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<H1 class="no-header">curs_terminfo 3x</H1>
<PRE>
-<STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
+<STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG>del_curterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>, <STRONG>putp</STRONG>, <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG>,
- <STRONG>setterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetflag</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetnum</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG>, <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG>,
- <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>, <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG>, <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG>, <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG>, <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> -
- <STRONG>curses</STRONG> interfaces to terminfo database
+ <STRONG>del_curterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>, <STRONG>putp</STRONG>, <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>setterm</STRONG>, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>tigetflag</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetnum</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG>, <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>, <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG>, <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG>, <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> interfaces to terminfo database
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
- These low-level routines must be called by programs that
- have to deal directly with the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database to handle
- certain terminal capabilities, such as programming func-
- tion keys. For all other functionality, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines
- are more suitable and their use is recommended.
+ These low-level routines must be called by programs that have to deal
+ directly with the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database to handle certain terminal capabil-
+ ities, such as programming function keys. For all other functionality,
+ <STRONG>curses</STRONG> routines are more suitable and their use is recommended.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Initialization">Initialization</a></H3><PRE>
- Initially, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> should be called. The high-level
- curses functions <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> and <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> call <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> to
- initialize the low-level set of terminal-dependent vari-
- ables [listed in <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>].
-
- Applications can use the terminal capabilities either di-
- rectly (via header definitions), or by special functions.
- The header files <STRONG>curses.h</STRONG> and <STRONG>term.h</STRONG> should be included
- (in this order) to get the definitions for these strings,
- numbers, and flags.
-
- The <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> variables <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>columns</STRONG> are initialized
- by <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> as follows:
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>use_env(FALSE)</STRONG> has been called, values for <STRONG>lines</STRONG>
- and <STRONG>columns</STRONG> specified in <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> are used.
-
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise, if the environment variables <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COL-</STRONG>
- <STRONG>UMNS</STRONG> exist, their values are used. If these environ-
- ment variables do not exist and the program is running
- in a window, the current window size is used. Other-
- wise, if the environment variables do not exist, the
- values for <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>columns</STRONG> specified in the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG>
- database are used.
-
- Parameterized strings should be passed through <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> to
- instantiate them. All <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> strings [including the
- output of <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>] should be printed with <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> or <STRONG>putp</STRONG>.
- Call <STRONG>reset_shell_mode</STRONG> to restore the tty modes before ex-
- iting [see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>].
+ Initially, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> should be called. The high-level curses functions
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> and <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> call <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> to initialize the low-level set of
+ terminal-dependent variables [listed in <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>].
+
+ Applications can use the terminal capabilities either directly (via
+ header definitions), or by special functions. The header files <STRONG>curs-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>es.h</STRONG> and <STRONG>term.h</STRONG> should be included (in this order) to get the defini-
+ tions for these strings, numbers, and flags.
+
+ The <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> variables <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>columns</STRONG> are initialized by <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
+ as follows:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>use_env(FALSE)</STRONG> has been called, values for <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>columns</STRONG>
+ specified in <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> are used.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise, if the environment variables <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> exist,
+ their values are used. If these environment variables do not exist
+ and the program is running in a window, the current window size is
+ used. Otherwise, if the environment variables do not exist, the
+ values for <STRONG>lines</STRONG> and <STRONG>columns</STRONG> specified in the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database are
+ used.
+
+ Parameterized strings should be passed through <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> to instantiate
+ them. All <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> strings (including the output of <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>) should be
+ printed with <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> or <STRONG>putp</STRONG>. Call <STRONG>reset_shell_mode</STRONG> to restore the tty
+ modes before exiting [see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>].
Programs which use cursor addressing should
Programs which execute shell subprocesses should
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> call <STRONG>reset_shell_mode</STRONG> and output <STRONG>exit_ca_mode</STRONG> before
- the shell is called and
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> call <STRONG>reset_shell_mode</STRONG> and output <STRONG>exit_ca_mode</STRONG> before the shell is
+ called and
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> output <STRONG>enter_ca_mode</STRONG> and call <STRONG>reset_prog_mode</STRONG> after
- returning from the shell.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> output <STRONG>enter_ca_mode</STRONG> and call <STRONG>reset_prog_mode</STRONG> after returning from
+ the shell.
- The <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> routine reads in the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database, ini-
- tializing the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> structures, but does not set up the
- output virtualization structures used by <STRONG>curses</STRONG>. These
- are its parameters:
+ The <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> routine reads in the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database, initializing the
+ <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> structures, but does not set up the output virtualization
+ structures used by <STRONG>curses</STRONG>. These are its parameters:
- <EM>term</EM> is the terminal type, a character string. If <EM>term</EM>
- is null, the environment variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> is used.
+ <EM>term</EM> is the terminal type, a character string. If <EM>term</EM> is null, the
+ environment variable <STRONG>TERM</STRONG> is used.
<EM>filedes</EM>
is the file descriptor used for all output.
<EM>errret</EM>
- points to an optional location where an error sta-
- tus can be returned to the caller. If <EM>errret</EM> is
- not null, then <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> returns <STRONG>OK</STRONG> or <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> and
- stores a status value in the integer pointed to by
- <EM>errret</EM>. A return value of <STRONG>OK</STRONG> combined with status
- of <STRONG>1</STRONG> in <EM>errret</EM> is normal.
+ points to an optional location where an error status can be re-
+ turned to the caller. If <EM>errret</EM> is not null, then <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
+ returns <STRONG>OK</STRONG> or <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> and stores a status value in the integer
+ pointed to by <EM>errret</EM>. A return value of <STRONG>OK</STRONG> combined with sta-
+ tus of <STRONG>1</STRONG> in <EM>errret</EM> is normal.
If <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> is returned, examine <EM>errret</EM>:
- <STRONG>1</STRONG> means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot
- be used for curses applications.
+ <STRONG>1</STRONG> means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot be used for
+ curses applications.
- <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> determines if the entry is a hard-
- copy type by checking the <STRONG>hc</STRONG> (<STRONG>hardcopy</STRONG>) capa-
- bility.
+ <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> determines if the entry is a hardcopy type by
+ checking the <STRONG>hc</STRONG> (<STRONG>hardcopy</STRONG>) capability.
- <STRONG>0</STRONG> means that the terminal could not be found,
- or that it is a generic type, having too lit-
- tle information for curses applications to
- run.
+ <STRONG>0</STRONG> means that the terminal could not be found, or that it is
+ a generic type, having too little information for curses
+ applications to run.
- <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> determines if the entry is a gener-
- ic type by checking the <STRONG>gn</STRONG> (<STRONG>generic</STRONG>) capabil-
- ity.
+ <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> determines if the entry is a generic type by
+ checking the <STRONG>gn</STRONG> (<STRONG>generic</STRONG>) capability.
- <STRONG>-1</STRONG> means that the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database could not be
- found.
+ <STRONG>-1</STRONG> means that the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> database could not be found.
- If <EM>errret</EM> is null, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> prints an error mes-
- sage upon finding an error and exits. Thus, the
- simplest call is:
+ If <EM>errret</EM> is null, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> prints an error message upon find-
+ ing an error and exits. Thus, the simplest call is:
<STRONG>setupterm((char</STRONG> <STRONG>*)0,</STRONG> <STRONG>1,</STRONG> <STRONG>(int</STRONG> <STRONG>*)0);</STRONG>,
- which uses all the defaults and sends the output
- to <STRONG>stdout</STRONG>.
+ which uses all the defaults and sends the output to <STRONG>stdout</STRONG>.
The <STRONG>setterm</STRONG> routine was replaced by <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>. The call:
<STRONG>setupterm(</STRONG><EM>term</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>1,</STRONG> <STRONG>(int</STRONG> <STRONG>*)0)</STRONG>
- provides the same functionality as <STRONG>setterm(</STRONG><EM>term</EM><STRONG>)</STRONG>. The
- <STRONG>setterm</STRONG> routine is provided for BSD compatibility, and is
- not recommended for new programs.
+ provides the same functionality as <STRONG>setterm(</STRONG><EM>term</EM><STRONG>)</STRONG>. The <STRONG>setterm</STRONG> routine
+ is provided for BSD compatibility, and is not recommended for new pro-
+ grams.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-The-Terminal-State">The Terminal State</a></H3><PRE>
- The <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> routine stores its information about the
- terminal in a <STRONG>TERMINAL</STRONG> structure pointed to by the global
- variable <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>. If it detects an error, or decides
- that the terminal is unsuitable (hardcopy or generic), it
- discards this information, making it not available to ap-
- plications.
-
- If <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> is called repeatedly for the same terminal
- type, it will reuse the information. It maintains only
- one copy of a given terminal's capabilities in memory. If
- it is called for different terminal types, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> allo-
- cates new storage for each set of terminal capabilities.
-
- The <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG> routine sets <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG> to <EM>nterm</EM>, and makes
- all of the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> boolean, numeric, and string variables
- use the values from <EM>nterm</EM>. It returns the old value of
- <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>.
-
- The <STRONG>del_curterm</STRONG> routine frees the space pointed to by
- <EM>oterm</EM> and makes it available for further use. If <EM>oterm</EM> is
- the same as <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>, references to any of the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG>
- boolean, numeric, and string variables thereafter may re-
- fer to invalid memory locations until another <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
- has been called.
-
- The <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG> routine is similar to <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> and
- <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>, except that it is called after restoring memory
- to a previous state (for example, when reloading a game
- saved as a core image dump). <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG> assumes that the
- windows and the input and output options are the same as
- when memory was saved, but the terminal type and baud rate
- may be different. Accordingly, <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG> saves various
- tty state bits, calls <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>, and then restores the
- bits.
+ The <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> routine stores its information about the terminal in a
+ <STRONG>TERMINAL</STRONG> structure pointed to by the global variable <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>. If it
+ detects an error, or decides that the terminal is unsuitable (hardcopy
+ or generic), it discards this information, making it not available to
+ applications.
+
+ If <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> is called repeatedly for the same terminal type, it will
+ reuse the information. It maintains only one copy of a given termi-
+ nal's capabilities in memory. If it is called for different terminal
+ types, <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> allocates new storage for each set of terminal capa-
+ bilities.
+
+ The <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG> routine sets <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG> to <EM>nterm</EM>, and makes all of the
+ <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> boolean, numeric, and string variables use the values from
+ <EM>nterm</EM>. It returns the old value of <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>.
+
+ The <STRONG>del_curterm</STRONG> routine frees the space pointed to by <EM>oterm</EM> and makes
+ it available for further use. If <EM>oterm</EM> is the same as <STRONG>cur_term</STRONG>, refer-
+ ences to any of the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> boolean, numeric, and string variables
+ thereafter may refer to invalid memory locations until another <STRONG>se-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>tupterm</STRONG> has been called.
+
+ The <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG> routine is similar to <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> and <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>, except
+ that it is called after restoring memory to a previous state (for exam-
+ ple, when reloading a game saved as a core image dump). <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG>
+ assumes that the windows and the input and output options are the same
+ as when memory was saved, but the terminal type and baud rate may be
+ different. Accordingly, <STRONG>restartterm</STRONG> saves various tty state bits,
+ calls <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>, and then restores the bits.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Formatting-Output">Formatting Output</a></H3><PRE>
- The <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> routine instantiates the string <EM>str</EM> with parame-
- ters <EM>pi</EM>. A pointer is returned to the result of <EM>str</EM> with
- the parameters applied. Application developers should
- keep in mind these quirks of the interface:
+ The <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> routine instantiates the string <EM>str</EM> with parameters <EM>pi</EM>. A
+ pointer is returned to the result of <EM>str</EM> with the parameters applied.
+ Application developers should keep in mind these quirks of the inter-
+ face:
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Although <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>'s actual parameters may be integers or
- strings, the prototype expects <STRONG>long</STRONG> (integer) values.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Although <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>'s actual parameters may be integers or strings, the
+ prototype expects <STRONG>long</STRONG> (integer) values.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> Aside from the <STRONG>set_attributes</STRONG> (<STRONG>sgr</STRONG>) capability, most
- terminal capabilities require no more than one or two
- parameters.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Aside from the <STRONG>set_attributes</STRONG> (<STRONG>sgr</STRONG>) capability, most terminal capa-
+ bilities require no more than one or two parameters.
- <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG> is a newer form of <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> which uses <EM><stdarg.h></EM>
- rather than a fixed-parameter list. Its numeric parame-
- ters are integers (int) rather than longs.
+ <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG> is a newer form of <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> which uses <EM><stdarg.h></EM> rather than a
+ fixed-parameter list. Its numeric parameters are integers (int) rather
+ than longs.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Output-Functions">Output Functions</a></H3><PRE>
- The <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> routine applies padding information to the
- string <EM>str</EM> and outputs it:
+ The <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> routine applies padding information to the string <EM>str</EM> and
+ outputs it:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The <EM>str</EM> parameter must be a terminfo string variable or the return
+ value from <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tgetstr</STRONG>, or <STRONG>tgoto</STRONG>.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> The <EM>str</EM> must be a terminfo string variable or the re-
- turn value from <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>, <STRONG>tgetstr</STRONG>, or <STRONG>tgoto</STRONG>.
+ The <STRONG>tgetstr</STRONG> and <STRONG>tgoto</STRONG> functions are part of the <EM>termcap</EM> interface,
+ which happens to share this function name with the <EM>terminfo</EM> inter-
+ face.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>affcnt</EM> is the number of lines affected, or 1 if not
- applicable.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>affcnt</EM> is the number of lines affected, or 1 if not applicable.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>putc</EM> is a <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>-like routine to which the characters
- are passed, one at a time.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>putc</EM> is a <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>-like routine to which the characters are passed,
+ one at a time.
- The <STRONG>putp</STRONG> routine calls <STRONG>tputs(</STRONG><EM>str</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>1,</STRONG> <STRONG>putchar)</STRONG>. The output
- of <STRONG>putp</STRONG> always goes to <STRONG>stdout</STRONG>, rather than the <EM>filedes</EM>
- specified in <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>.
+ The <STRONG>putp</STRONG> routine calls <STRONG>tputs(</STRONG><EM>str</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>1,</STRONG> <STRONG>putchar)</STRONG>. The output of <STRONG>putp</STRONG> al-
+ ways goes to <STRONG>stdout</STRONG>, rather than the <EM>filedes</EM> specified in <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>.
- The <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> routine displays the string on the terminal in
- the video attribute mode <EM>attrs</EM>, which is any combination
- of the attributes listed in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>. The characters
- are passed to the <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>-like routine <EM>putc</EM>.
+ The <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> routine displays the string on the terminal in the video
+ attribute mode <EM>attrs</EM>, which is any combination of the attributes listed
+ in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>. The characters are passed to the <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>-like routine
+ <EM>putc</EM>.
- The <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG> routine is like the <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> routine, except
- that it outputs through <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>.
+ The <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG> routine is like the <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> routine, except that it outputs
+ through <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>.
- The <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG> routines correspond to vidattr
- and vidputs, respectively. They use a set of arguments
- for representing the video attributes plus color, i.e.,
+ The <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG> routines correspond to vidattr and vidputs,
+ respectively. They use a set of arguments for representing the video
+ attributes plus color, i.e.,
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>attrs</EM> of type <STRONG>attr_t</STRONG> for the attributes and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>pair</EM> of type <STRONG>short</STRONG> for the color-pair number.
- The <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG> routines are designed to use the
- attribute constants with the <EM>WA</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> prefix.
+ The <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG> routines are designed to use the attribute
+ constants with the <EM>WA</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> prefix.
- X/Open Curses reserves the <EM>opts</EM> argument for future use,
- saying that applications must provide a null pointer for
- that argument. As an extension, this implementation al-
- lows <EM>opts</EM> to be used as a pointer to <STRONG>int</STRONG>, which overrides
- the <EM>pair</EM> (<STRONG>short</STRONG>) argument.
+ X/Open Curses reserves the <EM>opts</EM> argument for future use, saying that
+ applications must provide a null pointer for that argument. As an ex-
+ tension, this implementation allows <EM>opts</EM> to be used as a pointer to
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG>, which overrides the <EM>pair</EM> (<STRONG>short</STRONG>) argument.
- The <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> routine provides low-level cursor motion. It
- takes effect immediately (rather than at the next re-
- fresh).
+ The <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> routine provides low-level cursor motion. It takes effect
+ immediately (rather than at the next refresh).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Terminal-Capability-Functions">Terminal Capability Functions</a></H3><PRE>
- The <STRONG>tigetflag</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetnum</STRONG> and <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG> routines return the
- value of the capability corresponding to the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> <EM>cap-</EM>
- <EM>name</EM> passed to them, such as <STRONG>xenl</STRONG>. The <EM>capname</EM> for each
- capability is given in the table column entitled <EM>capname</EM>
- code in the capabilities section of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
+ The <STRONG>tigetflag</STRONG>, <STRONG>tigetnum</STRONG> and <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG> routines return the value of the
+ capability corresponding to the <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> <EM>capname</EM> passed to them, such
+ as <STRONG>xenl</STRONG>. The <EM>capname</EM> for each capability is given in the table column
+ entitled <EM>capname</EM> code in the capabilities section of <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>.
These routines return special values to denote errors.
<STRONG>-1</STRONG> if <EM>capname</EM> is not a boolean capability, or
- <STRONG>0</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal de-
- scription.
+ <STRONG>0</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
The <STRONG>tigetnum</STRONG> routine returns
<STRONG>-2</STRONG> if <EM>capname</EM> is not a numeric capability, or
- <STRONG>-1</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal de-
- scription.
+ <STRONG>-1</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
The <STRONG>tigetstr</STRONG> routine returns
<STRONG>(char</STRONG> <STRONG>*)-1</STRONG>
if <EM>capname</EM> is not a string capability, or
- <STRONG>0</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal de-
- scription.
+ <STRONG>0</STRONG> if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Terminal-Capability-Names">Terminal Capability Names</a></H3><PRE>
for each of the predefined <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> variables:
- <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*boolnames[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*boolcodes[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*boolf-</STRONG>
- <STRONG>names[]</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*boolnames[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*boolcodes[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*boolfnames[]</STRONG>
<STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*numnames[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*numcodes[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*numfnames[]</STRONG>
<STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*strnames[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*strcodes[]</STRONG>, <STRONG>*strfnames[]</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
- Routines that return an integer return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure
- and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 only specifies "an integer value other than
- <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted
- in the preceding routine descriptions.
+ Routines that return an integer return <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4
+ only specifies "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful com-
+ pletion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descriptions.
Routines that return pointers always return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
- X/Open defines no error conditions. In this implementa-
- tion
+ X/Open defines no error conditions. In this implementation
<STRONG>del_curterm</STRONG>
- returns an error if its terminal parameter is
- null.
+ returns an error if its terminal parameter is null.
<STRONG>putp</STRONG> calls <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>, returning the same error-codes.
<STRONG>restartterm</STRONG>
- returns an error if the associated call to <STRONG>se-</STRONG>
- <STRONG>tupterm</STRONG> returns an error.
+ returns an error if the associated call to <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> returns an
+ error.
<STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>
- returns an error if it cannot allocate enough mem-
- ory, or create the initial windows (stdscr,
- curscr, newscr). Other error conditions are docu-
- mented above.
+ returns an error if it cannot allocate enough memory, or create
+ the initial windows (stdscr, curscr, newscr). Other error con-
+ ditions are documented above.
<STRONG>tputs</STRONG>
- returns an error if the string parameter is null.
- It does not detect I/O errors: X/Open states that
- <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> ignores the return value of the output func-
- tion <EM>putc</EM>.
+ returns an error if the string parameter is null. It does not
+ detect I/O errors: X/Open states that <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> ignores the return
+ value of the output function <EM>putc</EM>.
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
+ SVr2 introduced the terminfo feature. Its programming manual mentioned
+ these low-level functions:
+
+ <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
+ ------------------------------------------------------------
+ fixterm restore tty to "in curses" state
+ gettmode establish current tty modes
+ mvcur low level cursor motion
+ putp utility function that uses <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> to send char-
+ acters via <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>.
+ resetterm set tty modes to "out of curses" state
+ resetty reset tty flags to stored value
+ saveterm save current modes as "in curses" state
+ savetty store current tty flags
+ setterm establish terminal with given type
+ setupterm establish terminal with given type
+ tparm instantiate a string expression with parameters
+ tputs apply padding information to a string
+ vidattr like <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG>, but outputs through <STRONG>putchar</STRONG>
+ vidputs output a string to put terminal in a specified
+ video attribute mode
+
+ The programming manual also mentioned functions provided for termcap
+ compatibility (commenting that they "may go away at a later date"):
+
+ <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
+ ------------------------------------------------
+ tgetent look up termcap entry for given <EM>name</EM>
+ tgetflag get boolean entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+ tgetnum get numeric entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+ tgetstr get string entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+ tgoto apply parameters to given capability
+ tputs apply padding to capability, calling
+ a function to put characters
+
+ Early terminfo programs obtained capability values from the <STRONG>TERMINAL</STRONG>
+ structure initialized by <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG>.
+
+ SVr3 extended terminfo by adding functions to retrieve capability val-
+ ues (like the termcap interface), and reusing tgoto and tputs:
+
+ <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
+ -------------------------------------------
+ tigetflag get boolean entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+ tigetnum get numeric entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+ tigetstr get string entry for given <EM>id</EM>
+
+ SVr3 also replaced several of the SVr2 terminfo functions which had no
+ counterpart in the termcap interface, documenting them as obsolete:
+
+ <STRONG>Function</STRONG> <STRONG>Replaced</STRONG> <STRONG>by</STRONG>
+ -----------------------------
+ crmode cbreak
+ fixterm reset_prog_mode
+ gettmode N/A
+ nocrmode nocbreak
+ resetterm reset_shell_mode
+ saveterm def_prog_mode
+ setterm setupterm
+
+ SVr3 kept the <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>, <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> functions, along with <STRONG>putp</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> and <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>. The latter were needed to support padding, and han-
+ dling functions such as <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG> (which used more than the two parame-
+ ters supported by <STRONG>tgoto</STRONG>).
+
+ SVr3 introduced the functions for switching between terminal descrip-
+ tions, e.g., <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG>. The various global variables such as <STRONG>bool-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>names</STRONG> were mentioned in the programming manual at this point.
+
+ SVr4 added the <STRONG>vid_attr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vid_puts</STRONG> functions.
+
+ There are other low-level functions declared in the curses header files
+ on Unix systems, but none were documented. The functions marked "obso-
+ lete" remained in use by the Unix <STRONG>vi</STRONG> editor.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Legacy-functions">Legacy functions</a></H3><PRE>
X/Open notes that <STRONG>vidattr</STRONG> and <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> may be macros.
- The function <STRONG>setterm</STRONG> is not described by X/Open and must
- be considered non-portable. All other functions are as
- described by X/Open.
+ The function <STRONG>setterm</STRONG> is not described by X/Open and must be considered
+ non-portable. All other functions are as described by X/Open.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Legacy-data">Legacy data</a></H3><PRE>
- <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> copies the terminal name to the array <STRONG>ttytype</STRONG>.
- This is not part of X/Open Curses, but is assumed by some
- applications.
+ <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> copies the terminal name to the array <STRONG>ttytype</STRONG>. This is not
+ part of X/Open Curses, but is assumed by some applications.
- Other implementions may not declare the capability name
- arrays. Some provide them without declaring them. X/Open
- does not specify them.
+ Other implementions may not declare the capability name arrays. Some
+ provide them without declaring them. X/Open does not specify them.
- Extended terminal capability names, e.g., as defined by
- <STRONG>tic</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>, are not stored in the arrays described here.
+ Extended terminal capability names, e.g., as defined by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>, are not
+ stored in the arrays described here.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Output-buffering">Output buffering</a></H3><PRE>
- Older versions of <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> assumed that the file descriptor
- passed to <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> from <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> uses buffered
- I/O, and would write to the corresponding stream. In ad-
- dition to the limitation that the terminal was left in
- block-buffered mode on exit (like System V curses), it was
- problematic because <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> did not allow a reliable way
- to cleanup on receiving SIGTSTP.
-
- The current version (ncurses6) uses output buffers managed
- directly by <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. Some of the low-level functions de-
- scribed in this manual page write to the standard output.
- They are not signal-safe. The high-level functions in
- <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> use alternate versions of these functions using
+ Older versions of <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> assumed that the file descriptor passed to
+ <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> from <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> uses buffered I/O, and would write to
+ the corresponding stream. In addition to the limitation that the ter-
+ minal was left in block-buffered mode on exit (like System V curses),
+ it was problematic because <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> did not allow a reliable way to
+ cleanup on receiving SIGTSTP.
+
+ The current version (ncurses6) uses output buffers managed directly by
+ <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. Some of the low-level functions described in this manual page
+ write to the standard output. They are not signal-safe. The high-lev-
+ el functions in <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> use alternate versions of these functions using
the more reliable buffering scheme.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Function-prototypes">Function prototypes</a></H3><PRE>
- The X/Open Curses prototypes are based on the SVr4 curses
- header declarations, which were defined at the same time
- the C language was first standardized in the late 1980s.
+ The X/Open Curses prototypes are based on the SVr4 curses header decla-
+ rations, which were defined at the same time the C language was first
+ standardized in the late 1980s.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses uses <STRONG>const</STRONG> less effectively than a later
- design might, in some cases applying it needlessly to
- values are already constant, and in most cases over-
- looking parameters which normally would use <STRONG>const</STRONG>.
- Using constant parameters for functions which do not
- use <STRONG>const</STRONG> may prevent the program from compiling. On
- the other hand, <EM>writable</EM> <EM>strings</EM> are an obsolescent
- feature.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses uses <STRONG>const</STRONG> less effectively than a later design
+ might, in some cases applying it needlessly to values are already
+ constant, and in most cases overlooking parameters which normally
+ would use <STRONG>const</STRONG>. Using constant parameters for functions which do
+ not use <STRONG>const</STRONG> may prevent the program from compiling. On the other
+ hand, <EM>writable</EM> <EM>strings</EM> are an obsolescent feature.
- As an extension, this implementation can be configured
- to change the function prototypes to use the <STRONG>const</STRONG>
- keyword. The ncurses ABI 6 enables this feature by
- default.
+ As an extension, this implementation can be configured to change
+ the function prototypes to use the <STRONG>const</STRONG> keyword. The ncurses ABI
+ 6 enables this feature by default.
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses prototypes <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> with a fixed number of
- parameters, rather than a variable argument list.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses prototypes <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> with a fixed number of parameters,
+ rather than a variable argument list.
- This implementation uses a variable argument list, but
- can be configured to use the fixed-parameter list.
- Portable applications should provide 9 parameters af-
- ter the format; zeroes are fine for this purpose.
+ This implementation uses a variable argument list, but can be con-
+ figured to use the fixed-parameter list. Portable applications
+ should provide 9 parameters after the format; zeroes are fine for
+ this purpose.
- In response to review comments by Thomas E. Dickey,
- X/Open Curses Issue 7 proposed the <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG> function in
- mid-2009.
+ In response to review comments by Thomas E. Dickey, X/Open Curses
+ Issue 7 proposed the <STRONG>tiparm</STRONG> function in mid-2009.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Special-TERM-treatment">Special TERM treatment</a></H3><PRE>
- If configured to use the terminal-driver, e.g., for the
- MinGW port,
+ If configured to use the terminal-driver, e.g., for the MinGW port,
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> interprets a missing/empty TERM variable as
- the special value "unknown".
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> interprets a missing/empty TERM variable as the special
+ value "unknown".
- <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> allows explicit use of the the windows con-
- sole driver by checking if $TERM is set to "#win32con"
- or an abbreviation of that string.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> allows explicit use of the the windows console driver by
+ checking if $TERM is set to "#win32con" or an abbreviation of that
+ string.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Other-portability-issues">Other portability issues</a></H3><PRE>
- In System V Release 4, <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG> has an <STRONG>int</STRONG> return type
- and returns <STRONG>OK</STRONG> or <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>. We have chosen to implement the
- X/Open Curses semantics.
+ In System V Release 4, <STRONG>set_curterm</STRONG> has an <STRONG>int</STRONG> return type and returns
+ <STRONG>OK</STRONG> or <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>. We have chosen to implement the X/Open Curses semantics.
- In System V Release 4, the third argument of <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> has the
- type <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>(*putc)(char)</STRONG>.
+ In System V Release 4, the third argument of <STRONG>tputs</STRONG> has the type <STRONG>int</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>(*putc)(char)</STRONG>.
- At least one implementation of X/Open Curses (Solaris) re-
- turns a value other than OK/ERR from <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>. That returns
- the length of the string, and does no error-checking.
+ At least one implementation of X/Open Curses (Solaris) returns a value
+ other than <STRONG>OK</STRONG>/<STRONG>ERR</STRONG> from <STRONG>tputs</STRONG>. That returns the length of the string,
+ and does no error-checking.
- X/Open notes that after calling <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>, the curses state
- may not match the actual terminal state, and that an ap-
- plication should touch and refresh the window before re-
- suming normal curses calls. Both <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> and System V Re-
- lease 4 curses implement <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> using the SCREEN data allo-
- cated in either <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. So though it is docu-
- mented as a terminfo function, <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> is really a curses
- function which is not well specified.
+ X/Open notes that after calling <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>, the curses state may not match
+ the actual terminal state, and that an application should touch and re-
+ fresh the window before resuming normal curses calls. Both <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> and
+ System V Release 4 curses implement <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> using the SCREEN data allo-
+ cated in either <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG>. So though it is documented as a
+ terminfo function, <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG> is really a curses function which is not well
+ specified.
- X/Open states that the old location must be given for
- <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>. This implementation allows the caller to use -1's
- for the old ordinates. In that case, the old location is
- unknown.
+ X/Open states that the old location must be given for <STRONG>mvcur</STRONG>. This im-
+ plementation allows the caller to use -1's for the old ordinates. In
+ that case, the old location is unknown.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
- <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_term-</STRONG>
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">cap(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="term_variables.3x.html">term_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>,
- <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">curs_kernel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termcap.3x.html">curs_termcap(3x)</A></STRONG>,
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="term_variables.3x.html">term_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>
- <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
+
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Legacy-functions">Legacy functions</a></li>
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