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+<H1 class="no-header">curs_util 3x</H1>
<PRE>
-<!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
+<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2>NAME</H2><PRE>
- <B>unctrl</B>, <B>keyname</B>, <B>filter</B>, <B>use_env</B>, <B>putwin</B>, <B>getwin</B>,
- <B>delay_output</B>, <B>flushinp</B> - miscellaneous <B>curses</B> utility rou-
- tines
-</PRE>
-<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
- <B>#include</B> <B><curses.h></B>
- <B>char</B> <B>*unctrl(chtype</B> <B>c);</B>
- <B>char</B> <B>*keyname(int</B> <B>c);</B>
- <B>void</B> <B>filter(void);</B>
- <B>void</B> <B>use_env(char</B> <B>bool);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>putwin(WINDOW</B> <B>*win,</B> <B>FILE</B> <B>*filep);</B>
- <B>WINDOW</B> <B>*getwin(FILE</B> <B>*filep);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>delay_output(int</B> <B>ms);</B>
- <B>int</B> <B>flushinp(void);</B>
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
+ <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>, <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>, <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> -
+ miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> utility routines
-</PRE>
-<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
- The <B>unctrl</B> macro expands to a character string which is a
- printable representation of the character <I>c</I>. Control
- characters are displayed in the <B>^</B><I>X</I> notation. Printing
- characters are displayed as is.
-
- The <B>keyname</B> routine returns a character string correspond-
- ing to the key <I>c</I>.
-
- The <B>filter</B> routine, if used, must be called before <B>initscr</B>
- or <B>newterm</B> are called. The effect is that, during those
- calls, <B>LINES</B> is set to 1; the capabilities <B>clear</B>, <B>cup</B>,
- <B>cud</B>, <B>cud1</B>, <B>cuu1</B>, <B>cuu</B>, <B>vpa</B> are disabled; and the <B>home</B>
- string is set to the value of <B>cr</B>.
-
- The <B>use_env</B> routine, if used, is called before <B>initscr</B> or
- <B>newterm</B> are called. When called with <B>FALSE</B> as an argu-
- ment, the values of <B>lines</B> and <B>columns</B> specified in the
- <I>terminfo</I> database will be used, even if environment vari-
- ables <B>LINES</B> and <B>COLUMNS</B> (used by default) are set, or if
- <B>curses</B> is running in a window (in which case default
- behavior would be to use the window size if <B>LINES</B> and
- <B>COLUMNS</B> are not set).
-
- The <B>putwin</B> routine writes all data associated with window
- <I>win</I> into the file to which <I>filep</I> points. This information
- can be later retrieved using the <B>getwin</B> function.
-
- The <B>getwin</B> routine reads window related data stored in the
- file by <B>putwin</B>. The routine then creates and initializes
- a new window using that data. It returns a pointer to the
- new window.
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
+ <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
- The <B>delay_output</B> routine inserts an <I>ms</I> millisecond pause
- in output. This routine should not be used extensively
- because padding characters are used rather than a CPU
- pause.
- The <B>flushinp</B> routine throws away any typeahead that has
- been typed by the user and has not yet been read by the
- program.
+ <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*c);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>w);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ms);</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG>
-</PRE>
-<H2>RETURN VALUE</H2><PRE>
- Except for <B>flushinp</B>, routines that return an integer
- return <B>ERR</B> upon failure and <B>OK</B> (SVr4 specifies only "an
- integer value other than <B>ERR</B>") upon successful completion.
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
- <B>flushinp</B> always returns <B>OK</B>.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> routine returns a character string which is a
+ printable representation of the character <EM>c</EM>, ignoring at-
+ tributes. Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> no-
+ tation. Printing characters are displayed as is. The
+ corresponding <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> returns a printable representation
+ of a wide character.
- Routines that return pointers return <B>NULL</B> on error.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string correspond-
+ ing to the key <EM>c</EM>:
-</PRE>
-<H2>PORTABILITY</H2><PRE>
- The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these func-
- tions.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Printable characters are displayed as themselves,
+ e.g., a one-character string containing the key.
- The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <B>filter</B> only
- in the vaguest terms. The description here is adapted
- from the XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to
- describe the disabling of <B>cuu</B>).
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>.
-</PRE>
-<H2>NOTES</H2><PRE>
- Note that <B>unctrl</B> is a macro, which is defined in <<B>unc-</B>
- <B>trl.h</B>>.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the
+ screen has not been initialized, or if <STRONG>meta</STRONG> has been
+ called with a <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> parameter), shown in the <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM> nota-
+ tion, or are displayed as themselves. In the latter
+ case, the values may not be printable; this follows
+ the X/Open specification.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 256 may be the names of the names of
+ function keys.
-</PRE>
-<H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
- <B><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></B>, <B><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></B>.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name) the
+ function returns null, to denote an error. X/Open al-
+ so lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" return value, which some im-
+ plementations return rather than null.
+ The corresponding <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> returns a character string cor-
+ responding to the wide-character value <EM>w</EM>. The two func-
+ tions do not return the same set of strings; the latter
+ returns null where the former would display a meta charac-
+ ter.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>
+ or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called. The effect is that, during those
+ calls, <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> is set to 1; the capabilities <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>cup</STRONG>,
+ <STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>, <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> are disabled; and the <STRONG>home</STRONG>
+ string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>.
+ The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> routine cancels the effect of a preceding
+ <STRONG>filter</STRONG> call. That allows the caller to initialize a
+ screen on a different device, using a different value of
+ <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>. The limitation arises because the <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine
+ modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_env">use_env</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
+ screen size). It modifies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environ-
+ ment variables when determining the screen size.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally ncurses looks first at the terminal database
+ for the screen size.
+ If <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> for parameter, it
+ stops here unless If <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also called with
+ <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Then it asks for the screen size via operating system
+ calls. If successful, it overrides the values from
+ the terminal database.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Finally (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> parame-
+ ter), ncurses examines the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environ-
+ ment variables, using a value in those to override the
+ results from the operating system or terminal data-
+ base.
+ Ncurses also updates the screen size in response to
+ SIGWINCH, unless overridden by the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>
+ environment variables,
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
+ <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
+ screen size). After <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an
+ argument, ncurses modifies the last step in its computa-
+ tion of screen size as follows:
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> checks if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables
+ are set to a number greater than zero.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> for each, ncurses updates the corresponding environ-
+ ment variable with the value that it has obtained via
+ operating system call or from the terminal database.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses re-fetches the value of the environment vari-
+ ables so that it is still the environment variables
+ which set the screen size.
+ The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as summarized
+ here:
+ <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>env</EM> <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>tioctl</EM> <EM>Summary</EM>
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------
+ TRUE FALSE This is the default behavior. ncurses
+ uses operating system calls unless over-
+ ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment
+ variables.
+ TRUE TRUE ncurses updates $LINES and $COLUMNS
+ based on operating system calls.
+ FALSE TRUE ncurses ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us-
+ es operating system calls to obtain
+ size.
+ FALSE FALSE ncurses relies on the terminal database
+ to determine size.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with window
+ (or pad) <EM>win</EM> into the file to which <EM>filep</EM> points. This
+ information can be later retrieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> func-
+ tion.
+ The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data stored in the
+ file by <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>. The routine then creates and initializes
+ a new window using that data. It returns a pointer to the
+ new window. There are a few caveats:
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the data written is a copy of the <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> structure,
+ and its associated character cells. The format dif-
+ fers between the wide-character (ncursesw) and non-
+ wide (ncurses) libraries. You can transfer data be-
+ tween the two, however.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the retrieved window is always created as a top-level
+ window (or pad), rather than a subwindow.
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the window's character cells contain the color pair
+ <EM>value</EM>, but not the actual color <EM>numbers</EM>. If cells in
+ the retrieved window use color pairs which have not
+ been created in the application using <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, they
+ will not be colored when the window is refreshed.
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG> routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM> millisecond pause
+ in output. This routine should not be used extensively
+ because padding characters are used rather than a CPU
+ pause. If no padding character is specified, this uses
+ <STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG> routine throws away any typeahead that has
+ been typed by the user and has not yet been read by the
+ program.
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
+ Except for <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer re-
+ turn <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an in-
+ teger value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion.
+
+ Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
+
+ X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this im-
+ plementation
+
+ <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>
+ returns an error if the terminal was not initial-
+ ized.
+
+ <STRONG>meta</STRONG> returns an error if the terminal was not initial-
+ ized.
+
+ <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>
+ returns an error if the associated <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> calls
+ return an error.
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-filter">filter</a></H3><PRE>
+ The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only
+ in the vaguest terms. The description here is adapted
+ from the XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to
+ describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>).
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-keyname">keyname</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> function may return the names of user-defined
+ string capabilities which are defined in the terminfo en-
+ try via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. This implementation auto-
+ matically assigns at run-time keycodes to user-defined
+ strings which begin with "k". The keycodes start at
+ KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for
+ different runs because user-defined codes are merged from
+ all terminal descriptions which have been loaded. The
+ <STRONG>use_extended_names</STRONG> function controls whether this data is
+ loaded when the terminal description is read by the li-
+ brary.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines are specific to
+ ncurses. They were not supported on Version 7, BSD or
+ System V implementations. It is recommended that any code
+ depending on ncurses extensions be conditioned using
+ NCURSES_VERSION.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
+ The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> functions have several issues with
+ portability:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> The files written and read by these functions use an
+ implementation-specific format. Although the format
+ is an obvious target for standardization, it has been
+ overlooked.
+
+ Interestingly enough, according to the copyright dates
+ in Solaris source, the functions (along with <STRONG>scr_init</STRONG>,
+ etc.) originated with the University of California,
+ Berkeley (in 1982) and were later (in 1988) incorpo-
+ rated into SVr4. Oddly, there are no such functions
+ in the 4.3BSD curses sources.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> Most implementations simply dump the binary <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>
+ structure to the file. These include SVr4 curses,
+ NetBSD and PDCurses, as well as older ncurses ver-
+ sions. This implementation (as well as the X/Open
+ variant of Solaris curses, dated 1995) uses textual
+ dumps.
+
+ The implementations which use binary dumps use block-
+ I/O (the <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> and <STRONG>fread</STRONG> functions). Those that use
+ textual dumps use buffered-I/O. A few applications
+ may happen to write extra data in the file using these
+ functions. Doing that can run into problems mixing
+ block- and buffered-I/O. This implementation reduces
+ the problem on writes by flushing the output. Howev-
+ er, reading from a file written using mixed schemes
+ may not be successful.
+
+
+</PRE><H3><a name="h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></H3><PRE>
+ The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these func-
+ tions. It states that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a
+ null pointer if unsuccessful, but does not define any er-
+ ror conditions. This implementation checks for three cas-
+ es:
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code. This is the
+ case that X/Open Curses documented.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 con-
+ trol code. If <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> has been called with
+ a <STRONG>2</STRONG> parameter, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns the parameter, i.e., a
+ one-character string with the parameter as the first
+ character. Otherwise, it returns "~@", "~A", etc.,
+ analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.
+
+ X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can be
+ called before initializing curses. This implementa-
+ tion permits that, and returns the "~@", etc., values
+ in that case.
+
+ <STRONG>o</STRONG> parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range. <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>
+ returns a null pointer.
+
+ The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation are
+ determined at compile time, showing C1 controls from the
+ upper-128 codes with a `~' prefix rather than `^'. Other
+ implementations have different conventions. For example,
+ they may show both sets of control characters with `^',
+ and strip the parameter to 7 bits. Or they may ignore C1
+ controls and treat all of the upper-128 codes as print-
+ able. This implementation uses 8 bits but does not modify
+ the string to reflect locale. The <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> func-
+ tion allows the caller to change the output of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.
+
+ Likewise, the <STRONG>meta</STRONG> function allows the caller to change
+ the output of <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, i.e., it determines whether to use
+ the `M-' prefix for "meta" keys (codes in the range 128 to
+ 255). Both <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> and <STRONG>meta</STRONG> succeed only after
+ curses is initialized. X/Open Curses does not document
+ the treatment of codes 128 to 159. When treating them as
+ "meta" keys (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called before initializing
+ curses), this implementation returns strings "M-^@",
+ "M-^A", etc.
+
+
+</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_ker-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">nel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>lega-</STRONG>
+ <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">cy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.
+
+
+
+ <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
-<HR>
-<ADDRESS>
-Man(1) output converted with
-<a href="http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/man2html.html">man2html</a>
-</ADDRESS>
+<div class="nav">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-use_env">use_env</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#h3-filter">filter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-keyname">keyname</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
+<li><a href="#h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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</HTML>
projects / ncurses.git / blobdiff