argument passed to
+ <STRONG>addch</STRONG> or related functions by logical-ORing them into the character.
+ (Thus, text, including attributes, can be copied from one place to
+ another using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">inch(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG>addch</STRONG>.) See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> page for val-
+ ues of predefined video attribute constants that can be usefully OR'ed
+ into characters.
- Some ACS symbols (ACS_S3, ACS_S7, ACS_LEQUAL, ACS_GEQUAL,
- ACS_PI, ACS_NEQUAL, ACS_STERLING) were not documented in
- any publicly released System V. However, many publicly
- available terminfos include <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> strings in which their
- key characters (pryz{|}) are embedded, and a second-hand
- list of their character descriptions has come to light.
- The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for
- <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
- The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in some versions of
- curses, but is not part of X/Open curses.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Echoing-characters">Echoing characters</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> and <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> routines are equivalent to a call to <STRONG>addch</STRONG>
+ followed by a call to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, or a call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> followed by a
+ call to <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that only a single character is being
+ output is used and, for non-control characters, a considerable perfor-
+ mance gain may be seen by using these routines instead of their equiva-
+ lents.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
+ The following variables may be used to add line drawing characters to
+ the screen with routines of the <STRONG>addch</STRONG> family. The default character
+ listed below is used if the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability does not define a terminal-
+ specific replacement for it, or if the terminal and locale configura-
+ tion requires Unicode but the library is unable to use Unicode.
+
+ The names are taken from VT100 nomenclature.
+
+ <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
+ ---------------------------------------------------------
+ ACS_BLOCK # 0 solid square block
+ ACS_BOARD # h board of squares
+ ACS_BTEE + v bottom tee
+ ACS_BULLET o ~ bullet
+ ACS_CKBOARD : a checker board (stipple)
+ ACS_DARROW v . arrow pointing down
+ ACS_DEGREE ' f degree symbol
+ ACS_DIAMOND + ` diamond
+ ACS_GEQUAL > > greater-than-or-equal-to
+ ACS_HLINE - q horizontal line
+ ACS_LANTERN # i lantern symbol
+ ACS_LARROW < , arrow pointing left
+ ACS_LEQUAL < y less-than-or-equal-to
+ ACS_LLCORNER + m lower left-hand corner
+ ACS_LRCORNER + j lower right-hand corner
+ ACS_LTEE + t left tee
+ ACS_NEQUAL ! | not-equal
+ ACS_PI * { greek pi
+ ACS_PLMINUS # g plus/minus
+ ACS_PLUS + n plus
+ ACS_RARROW > + arrow pointing right
+ ACS_RTEE + u right tee
+ ACS_S1 - o scan line 1
+ ACS_S3 - p scan line 3
+ ACS_S7 - r scan line 7
+ ACS_S9 _ s scan line 9
+ ACS_STERLING f } pound-sterling symbol
+ ACS_TTEE + w top tee
+ ACS_UARROW ^ - arrow pointing up
+ ACS_ULCORNER + l upper left-hand corner
+ ACS_URCORNER + k upper right-hand corner
+ ACS_VLINE | x vertical line
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
+ All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success (the
+ SVr4 manuals specify only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon suc-
+ cessful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine
+ descriptions.
+
+ Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using
+ <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if
+ the window pointer is null.
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
+ Note that <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> may be macros.
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
+ All these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4.
+ The defaults specified for forms-drawing characters apply in the POSIX
+ locale.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ACS-Symbols">ACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE>
+ X/Open Curses states that the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions are <STRONG>char</STRONG> constants. For
+ the wide-character implementation (see <STRONG>curs_add_wch</STRONG>), there are analo-
+ gous <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions which are <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> constants.
+
+ Some ACS symbols (ACS_S3, ACS_S7, ACS_LEQUAL, ACS_GEQUAL, ACS_PI,
+ ACS_NEQUAL, ACS_STERLING) were not documented in any publicly released
+ System V. However, many publicly available terminfos include <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
+ strings in which their key characters (pryz{|}) are embedded, and a
+ second-hand list of their character descriptions has come to light.
+ The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
+
+ The <EM>displayed</EM> values for the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> and <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> constants depend on
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the library configuration, i.e., <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> versus <STRONG>ncursesw</STRONG>, where the
+ latter is capable of displaying Unicode while the former is not,
+ and
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> whether the <EM>locale</EM> uses UTF-8 encoding.
+
+ In certain cases, the terminal is unable to display line-drawing char-
+ acters except by using UTF-8 (see the discussion of <STRONG>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</STRONG>
+ in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>).
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Character-Set">Character Set</a></H3><PRE>
+ X/Open Curses assumes that the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> contains a
+ single character. As discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, that character may
+ have been more than eight bits in an SVr3 or SVr4 implementation, but
+ in the X/Open Curses model, the details are not given. The important
+ distinction between SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses is that the non-char-
+ acter information (attributes and color) was separated from the charac-
+ ter information which is packed in a <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> to pass to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
+
+ In this implementation, <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> holds eight bits. But ncurses allows
+ multibyte characters to be passed in a succession of calls to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
+ The other implementations do not do this; a call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> passes
+ exactly one character which may be rendered as one or more cells on the
+ screen depending on whether it is printable.
+
+ Depending on the locale settings, ncurses will inspect the byte passed
+ in each call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and check if the latest call will continue a
+ multibyte sequence. When a character is <EM>complete</EM>, ncurses displays the
+ character and moves to the next position in the screen.
+
+ If the calling application interrupts the succession of bytes in a
+ multibyte character by moving the current location (e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>),
+ ncurses discards the partially built character, starting over again.
+
+ For portability to other implementations, do not rely upon this behav-
+ ior:
- If <EM>ch</EM> is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the
- beginning of the current row of the window. This is true
- of other implementations, but is not documented.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> check if a character can be represented as a single byte in the
+ current locale before attempting call <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> call <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> for characters which cannot be handled by <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of
+ curses, but is not part of X/Open curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG> for
+ more details).
+
+ If <EM>ch</EM> is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the
+ current row of the window. This is true of other implementations, but
+ is not documented.
-</PRE>
-<H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>,
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>,
- <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>.
- Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw)
- library are described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_out-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">opts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>.
+ Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are
+ described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
+
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
+<li><a href="#h3-Adding-characters">Adding characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Echoing-characters">Echoing characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
-<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h3-ACS-Symbols">ACS Symbols</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-Character-Set">Character Set</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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