- The ncurses library provides several functions which let an application
+ The ncurses library provides several functions which let an application
change the way input from the terminal is handled. Some are global,
applying to all windows. Others apply only to a specific window. Win-
dow-specific settings are not automatically applied to new or derived
@@ -82,143 +92,150 @@
behavior is needed.
-
Normally, the tty driver buffers typed characters until a newline or
- carriage return is typed. The cbreak routine disables line buffering
+ carriage return is typed. The cbreak routine disables line buffering
and erase/kill character-processing (interrupt and flow control charac-
ters are unaffected), making characters typed by the user immediately
- available to the program. The nocbreak routine returns the terminal to
+ available to the program. The nocbreak routine returns the terminal to
normal (cooked) mode.
- Initially the terminal may or may not be in cbreak mode, as the mode is
- inherited; therefore, a program should call cbreak or nocbreak explic-
- itly. Most interactive programs using curses set the cbreak mode.
- Note that cbreak overrides raw. [See curs_getch(3x) for a discussion
- of how these routines interact with echo and noecho.]
+ Initially the terminal may or may not be in cbreak mode, as the mode is
+ inherited; therefore, a program should call cbreak or nocbreak explic-
+ itly. Most interactive programs using curses set the cbreak mode.
+ Note that cbreak overrides raw. [See curs_getch(3X) for a discussion
+ of how these routines interact with echo and noecho.]
- The echo and noecho routines control whether characters typed by the
- user are echoed by getch(3x) as they are typed. Echoing by the tty
- driver is always disabled, but initially getch is in echo mode, so
+ The echo and noecho routines control whether characters typed by the
+ user are echoed by getch(3X) as they are typed. Echoing by the tty
+ driver is always disabled, but initially getch is in echo mode, so
characters typed are echoed. Authors of most interactive programs pre-
fer to do their own echoing in a controlled area of the screen, or not
- to echo at all, so they disable echoing by calling noecho. [See
- curs_getch(3x) for a discussion of how these routines interact with
- cbreak and nocbreak.]
+ to echo at all, so they disable echoing by calling noecho. [See
+ curs_getch(3X) for a discussion of how these routines interact with
+ cbreak and nocbreak.]
- The halfdelay routine is used for half-delay mode, which is similar to
- cbreak mode in that characters typed by the user are immediately avail-
- able to the program. However, after blocking for tenths tenths of sec-
- onds, ERR is returned if nothing has been typed. The value of tenths
- must be a number between 1 and 255. Use nocbreak to leave half-delay
+ The halfdelay routine is used for half-delay mode, which is similar to
+ cbreak mode in that characters typed by the user are immediately avail-
+ able to the program. However, after blocking for tenths tenths of sec-
+ onds, ERR is returned if nothing has been typed. The value of tenths
+ must be a number between 1 and 255. Use nocbreak to leave half-delay
mode.
- If the intrflush option is enabled (bf is TRUE), and an interrupt key
+ If the intrflush option is enabled (bf is TRUE), and an interrupt key
is pressed on the keyboard (interrupt, break, quit), all output in the
tty driver queue will be flushed, giving the effect of faster response
- to the interrupt, but causing curses to have the wrong idea of what is
- on the screen. Disabling the option (bf is FALSE) prevents the flush.
+ to the interrupt, but causing curses to have the wrong idea of what is
+ on the screen. Disabling the option (bf is FALSE) prevents the flush.
The default for the option is inherited from the tty driver settings.
The window argument is ignored.
- The keypad option enables the keypad of the user's terminal. If en-
- abled (bf is TRUE), the user can press a function key (such as an arrow
- key) and wgetch(3x) returns a single value representing the function
- key, as in KEY_LEFT. If disabled (bf is FALSE), curses does not treat
+ The keypad option enables the keypad of the user's terminal. If en-
+ abled (bf is TRUE), the user can press a function key (such as an arrow
+ key) and wgetch(3X) returns a single value representing the function
+ key, as in KEY_LEFT. If disabled (bf is FALSE), curses does not treat
function keys specially and the program has to interpret the escape se-
quences itself. If the keypad in the terminal can be turned on (made
to transmit) and off (made to work locally), turning on this option
- causes the terminal keypad to be turned on when wgetch(3x) is called.
- The default value for keypad is FALSE.
+ causes the terminal keypad to be turned on when wgetch(3X) is called.
+ The default value for keypad is FALSE.
Initially, whether the terminal returns 7 or 8 significant bits on in-
- put depends on the control mode of the tty driver [see termios(3)]. To
- force 8 bits to be returned, invoke meta(win, TRUE); this is equiva-
+ put depends on the control mode of the tty driver [see termios(3)]. To
+ force 8 bits to be returned, invoke meta(win, TRUE); this is equiva-
lent, under POSIX, to setting the CS8 flag on the terminal. To force 7
- bits to be returned, invoke meta(win, FALSE); this is equivalent, under
+ bits to be returned, invoke meta(win, FALSE); this is equivalent, under
POSIX, to setting the CS7 flag on the terminal. The window argument,
- win, is always ignored. If the terminfo capabilities smm (meta_on) and
- rmm (meta_off) are defined for the terminal, smm is sent to the termi-
- nal when meta(win, TRUE) is called and rmm is sent when meta(win,
- FALSE) is called.
+ win, is always ignored. If the terminfo capabilities smm (meta_on) and
+ rmm (meta_off) are defined for the terminal, smm is sent to the termi-
+ nal when meta(win, TRUE) is called and rmm is sent when meta(win,
+ FALSE) is called.
+
+
+
- The nodelay option causes getch to be a non-blocking call. If no input
- is ready, getch returns ERR. If disabled (bf is FALSE), getch waits
+ The nodelay option causes getch to be a non-blocking call. If no input
+ is ready, getch returns ERR. If disabled (bf is FALSE), getch waits
until a key is pressed.
- While interpreting an input escape sequence, wgetch(3x) sets a timer
- while waiting for the next character. If notimeout(win, TRUE) is
- called, then wgetch does not set a timer. The purpose of the timeout
- is to differentiate between sequences received from a function key and
- those typed by a user.
+
+
+ When interpreting an escape sequence, wgetch(3X) sets a timer while
+ waiting for the next character. If notimeout(win, TRUE) is called,
+ then wgetch does not set a timer. The purpose of the timeout is to
+ differentiate between sequences received from a function key and those
+ typed by a user.
- The raw and noraw routines place the terminal into or out of raw mode.
- Raw mode is similar to cbreak mode, in that characters typed are imme-
- diately passed through to the user program. The differences are that
- in raw mode, the interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control characters
- are all passed through uninterpreted, instead of generating a signal.
- The behavior of the BREAK key depends on other bits in the tty driver
- that are not set by curses.
-
-
-
- When the noqiflush routine is used, normal flush of input and output
- queues associated with the INTR, QUIT and SUSP characters will not be
- done [see termios(3)]. When qiflush is called, the queues will be
- flushed when these control characters are read. You may want to call
- noqiflush in a signal handler if you want output to continue as though
+ The raw and noraw routines place the terminal into or out of raw mode.
+ Raw mode is similar to cbreak mode, in that characters typed are imme-
+ diately passed through to the user program. The differences are that
+ in raw mode, the interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control characters
+ are all passed through uninterpreted, instead of generating a signal.
+ The behavior of the BREAK key depends on other bits in the tty driver
+ that are not set by curses.
+
+
+
+ When the noqiflush routine is used, normal flush of input and output
+ queues associated with the INTR, QUIT and SUSP characters will not be
+ done [see termios(3)]. When qiflush is called, the queues will be
+ flushed when these control characters are read. You may want to call
+ noqiflush in a signal handler if you want output to continue as though
the interrupt had not occurred, after the handler exits.
- The timeout and wtimeout routines set blocking or non-blocking read for
- a given window. If delay is negative, blocking read is used (i.e.,
- waits indefinitely for input). If delay is zero, then non-blocking
- read is used (i.e., read returns ERR if no input is waiting). If delay
- is positive, then read blocks for delay milliseconds, and returns ERR
- if there is still no input. Hence, these routines provide the same
- functionality as nodelay, plus the additional capability of being able
- to block for only delay milliseconds (where delay is positive).
+ The timeout and wtimeout routines set blocking or non-blocking read for
+ a given window. If delay is negative, blocking read is used (i.e.,
+ waits indefinitely for input). If delay is zero, then non-blocking
+ read is used (i.e., read returns ERR if no input is waiting). If delay
+ is positive, then read blocks for delay milliseconds, and returns ERR
+ if there is still no input. Hence, these routines provide the same
+ functionality as nodelay, plus the additional capability of being able
+ to block for only delay milliseconds (where delay is positive).
- The curses library does "line-breakout optimization" by looking for ty-
+ The curses library does "line-breakout optimization" by looking for ty-
peahead periodically while updating the screen. If input is found, and
- it is coming from a tty, the current update is postponed until re-
- fresh(3x) or doupdate is called again. This allows faster response to
- commands typed in advance. Normally, the input FILE pointer passed to
- newterm, or stdin in the case that initscr was used, will be used to do
- this typeahead checking. The typeahead routine specifies that the file
- descriptor fd is to be used to check for typeahead instead. If fd is
+ it is coming from a tty, the current update is postponed until re-
+ fresh(3X) or doupdate is called again. This allows faster response to
+ commands typed in advance. Normally, the input FILE pointer passed to
+ newterm, or stdin in the case that initscr was used, will be used to do
+ this typeahead checking. The typeahead routine specifies that the file
+ descriptor fd is to be used to check for typeahead instead. If fd is
-1, then no typeahead checking is done.
- All routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and OK
- (SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than ERR") upon successful
- completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descrip-
+ All routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and OK
+ (SVr4 specifies only "an integer value other than ERR") upon successful
+ completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descrip-
tions.
- X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this implementation,
- functions with a window parameter will return an error if it is null.
+ X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this implementation,
+ functions with a window parameter will return an error if it is null.
Any function will also return an error if the terminal was not initial-
ized. Also,
- halfdelay
- returns an error if its parameter is outside the range
+ halfdelay
+ returns an error if its parameter is outside the range
1..255.
@@ -226,32 +243,39 @@
These functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4.
The ncurses library obeys the XPG4 standard and the historical practice
- of the AT&T curses implementations, in that the echo bit is cleared
- when curses initializes the terminal state. BSD curses differed from
- this slightly; it left the echo bit on at initialization, but the BSD
- raw call turned it off as a side-effect. For best portability, set
- echo or noecho explicitly just after initialization, even if your pro-
+ of the AT&T curses implementations, in that the echo bit is cleared
+ when curses initializes the terminal state. BSD curses differed from
+ this slightly; it left the echo bit on at initialization, but the BSD
+ raw call turned it off as a side-effect. For best portability, set
+ echo or noecho explicitly just after initialization, even if your pro-
gram remains in cooked mode.
- When keypad is first enabled, ncurses loads the key-definitions for the
+ The XSI Curses standard is ambiguous on the question of whether raw
+ should disable the CRLF translations controlled by nl and nonl. BSD
+ curses did turn off these translations; AT&T curses (at least as late
+ as SVr1) did not. We chose to do so, on the theory that a programmer
+ requesting raw input wants a clean (ideally 8-bit clean) connection
+ that the operating system will not alter.
+
+ When keypad is first enabled, ncurses loads the key-definitions for the
current terminal description. If the terminal description includes ex-
- tended string capabilities, e.g., from using the -x option of tic, then
+ tended string capabilities, e.g., from using the -x option of tic, then
ncurses also defines keys for the capabilities whose names begin with
"k". The corresponding keycodes are generated and (depending on previ-
ous loads of terminal descriptions) may differ from one execution of a
- program to the next. The generated keycodes are recognized by the key-
- name function (which will then return a name beginning with "k" denot-
+ program to the next. The generated keycodes are recognized by the key-
+ name function (which will then return a name beginning with "k" denot-
ing the terminfo capability name rather than "K", used for curses key-
- names). On the other hand, an application can use define_key to estab-
+ names). On the other hand, an application can use define_key to estab-
lish a specific keycode for a given string. This makes it possible for
an application to check for an extended capability's presence with
- tigetstr, and reassign the keycode to match its own needs.
+ tigetstr, and reassign the keycode to match its own needs.
- Low-level applications can use tigetstr to obtain the definition of any
+ Low-level applications can use tigetstr to obtain the definition of any
particular string capability. Higher-level applications which use the
- curses wgetch and similar functions to return keycodes rely upon the
+ curses wgetch and similar functions to return keycodes rely upon the
order in which the strings are loaded. If more than one key definition
- has the same string value, then wgetch can return only one keycode.
+ has the same string value, then wgetch can return only one keycode.
Most curses implementations (including ncurses) load key definitions in
the order defined by the array of string capability names. The last
key to be loaded determines the keycode which will be returned. In
@@ -262,10 +286,10 @@
- Note that echo, noecho, halfdelay, intrflush, meta, nodelay, notimeout,
- noqiflush, qiflush, timeout, and wtimeout may be macros.
+ Note that echo, noecho, halfdelay, intrflush, meta, nl, nonl, nodelay,
+ notimeout, noqiflush, qiflush, timeout, and wtimeout may be macros.
- The noraw and nocbreak calls follow historical practice in that they
+ The noraw and nocbreak calls follow historical practice in that they
attempt to restore to normal ("cooked") mode from raw and cbreak modes
respectively. Mixing raw/noraw and cbreak/nocbreak calls leads to tty
driver control states that are hard to predict or understand; it is not
@@ -273,12 +297,12 @@