'\" t
.\"***************************************************************************
-.\" Copyright (c) 1998-2006,2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
+.\" Copyright (c) 1998-2010,2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
.\" *
.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a *
.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the *
.\" authorization. *
.\"***************************************************************************
.\"
-.\" $Id: ncurses.3x,v 1.89 2007/09/01 18:57:29 tom Exp $
+.\" $Id: ncurses.3x,v 1.106 2011/12/17 23:19:59 tom Exp $
.hy 0
.TH ncurses 3X ""
+.de bP
+.IP \(bu 4
+..
.ds n 5
.ds d @TERMINFO@
.SH NAME
-\fBncurses\fR - CRT screen handling and optimization package
+\fBncurses\fR \- CRT screen handling and optimization package
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fB#include <curses.h>\fR
.br
This describes \fBncurses\fR
version @NCURSES_MAJOR@.@NCURSES_MINOR@ (patch @NCURSES_PATCH@).
.PP
-The \fBncurses\fR library emulates the \fBcurses\fR(3X) library of
+The \fBncurses\fR library emulates the curses library of
System V Release 4 UNIX,
and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses (also known as XSI curses).
XSI stands for X/Open System Interfaces Extension.
i.e., features which cannot be implemented by a simple add-on library
but which require access to the internals of the library.
.PP
-A program using these routines must be linked with the \fB-lncurses\fR option,
-or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library \fB-lncurses_g\fR.
+A program using these routines must be linked with the \fB\-lncurses\fR option,
+or (if it has been generated) with the debugging library \fB\-lncurses_g\fR.
(Your system integrator may also have installed these libraries under
-the names \fB-lcurses\fR and \fB-lcurses_g\fR.)
+the names \fB\-lcurses\fR and \fB\-lcurses_g\fR.)
The ncurses_g library generates trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the
current directory) that describe curses actions.
See also the section on \fBALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS\fP.
routines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys; terminfo capabilities;
and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.
.PP
-To initialize the routines, the routine \fBinitscr\fR or \fBnewterm\fR
-must be called before any of the other routines that deal with windows
+The library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
+That is normally done with \fBsetlocale\fP:
+.sp
+ \fBsetlocale(LC_ALL, "");\fP
+.sp
+If the locale is not initialized,
+the library assumes that characters are printable as in ISO\-8859\-1,
+to work with certain legacy programs.
+You should initialize the locale and not rely on specific details of
+the library when the locale has not been setup.
+.PP
+The function \fBinitscr\fR or \fBnewterm\fR
+must be called to initialize the library
+before any of the other routines that deal with windows
and screens are used.
The routine \fBendwin\fR must be called before exiting.
+.PP
To get character-at-a-time input without echoing (most
interactive, screen oriented programs want this), the following
sequence should be used:
.sp
Before a \fBcurses\fR program is run, the tab stops of the terminal
should be set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be output.
-This can be done by executing the \fBtput init\fR command
+This can be done by executing the \fB@TPUT@ init\fR command
after the shell environment variable \fBTERM\fR has been exported.
-\fBtset(1)\fR is usually responsible for doing this.
+\fB@TSET@(1)\fR is usually responsible for doing this.
[See \fBterminfo\fR(\*n) for further details.]
.PP
The \fBncurses\fR library permits manipulation of data structures,
.TP 5
ncursesw
the so-called "wide" library, which handles multibyte characters
-(See the section on \fBALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS\fP).
+(see the section on \fBALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS\fP).
The "wide" library includes all of the calls from the "normal" library.
It adds about one third more calls using data types which store
multibyte characters:
corresponds to \fBchtype\fP.
However it is a structure, because more data is stored than can fit into
an integer.
-The characters are large enough to require a full integer value - and there
+The characters are large enough to require a full integer value \- and there
may be more than one character per cell.
The video attributes and color are stored in separate fields of the structure.
.IP
Like \fBchtype\fP, this may be an integer.
.TP 5
.B wint_t
-stores a \fBwchar_t\fP or \fBWEOF\fP - not the same, though both may have
+stores a \fBwchar_t\fP or \fBWEOF\fP \- not the same, though both may have
the same size.
.RE
.IP
=
COLOR_PAIR/\fBcurs_color\fR(3X)
PAIR_NUMBER/\fBcurs_attr\fR(3X)
+_nc_free_and_exit/\fBcurs_memleaks\fR(3X)*
+_nc_freeall/\fBcurs_memleaks\fR(3X)*
_nc_tracebits/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
_traceattr/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
_traceattr2/\fBcurs_trace\fR(3X)*
integer value other than \fBERR\fR upon successful completion, unless
otherwise noted in the routine descriptions.
.PP
+As a general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as parameters,
+and handle this as an error.
+.PP
All macros return the value of the \fBw\fR version, except \fBsetscrreg\fR,
\fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, and \fBgetmaxyx\fR.
The return values of \fBsetscrreg\fR, \fBwsetscrreg\fR, \fBgetyx\fR, \fBgetbegyx\fR, and
(i.e., the \fBcmdch\fP capability)
of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of this symbol.
Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.
+.IP
+Because this name is also used in development environments to represent
+the C compiler's name, \fBncurses\fR ignores it if it does not happen to
+be a single character.
.TP 5
COLUMNS
Specify the width of the screen in characters.
3 = middle.
.sp
This symbol lets you customize the mouse.
-The symbol must be three numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321.
+The symbol must be three numeric digits 1\-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321.
If it is not specified, \fBncurses\fR uses 132.
.TP 5
NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS
You may set the foreground and background color values with this environment
variable by proving a 2-element list: foreground,background.
For example, to tell ncurses to not assume anything
-about the colors, set this to "-1,-1".
+about the colors, set this to "\-1,\-1".
To make it green-on-black, set it to "2,0".
Any positive value from zero to the terminfo \fBmax_colors\fR value is allowed.
.TP 5
+NCURSES_GPM_TERMS
+This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.
+.IP
+If present,
+the environment variable is a list of one or more terminal names
+against which the TERM environment variable is matched.
+Setting it to an empty value disables the GPM interface;
+using the built-in support for xterm, etc.
+.IP
+If the environment variable is absent,
+ncurses will attempt to open GPM if TERM contains "linux".
+.TP 5
NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS
\fBNcurses\fP may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization.
In some cases,
checks for special cases where VT100 line-drawing (and the corresponding
alternate character set capabilities) described in the terminfo are known
to be missing.
-Specifically, when running in a UTF-8 locale,
+Specifically, when running in a UTF\-8 locale,
the Linux console emulator and the GNU screen program ignore these.
Ncurses checks the TERM environment variable for these.
For other special cases, you should set this environment variable.
.IP
When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero value.
Setting it to zero (or to a nonnumber)
-disables the special check for Linux and screen.
+disables the special check for "linux" and "screen".
+.IP
+As an alternative to the environment variable,
+ncurses checks for an extended terminfo capability \fBU8\fP.
+This is a numeric capability which can be compiled using \fB@TIC@\ \-x\fP.
+For example
+.RS 5
+.sp
+.nf
+# linux console, if patched to provide working
+# VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
+linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
+ U8#0, use=linux,
+.sp
+# uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
+xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
+ U8#1, use=xterm,
+.fi
+.RE
+.IP
+The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters,
+to permit it to be used by applications that use ncurses'
+termcap interface.
.TP 5
NCURSES_TRACE
During initialization, the \fBncurses\fR debugging library
This is the simplest, but not the only way to change the list of directories.
The complete list of directories in order follows:
.RS
-.TP 3
--
+.bP
the last directory to which \fBncurses\fR wrote, if any, is searched first
-.TP 3
--
+.bP
the directory specified by the TERMINFO symbol
-.TP 3
--
+.bP
$HOME/.terminfo
-.TP 3
--
+.bP
directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS symbol
-.TP 3
--
+.bP
one or more directories whose names are configured and compiled into the
ncurses library, e.g.,
@TERMINFO@
The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on OS/2 EMX.
All of the terminal descriptions are in terminfo form, which makes
a subdirectory named for the first letter of the terminal names therein.
+.IP
+If \fBncurses\fP is built with a hashed database,
+then each entry in this list can also be the path of the corresponding
+database file.
+.IP
+If \fBncurses\fP is built with a support for reading termcap files
+directly, then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap file.
.TP 5
TERMPATH
If TERMCAP does not hold a file name then \fBncurses\fR checks
There are a few main options whose effects are visible to the applications
developer using \fBncurses\fP:
.TP 5
---disable-overwrite
+\-\-disable\-overwrite
The standard include for \fBncurses\fP is as noted in \fBSYNOPSIS\fP:
.RS
.sp
\fB#include <ncurses/curses.h>\fR
.RE
.IP
-It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use \fB-lcurses\fP
+It also omits a symbolic link which would allow you to use \fB\-lcurses\fP
to build executables.
.TP 5
---enable-widec
-The configure script renames the library and (if the \fB--disable-overwrite\fP
+\-\-enable\-widec
+The configure script renames the library and (if the \fB\-\-disable\-overwrite\fP
option is used) puts the header files in a different subdirectory.
All of the library names have a "w" appended to them,
i.e., instead of
.RS
.sp
-\fB-lncurses\fR
+\fB\-lncurses\fR
.RE
.IP
you link with
.RS
.sp
-\fB-lncursesw\fR
+\fB\-lncursesw\fR
.RE
.IP
You must also define \fB_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED\fP when compiling for the
to allow applications to be built using either library
from the same set of headers.
.TP 5
---with-shared
+\-\-with\-shared
.TP
---with-normal
+\-\-with\-normal
.TP
---with-debug
+\-\-with\-debug
.TP
---with-profile
+\-\-with\-profile
The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their suffixes,
e.g., \fBlibncurses.so\fP and \fBlibncurses.a\fP.
The debug and profiling libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root
names respectively,
e.g., \fBlibncurses_g.a\fP and \fBlibncurses_p.a\fP.
.TP 5
---with-trace
+\-\-with\-trace
The \fBtrace\fP function normally resides in the debug library,
but it is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library.
Configure scripts should check for the function's existence rather
.SH SEE ALSO
\fBterminfo\fR(\*n) and related pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed routine
descriptions.
+.br
+\fBcurs_variables\fR(3X)
.SH EXTENSIONS
-The \fBncurses\fR library can be compiled with an option (\fB-DUSE_GETCAP\fR)
+The \fBncurses\fR library can be compiled with an option (\fB\-DUSE_GETCAP\fR)
that falls back to the old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup code
cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to \fBTERM\fR.
Use of this feature
and \fBkeyok\fR(3X) manual pages for details.
.PP
The \fBncurses\fR library can exploit the capabilities of terminals which
-implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an application
+implement the ISO\-6429 SGR 39 and SGR 49 controls, which allow an application
to reset the terminal to its original foreground and background colors.
From the users' perspective, the application is able to draw colored
text on a background whose color is set independently, providing better
the XSI Curses and \fBncurses\fR calls) are described in \fBPORTABILITY\fR
sections of the library man pages.
.PP
-This implementation also contains several extensions:
-.RS 5
+Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as pointers
+to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null.
+The main reason for providing this behavior is to guard against programmer
+error.
+The standard interface does not provide a way for the library
+to tell an application which of several possible errors were detected.
+Relying on this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the
+portability of curses applications.
.PP
+This implementation also contains several extensions:
+.bP
The routine \fBhas_key\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
See the \fBcurs_getch\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
+.bP
The routine \fBslk_attr\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
See the \fBcurs_slk\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
+.bP
The routines \fBgetmouse\fR, \fBmousemask\fR, \fBungetmouse\fR,
\fBmouseinterval\fR, and \fBwenclose\fR relating to mouse interfacing are not
part of XPG4, nor are they present in SVr4.
See the \fBcurs_mouse\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
+.bP
The routine \fBmcprint\fR was not present in any previous curses implementation.
See the \fBcurs_print\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
+.bP
The routine \fBwresize\fR is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
See the \fBwresize\fR(3X) manual page for details.
-.PP
+.bP
The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from application
programs.
See \fBcurs_opaque\fR(3X) for the discussion of \fBis_scrollok\fR, etc.
-.RE
+.bP
+This implementation can be configured to provide rudimentary support
+for multi-threaded applications.
+See \fBcurs_threads\fR(3X) for details.
+.bP
+This implementation can also be configured to provide a set of functions which
+improve the ability to manage multiple screens.
+See \fBcurs_sp_funcs\fR(3X) for details.
.PP
In historic curses versions, delays embedded in the capabilities \fBcr\fR,
\fBind\fR, \fBcub1\fR, \fBff\fR and \fBtab\fR activated corresponding delay
.SH AUTHORS
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.
Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
-.\"#
-.\"# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
-.\"# Local Variables:
-.\"# mode:nroff
-.\"# fill-column:79
-.\"# End:
projects / ncurses.git / blobdiff