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7 ****************************************************************************
8 * Copyright 2018-2023,2024 Thomas E. Dickey *
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35 * @Id: terminfo.head,v 1.63 2024/01/13 23:07:27 tom Exp @
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47 <H1 class="no-header">terminfo 5 2024-01-13 ncurses 6.4 File formats</H1>
49 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> File formats <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>
54 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
55 <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> - terminal capability database
58 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
59 /usr/share/terminfo/*/*
62 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
63 <EM>Terminfo</EM> is a database describing terminals, used by screen-oriented
64 programs such as <STRONG>nvi(1)</STRONG>, <STRONG>lynx(1)</STRONG>, <STRONG>mutt(1)</STRONG>, and other curses
65 applications, using high-level calls to libraries such as <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
66 It is also used via low-level calls by non-curses applications which
67 may be screen-oriented (such as <STRONG><A HREF="clear.1.html">clear(1)</A></STRONG>) or non-screen (such as
68 <STRONG><A HREF="tabs.1.html">tabs(1)</A></STRONG>).
70 <EM>Terminfo</EM> describes terminals by giving a set of capabilities which they
71 have, by specifying how to perform screen operations, and by specifying
72 padding requirements and initialization sequences.
74 This manual describes <EM>ncurses</EM> version 6.4 (patch 20240323).
77 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-terminfo-Entry-Syntax"><EM>terminfo</EM> Entry Syntax</a></H3><PRE>
78 Entries in <EM>terminfo</EM> consist of a sequence of fields:
80 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Each field ends with a comma "," (embedded commas may be escaped
81 with a backslash or written as "\054").
83 <STRONG>o</STRONG> White space between fields is ignored.
85 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first field in a <EM>terminfo</EM> entry begins in the first column.
87 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Newlines and leading whitespace (spaces or tabs) may be used for
88 formatting entries for readability. These are removed from parsed
91 The <STRONG>infocmp</STRONG> <STRONG>-f</STRONG> and <STRONG>-W</STRONG> options rely on this to format if-then-else
92 expressions, or to enforce maximum line-width. The resulting
93 formatted terminal description can be read by <STRONG>tic</STRONG>.
95 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first field for each terminal gives the names which are known
96 for the terminal, separated by "|" characters.
98 The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the
99 terminal (its primary name), the last name given should be a long
100 name fully identifying the terminal (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_termattrs.3x.html">longname(3x)</A></STRONG>), and all
101 others are treated as synonyms (aliases) for the primary terminal
104 X/Open Curses advises that all names but the last should be in
105 lower case and contain no blanks; the last name may well contain
106 upper case and blanks for readability.
108 This implementation is not so strict; it allows mixed case in the
109 primary name and aliases. If the last name has no embedded blanks,
110 it allows that to be both an alias and a verbose name (but will
111 warn about this ambiguity).
113 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Lines beginning with a "#" in the first column are treated as
116 While comment lines are valid at any point, the output of <STRONG>captoinfo</STRONG>
117 and <STRONG>infotocap</STRONG> (aliases for <STRONG>tic</STRONG>) will move comments so they occur
118 only between entries.
120 Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry) should be chosen
121 using the following conventions. The particular piece of hardware
122 making up the terminal should have a root name, thus "hp2621". This
123 name should not contain hyphens. Modes that the hardware can be in, or
124 user preferences, should be indicated by appending a hyphen and a mode
125 suffix. Thus, a vt100 in 132-column mode would be vt100-w. The
126 following suffixes should be used where possible:
128 <STRONG>Suffix</STRONG> <STRONG>Example</STRONG> <STRONG>Meaning</STRONG>
129 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
130 -<EM>nn</EM> aaa-60 Number of lines on the screen
131 -<EM>n</EM>p c100-4p Number of pages of memory
132 -am vt100-am With automargins (usually the default)
133 -m ansi-m Mono mode; suppress color
134 -mc wy30-mc Magic cookie; spaces when highlighting
135 -na c100-na No arrow keys (leave them in local)
136 -nam vt100-nam Without automatic margins
137 -nl hp2621-nl No status line
138 -ns hp2626-ns No status line
139 -rv c100-rv Reverse video
140 -s vt100-s Enable status line
141 -vb wy370-vb Use visible bell instead of beep
142 -w vt100-w Wide mode (> 80 columns, usually 132)
144 For more on terminal naming conventions, see the <STRONG><A HREF="term.7.html">term(7)</A></STRONG> manual page.
147 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-terminfo-Capabilities-Syntax"><EM>terminfo</EM> Capabilities Syntax</a></H3><PRE>
148 The terminfo entry consists of several <EM>capabilities</EM>, i.e., features
149 that the terminal has, or methods for exercising the terminal's
152 After the first field (giving the name(s) of the terminal entry), there
153 should be one or more <EM>capability</EM> fields. These are Boolean, numeric or
154 string names with corresponding values:
156 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Boolean capabilities are true when present, false when absent.
157 There is no explicit value for Boolean capabilities.
159 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Numeric capabilities have a "#" following the name, then an
160 unsigned decimal integer value.
162 <STRONG>o</STRONG> String capabilities have a "=" following the name, then an string
163 of characters making up the capability value.
165 String capabilities can be split into multiple lines, just as the
166 fields comprising a terminal entry can be split into multiple
167 lines. While blanks between fields are ignored, blanks embedded
168 within a string value are retained, except for leading blanks on a
171 Any capability can be <EM>canceled</EM>, i.e., suppressed from the terminal
172 entry, by following its name with "@" rather than a capability value.
175 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Similar-Terminals">Similar Terminals</a></H3><PRE>
176 If there are two very similar terminals, one (the variant) can be
177 defined as being just like the other (the base) with certain
178 exceptions. In the definition of the variant, the string capability
179 <STRONG>use</STRONG> can be given with the name of the base terminal:
181 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The capabilities given before <STRONG>use</STRONG> override those in the base type
182 named by <STRONG>use</STRONG>.
184 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If there are multiple <STRONG>use</STRONG> capabilities, they are merged in reverse
185 order. That is, the rightmost <STRONG>use</STRONG> reference is processed first,
186 then the one to its left, and so forth.
188 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Capabilities given explicitly in the entry override those brought
189 in by <STRONG>use</STRONG> references.
191 A capability can be canceled by placing <STRONG>xx@</STRONG> to the left of the use
192 reference that imports it, where <EM>xx</EM> is the capability. For example,
195 2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,
197 defines a 2621-nl that does not have the <STRONG>smkx</STRONG> or <STRONG>rmkx</STRONG> capabilities, and
198 hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode.
199 This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different
202 An entry included via <STRONG>use</STRONG> can contain canceled capabilities, which have
203 the same effect as if those cancels were inline in the using terminal
207 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Predefined-Capabilities">Predefined Capabilities</a></H3><PRE>
208 Tables of capabilities <EM>ncurses</EM> recognizes in a <EM>terminfo</EM> terminal type
209 description and available to <EM>terminfo</EM>-using code follow.
211 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The capability name identifies the symbol by which the programmer
212 using the <EM>terminfo</EM> API accesses the capability.
214 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The TI (<EM>terminfo</EM>) code is the short name used by a person composing
215 or updating a terminal type entry.
217 Whenever possible, these codes are the same as or similar to those
218 of the ANSI X3.64-1979 standard (now superseded by ECMA-48, which
219 uses identical or very similar names). Semantics are also intended
220 to match those of the specification.
222 <EM>terminfo</EM> codes have no hard length limit, but <EM>ncurses</EM> maintains an
223 informal one of 5 characters to keep them short and to allow the
224 tabs in the source file <EM>Caps</EM> to line up nicely. (Some standard
225 codes exceed this limit regardless.)
227 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The TC (<EM>termcap</EM>) code is that used by the corresponding API of
228 <EM>ncurses.</EM> (Some capabilities are new, and have names that BSD <EM>term-</EM>
229 <EM>cap</EM> did not originate.)
231 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The description field attempts to convey the capability's
234 The description field employs a handful of notations.
236 <STRONG>(P)</STRONG> indicates that padding may be specified.
238 <STRONG>(P*)</STRONG> indicates that padding may vary in proportion to the number of
239 output lines affected.
241 <STRONG>#</STRONG><EM>i</EM> indicates the <EM>i</EM>th parameter of a string capability; the
242 programmer should pass the string to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tparm(3x)</A></STRONG> with the
245 If the description lists no parameters, passing the string to
246 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tparm(3x)</A></STRONG> may produce unexpected behavior, for instance if the
247 string contains percent signs.
249 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
250 <STRONG>Boolean</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
251 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
254 <STRONG>auto_left_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>bw</STRONG> <STRONG>bw</STRONG> cub1 wraps from column 0 to
256 <STRONG>auto_right_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>am</STRONG> <STRONG>am</STRONG> terminal has automatic margins
257 <STRONG>no_esc_ctlc</STRONG> <STRONG>xsb</STRONG> <STRONG>xb</STRONG> beehive (f1=escape, f2=ctrl C)
258 <STRONG>ceol_standout_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>xhp</STRONG> <STRONG>xs</STRONG> standout not erased by
260 <STRONG>eat_newline_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>xenl</STRONG> <STRONG>xn</STRONG> newline ignored after 80 cols
262 <STRONG>erase_overstrike</STRONG> <STRONG>eo</STRONG> <STRONG>eo</STRONG> can erase overstrikes with a
264 <STRONG>generic_type</STRONG> <STRONG>gn</STRONG> <STRONG>gn</STRONG> generic line type
265 <STRONG>hard_copy</STRONG> <STRONG>hc</STRONG> <STRONG>hc</STRONG> hardcopy terminal
266 <STRONG>has_meta_key</STRONG> <STRONG>km</STRONG> <STRONG>km</STRONG> Has a meta key (i.e., sets
268 <STRONG>has_status_line</STRONG> <STRONG>hs</STRONG> <STRONG>hs</STRONG> has extra status line
269 <STRONG>insert_null_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>in</STRONG> <STRONG>in</STRONG> insert mode distinguishes
271 <STRONG>memory_above</STRONG> <STRONG>da</STRONG> <STRONG>da</STRONG> display may be retained above
273 <STRONG>memory_below</STRONG> <STRONG>db</STRONG> <STRONG>db</STRONG> display may be retained below
275 <STRONG>move_insert_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>mir</STRONG> <STRONG>mi</STRONG> safe to move while in insert
277 <STRONG>move_standout_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> <STRONG>ms</STRONG> safe to move while in standout
279 <STRONG>over_strike</STRONG> <STRONG>os</STRONG> <STRONG>os</STRONG> terminal can overstrike
280 <STRONG>status_line_esc_ok</STRONG> <STRONG>eslok</STRONG> <STRONG>es</STRONG> escape can be used on the
282 <STRONG>dest_tabs_magic_smso</STRONG> <STRONG>xt</STRONG> <STRONG>xt</STRONG> tabs destructive, magic so
284 <STRONG>tilde_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>hz</STRONG> <STRONG>hz</STRONG> cannot print ~'s (Hazeltine)
285 <STRONG>transparent_underline</STRONG> <STRONG>ul</STRONG> <STRONG>ul</STRONG> underline character
287 <STRONG>xon_xoff</STRONG> <STRONG>xon</STRONG> <STRONG>xo</STRONG> terminal uses xon/xoff
289 <STRONG>needs_xon_xoff</STRONG> <STRONG>nxon</STRONG> <STRONG>nx</STRONG> padding will not work,
291 <STRONG>prtr_silent</STRONG> <STRONG>mc5i</STRONG> <STRONG>5i</STRONG> printer will not echo on
293 <STRONG>hard_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>chts</STRONG> <STRONG>HC</STRONG> cursor is hard to see
294 <STRONG>non_rev_rmcup</STRONG> <STRONG>nrrmc</STRONG> <STRONG>NR</STRONG> smcup does not reverse rmcup
295 <STRONG>no_pad_char</STRONG> <STRONG>npc</STRONG> <STRONG>NP</STRONG> pad character does not exist
296 <STRONG>non_dest_scroll_region</STRONG> <STRONG>ndscr</STRONG> <STRONG>ND</STRONG> scrolling region is non-
298 <STRONG>can_change</STRONG> <STRONG>ccc</STRONG> <STRONG>cc</STRONG> terminal can re-define
300 <STRONG>back_color_erase</STRONG> <STRONG>bce</STRONG> <STRONG>ut</STRONG> screen erased with background
302 <STRONG>hue_lightness_saturation</STRONG> <STRONG>hls</STRONG> <STRONG>hl</STRONG> terminal uses only HLS color
304 <STRONG>col_addr_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>xhpa</STRONG> <STRONG>YA</STRONG> only positive motion for
306 <STRONG>cr_cancels_micro_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>crxm</STRONG> <STRONG>YB</STRONG> using cr turns off micro mode
307 <STRONG>has_print_wheel</STRONG> <STRONG>daisy</STRONG> <STRONG>YC</STRONG> printer needs operator to
309 <STRONG>row_addr_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>xvpa</STRONG> <STRONG>YD</STRONG> only positive motion for
311 <STRONG>semi_auto_right_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>sam</STRONG> <STRONG>YE</STRONG> printing in last column causes
313 <STRONG>cpi_changes_res</STRONG> <STRONG>cpix</STRONG> <STRONG>YF</STRONG> changing character pitch
315 <STRONG>lpi_changes_res</STRONG> <STRONG>lpix</STRONG> <STRONG>YG</STRONG> changing line pitch changes
318 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
320 <STRONG>Numeric</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
321 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
322 <STRONG>columns</STRONG> <STRONG>cols</STRONG> <STRONG>co</STRONG> number of columns in a line
323 <STRONG>init_tabs</STRONG> <STRONG>it</STRONG> <STRONG>it</STRONG> tabs initially every # spaces
324 <STRONG>lines</STRONG> <STRONG>lines</STRONG> <STRONG>li</STRONG> number of lines on screen or
326 <STRONG>lines_of_memory</STRONG> <STRONG>lm</STRONG> <STRONG>lm</STRONG> lines of memory if > line. 0
328 <STRONG>magic_cookie_glitch</STRONG> <STRONG>xmc</STRONG> <STRONG>sg</STRONG> number of blank characters
330 <STRONG>padding_baud_rate</STRONG> <STRONG>pb</STRONG> <STRONG>pb</STRONG> lowest baud rate where padding
332 <STRONG>virtual_terminal</STRONG> <STRONG>vt</STRONG> <STRONG>vt</STRONG> virtual terminal number
334 <STRONG>width_status_line</STRONG> <STRONG>wsl</STRONG> <STRONG>ws</STRONG> number of columns in status
336 <STRONG>num_labels</STRONG> <STRONG>nlab</STRONG> <STRONG>Nl</STRONG> number of labels on screen
337 <STRONG>label_height</STRONG> <STRONG>lh</STRONG> <STRONG>lh</STRONG> rows in each label
338 <STRONG>label_width</STRONG> <STRONG>lw</STRONG> <STRONG>lw</STRONG> columns in each label
339 <STRONG>max_attributes</STRONG> <STRONG>ma</STRONG> <STRONG>ma</STRONG> maximum combined attributes
341 <STRONG>maximum_windows</STRONG> <STRONG>wnum</STRONG> <STRONG>MW</STRONG> maximum number of definable
343 <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> <STRONG>colors</STRONG> <STRONG>Co</STRONG> maximum number of colors on
345 <STRONG>max_pairs</STRONG> <STRONG>pairs</STRONG> <STRONG>pa</STRONG> maximum number of color-pairs
347 <STRONG>no_color_video</STRONG> <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> <STRONG>NC</STRONG> video attributes that cannot
350 The following numeric capabilities are present in the SVr4.0 term
351 structure, but are not yet documented in the man page. They came in
352 with SVr4's printer support.
354 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
355 <STRONG>Numeric</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
356 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
357 <STRONG>buffer_capacity</STRONG> <STRONG>bufsz</STRONG> <STRONG>Ya</STRONG> numbers of bytes buffered
359 <STRONG>dot_vert_spacing</STRONG> <STRONG>spinv</STRONG> <STRONG>Yb</STRONG> spacing of pins vertically in
361 <STRONG>dot_horz_spacing</STRONG> <STRONG>spinh</STRONG> <STRONG>Yc</STRONG> spacing of dots horizontally
363 <STRONG>max_micro_address</STRONG> <STRONG>maddr</STRONG> <STRONG>Yd</STRONG> maximum value in
365 <STRONG>max_micro_jump</STRONG> <STRONG>mjump</STRONG> <STRONG>Ye</STRONG> maximum value in
367 <STRONG>micro_col_size</STRONG> <STRONG>mcs</STRONG> <STRONG>Yf</STRONG> character step size when in
369 <STRONG>micro_line_size</STRONG> <STRONG>mls</STRONG> <STRONG>Yg</STRONG> line step size when in micro
371 <STRONG>number_of_pins</STRONG> <STRONG>npins</STRONG> <STRONG>Yh</STRONG> numbers of pins in print-head
372 <STRONG>output_res_char</STRONG> <STRONG>orc</STRONG> <STRONG>Yi</STRONG> horizontal resolution in units
374 <STRONG>output_res_line</STRONG> <STRONG>orl</STRONG> <STRONG>Yj</STRONG> vertical resolution in units
376 <STRONG>output_res_horz_inch</STRONG> <STRONG>orhi</STRONG> <STRONG>Yk</STRONG> horizontal resolution in units
378 <STRONG>output_res_vert_inch</STRONG> <STRONG>orvi</STRONG> <STRONG>Yl</STRONG> vertical resolution in units
380 <STRONG>print_rate</STRONG> <STRONG>cps</STRONG> <STRONG>Ym</STRONG> print rate in characters per
382 <STRONG>wide_char_size</STRONG> <STRONG>widcs</STRONG> <STRONG>Yn</STRONG> character step size when in
384 <STRONG>buttons</STRONG> <STRONG>btns</STRONG> <STRONG>BT</STRONG> number of buttons on mouse
386 <STRONG>bit_image_entwining</STRONG> <STRONG>bitwin</STRONG> <STRONG>Yo</STRONG> number of passes for each bit-
388 <STRONG>bit_image_type</STRONG> <STRONG>bitype</STRONG> <STRONG>Yp</STRONG> type of bit-image device
390 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
391 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
392 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
393 <STRONG>back_tab</STRONG> <STRONG>cbt</STRONG> <STRONG>bt</STRONG> back tab (P)
394 <STRONG>bell</STRONG> <STRONG>bel</STRONG> <STRONG>bl</STRONG> audible signal (bell) (P)
395 <STRONG>carriage_return</STRONG> <STRONG>cr</STRONG> <STRONG>cr</STRONG> carriage return (P*) (P*)
396 <STRONG>change_scroll_region</STRONG> <STRONG>csr</STRONG> <STRONG>cs</STRONG> change region to line #1 to
398 <STRONG>clear_all_tabs</STRONG> <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> <STRONG>ct</STRONG> clear all tab stops (P)
399 <STRONG>clear_screen</STRONG> <STRONG>clear</STRONG> <STRONG>cl</STRONG> clear screen and home cursor
401 <STRONG>clr_eol</STRONG> <STRONG>el</STRONG> <STRONG>ce</STRONG> clear to end of line (P)
402 <STRONG>clr_eos</STRONG> <STRONG>ed</STRONG> <STRONG>cd</STRONG> clear to end of screen (P*)
403 <STRONG>column_address</STRONG> <STRONG>hpa</STRONG> <STRONG>ch</STRONG> horizontal position #1,
405 <STRONG>command_character</STRONG> <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG> <STRONG>CC</STRONG> terminal settable cmd
406 character in prototype !?
407 <STRONG>cursor_address</STRONG> <STRONG>cup</STRONG> <STRONG>cm</STRONG> move to row #1 columns #2
408 <STRONG>cursor_down</STRONG> <STRONG>cud1</STRONG> <STRONG>do</STRONG> down one line
409 <STRONG>cursor_home</STRONG> <STRONG>home</STRONG> <STRONG>ho</STRONG> home cursor (if no cup)
410 <STRONG>cursor_invisible</STRONG> <STRONG>civis</STRONG> <STRONG>vi</STRONG> make cursor invisible
411 <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG> <STRONG>cub1</STRONG> <STRONG>le</STRONG> move left one space
412 <STRONG>cursor_mem_address</STRONG> <STRONG>mrcup</STRONG> <STRONG>CM</STRONG> memory relative cursor
413 addressing, move to row #1
415 <STRONG>cursor_normal</STRONG> <STRONG>cnorm</STRONG> <STRONG>ve</STRONG> make cursor appear normal
417 <STRONG>cursor_right</STRONG> <STRONG>cuf1</STRONG> <STRONG>nd</STRONG> non-destructive space (move
419 <STRONG>cursor_to_ll</STRONG> <STRONG>ll</STRONG> <STRONG>ll</STRONG> last line, first column (if no
421 <STRONG>cursor_up</STRONG> <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG> <STRONG>up</STRONG> up one line
422 <STRONG>cursor_visible</STRONG> <STRONG>cvvis</STRONG> <STRONG>vs</STRONG> make cursor very visible
423 <STRONG>delete_character</STRONG> <STRONG>dch1</STRONG> <STRONG>dc</STRONG> delete character (P*)
424 <STRONG>delete_line</STRONG> <STRONG>dl1</STRONG> <STRONG>dl</STRONG> delete line (P*)
425 <STRONG>dis_status_line</STRONG> <STRONG>dsl</STRONG> <STRONG>ds</STRONG> disable status line
426 <STRONG>down_half_line</STRONG> <STRONG>hd</STRONG> <STRONG>hd</STRONG> half a line down
427 <STRONG>enter_alt_charset_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smacs</STRONG> <STRONG>as</STRONG> start alternate character set
429 <STRONG>enter_blink_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>blink</STRONG> <STRONG>mb</STRONG> turn on blinking
430 <STRONG>enter_bold_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>bold</STRONG> <STRONG>md</STRONG> turn on bold (extra bright)
432 <STRONG>enter_ca_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> <STRONG>ti</STRONG> string to start programs using
434 <STRONG>enter_delete_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smdc</STRONG> <STRONG>dm</STRONG> enter delete mode
435 <STRONG>enter_dim_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>dim</STRONG> <STRONG>mh</STRONG> turn on half-bright mode
436 <STRONG>enter_insert_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smir</STRONG> <STRONG>im</STRONG> enter insert mode
437 <STRONG>enter_secure_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>invis</STRONG> <STRONG>mk</STRONG> turn on blank mode (characters
439 <STRONG>enter_protected_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>prot</STRONG> <STRONG>mp</STRONG> turn on protected mode
440 <STRONG>enter_reverse_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rev</STRONG> <STRONG>mr</STRONG> turn on reverse video mode
441 <STRONG>enter_standout_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smso</STRONG> <STRONG>so</STRONG> begin standout mode
442 <STRONG>enter_underline_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smul</STRONG> <STRONG>us</STRONG> begin underline mode
443 <STRONG>erase_chars</STRONG> <STRONG>ech</STRONG> <STRONG>ec</STRONG> erase #1 characters (P)
444 <STRONG>exit_alt_charset_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmacs</STRONG> <STRONG>ae</STRONG> end alternate character set
446 <STRONG>exit_attribute_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr0</STRONG> <STRONG>me</STRONG> turn off all attributes
447 <STRONG>exit_ca_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG> <STRONG>te</STRONG> strings to end programs using
449 <STRONG>exit_delete_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmdc</STRONG> <STRONG>ed</STRONG> end delete mode
450 <STRONG>exit_insert_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmir</STRONG> <STRONG>ei</STRONG> exit insert mode
452 <STRONG>exit_standout_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmso</STRONG> <STRONG>se</STRONG> exit standout mode
453 <STRONG>exit_underline_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmul</STRONG> <STRONG>ue</STRONG> exit underline mode
454 <STRONG>flash_screen</STRONG> <STRONG>flash</STRONG> <STRONG>vb</STRONG> visible bell (may not move
456 <STRONG>form_feed</STRONG> <STRONG>ff</STRONG> <STRONG>ff</STRONG> hardcopy terminal page eject
458 <STRONG>from_status_line</STRONG> <STRONG>fsl</STRONG> <STRONG>fs</STRONG> return from status line
459 <STRONG>init_1string</STRONG> <STRONG>is1</STRONG> <STRONG>i1</STRONG> initialization string
460 <STRONG>init_2string</STRONG> <STRONG>is2</STRONG> <STRONG>is</STRONG> initialization string
461 <STRONG>init_3string</STRONG> <STRONG>is3</STRONG> <STRONG>i3</STRONG> initialization string
462 <STRONG>init_file</STRONG> <STRONG>if</STRONG> <STRONG>if</STRONG> name of initialization file
463 <STRONG>insert_character</STRONG> <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> <STRONG>ic</STRONG> insert character (P)
464 <STRONG>insert_line</STRONG> <STRONG>il1</STRONG> <STRONG>al</STRONG> insert line (P*)
465 <STRONG>insert_padding</STRONG> <STRONG>ip</STRONG> <STRONG>ip</STRONG> insert padding after inserted
467 <STRONG>key_backspace</STRONG> <STRONG>kbs</STRONG> <STRONG>kb</STRONG> backspace key
468 <STRONG>key_catab</STRONG> <STRONG>ktbc</STRONG> <STRONG>ka</STRONG> clear-all-tabs key
469 <STRONG>key_clear</STRONG> <STRONG>kclr</STRONG> <STRONG>kC</STRONG> clear-screen or erase key
470 <STRONG>key_ctab</STRONG> <STRONG>kctab</STRONG> <STRONG>kt</STRONG> clear-tab key
471 <STRONG>key_dc</STRONG> <STRONG>kdch1</STRONG> <STRONG>kD</STRONG> delete-character key
472 <STRONG>key_dl</STRONG> <STRONG>kdl1</STRONG> <STRONG>kL</STRONG> delete-line key
473 <STRONG>key_down</STRONG> <STRONG>kcud1</STRONG> <STRONG>kd</STRONG> down-arrow key
475 <STRONG>key_eic</STRONG> <STRONG>krmir</STRONG> <STRONG>kM</STRONG> sent by rmir or smir in insert
477 <STRONG>key_eol</STRONG> <STRONG>kel</STRONG> <STRONG>kE</STRONG> clear-to-end-of-line key
478 <STRONG>key_eos</STRONG> <STRONG>ked</STRONG> <STRONG>kS</STRONG> clear-to-end-of-screen key
479 <STRONG>key_f0</STRONG> <STRONG>kf0</STRONG> <STRONG>k0</STRONG> F0 function key
480 <STRONG>key_f1</STRONG> <STRONG>kf1</STRONG> <STRONG>k1</STRONG> F1 function key
481 <STRONG>key_f10</STRONG> <STRONG>kf10</STRONG> <STRONG>k;</STRONG> F10 function key
482 <STRONG>key_f2</STRONG> <STRONG>kf2</STRONG> <STRONG>k2</STRONG> F2 function key
483 <STRONG>key_f3</STRONG> <STRONG>kf3</STRONG> <STRONG>k3</STRONG> F3 function key
484 <STRONG>key_f4</STRONG> <STRONG>kf4</STRONG> <STRONG>k4</STRONG> F4 function key
485 <STRONG>key_f5</STRONG> <STRONG>kf5</STRONG> <STRONG>k5</STRONG> F5 function key
486 <STRONG>key_f6</STRONG> <STRONG>kf6</STRONG> <STRONG>k6</STRONG> F6 function key
487 <STRONG>key_f7</STRONG> <STRONG>kf7</STRONG> <STRONG>k7</STRONG> F7 function key
488 <STRONG>key_f8</STRONG> <STRONG>kf8</STRONG> <STRONG>k8</STRONG> F8 function key
489 <STRONG>key_f9</STRONG> <STRONG>kf9</STRONG> <STRONG>k9</STRONG> F9 function key
490 <STRONG>key_home</STRONG> <STRONG>khome</STRONG> <STRONG>kh</STRONG> home key
491 <STRONG>key_ic</STRONG> <STRONG>kich1</STRONG> <STRONG>kI</STRONG> insert-character key
492 <STRONG>key_il</STRONG> <STRONG>kil1</STRONG> <STRONG>kA</STRONG> insert-line key
493 <STRONG>key_left</STRONG> <STRONG>kcub1</STRONG> <STRONG>kl</STRONG> left-arrow key
494 <STRONG>key_ll</STRONG> <STRONG>kll</STRONG> <STRONG>kH</STRONG> lower-left key (home down)
495 <STRONG>key_npage</STRONG> <STRONG>knp</STRONG> <STRONG>kN</STRONG> next-page key
496 <STRONG>key_ppage</STRONG> <STRONG>kpp</STRONG> <STRONG>kP</STRONG> previous-page key
497 <STRONG>key_right</STRONG> <STRONG>kcuf1</STRONG> <STRONG>kr</STRONG> right-arrow key
498 <STRONG>key_sf</STRONG> <STRONG>kind</STRONG> <STRONG>kF</STRONG> scroll-forward key
499 <STRONG>key_sr</STRONG> <STRONG>kri</STRONG> <STRONG>kR</STRONG> scroll-backward key
500 <STRONG>key_stab</STRONG> <STRONG>khts</STRONG> <STRONG>kT</STRONG> set-tab key
501 <STRONG>key_up</STRONG> <STRONG>kcuu1</STRONG> <STRONG>ku</STRONG> up-arrow key
502 <STRONG>keypad_local</STRONG> <STRONG>rmkx</STRONG> <STRONG>ke</STRONG> leave keyboard transmit mode
503 <STRONG>keypad_xmit</STRONG> <STRONG>smkx</STRONG> <STRONG>ks</STRONG> enter keyboard transmit mode
504 <STRONG>lab_f0</STRONG> <STRONG>lf0</STRONG> <STRONG>l0</STRONG> label on function key f0 if
506 <STRONG>lab_f1</STRONG> <STRONG>lf1</STRONG> <STRONG>l1</STRONG> label on function key f1 if
508 <STRONG>lab_f10</STRONG> <STRONG>lf10</STRONG> <STRONG>la</STRONG> label on function key f10 if
510 <STRONG>lab_f2</STRONG> <STRONG>lf2</STRONG> <STRONG>l2</STRONG> label on function key f2 if
512 <STRONG>lab_f3</STRONG> <STRONG>lf3</STRONG> <STRONG>l3</STRONG> label on function key f3 if
514 <STRONG>lab_f4</STRONG> <STRONG>lf4</STRONG> <STRONG>l4</STRONG> label on function key f4 if
518 <STRONG>lab_f5</STRONG> <STRONG>lf5</STRONG> <STRONG>l5</STRONG> label on function key f5 if
520 <STRONG>lab_f6</STRONG> <STRONG>lf6</STRONG> <STRONG>l6</STRONG> label on function key f6 if
522 <STRONG>lab_f7</STRONG> <STRONG>lf7</STRONG> <STRONG>l7</STRONG> label on function key f7 if
524 <STRONG>lab_f8</STRONG> <STRONG>lf8</STRONG> <STRONG>l8</STRONG> label on function key f8 if
526 <STRONG>lab_f9</STRONG> <STRONG>lf9</STRONG> <STRONG>l9</STRONG> label on function key f9 if
528 <STRONG>meta_off</STRONG> <STRONG>rmm</STRONG> <STRONG>mo</STRONG> turn off meta mode
529 <STRONG>meta_on</STRONG> <STRONG>smm</STRONG> <STRONG>mm</STRONG> turn on meta mode (8th-bit on)
530 <STRONG>newline</STRONG> <STRONG>nel</STRONG> <STRONG>nw</STRONG> newline (behave like cr
532 <STRONG>pad_char</STRONG> <STRONG>pad</STRONG> <STRONG>pc</STRONG> padding char (instead of null)
533 <STRONG>parm_dch</STRONG> <STRONG>dch</STRONG> <STRONG>DC</STRONG> delete #1 characters (P*)
534 <STRONG>parm_delete_line</STRONG> <STRONG>dl</STRONG> <STRONG>DL</STRONG> delete #1 lines (P*)
535 <STRONG>parm_down_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>cud</STRONG> <STRONG>DO</STRONG> down #1 lines (P*)
536 <STRONG>parm_ich</STRONG> <STRONG>ich</STRONG> <STRONG>IC</STRONG> insert #1 characters (P*)
537 <STRONG>parm_index</STRONG> <STRONG>indn</STRONG> <STRONG>SF</STRONG> scroll forward #1 lines (P)
538 <STRONG>parm_insert_line</STRONG> <STRONG>il</STRONG> <STRONG>AL</STRONG> insert #1 lines (P*)
539 <STRONG>parm_left_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>cub</STRONG> <STRONG>LE</STRONG> move #1 characters to the left
541 <STRONG>parm_right_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>cuf</STRONG> <STRONG>RI</STRONG> move #1 characters to the
543 <STRONG>parm_rindex</STRONG> <STRONG>rin</STRONG> <STRONG>SR</STRONG> scroll back #1 lines (P)
544 <STRONG>parm_up_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>cuu</STRONG> <STRONG>UP</STRONG> up #1 lines (P*)
545 <STRONG>pkey_key</STRONG> <STRONG>pfkey</STRONG> <STRONG>pk</STRONG> program function key #1 to
547 <STRONG>pkey_local</STRONG> <STRONG>pfloc</STRONG> <STRONG>pl</STRONG> program function key #1 to
549 <STRONG>pkey_xmit</STRONG> <STRONG>pfx</STRONG> <STRONG>px</STRONG> program function key #1 to
551 <STRONG>print_screen</STRONG> <STRONG>mc0</STRONG> <STRONG>ps</STRONG> print contents of screen
552 <STRONG>prtr_off</STRONG> <STRONG>mc4</STRONG> <STRONG>pf</STRONG> turn off printer
553 <STRONG>prtr_on</STRONG> <STRONG>mc5</STRONG> <STRONG>po</STRONG> turn on printer
554 <STRONG>repeat_char</STRONG> <STRONG>rep</STRONG> <STRONG>rp</STRONG> repeat char #1 #2 times (P*)
555 <STRONG>reset_1string</STRONG> <STRONG>rs1</STRONG> <STRONG>r1</STRONG> reset string
556 <STRONG>reset_2string</STRONG> <STRONG>rs2</STRONG> <STRONG>r2</STRONG> reset string
558 <STRONG>reset_3string</STRONG> <STRONG>rs3</STRONG> <STRONG>r3</STRONG> reset string
559 <STRONG>reset_file</STRONG> <STRONG>rf</STRONG> <STRONG>rf</STRONG> name of reset file
560 <STRONG>restore_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>rc</STRONG> <STRONG>rc</STRONG> restore cursor to position of
562 <STRONG>row_address</STRONG> <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> <STRONG>cv</STRONG> vertical position #1 absolute
564 <STRONG>save_cursor</STRONG> <STRONG>sc</STRONG> <STRONG>sc</STRONG> save current cursor position
566 <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG> <STRONG>ind</STRONG> <STRONG>sf</STRONG> scroll text up (P)
567 <STRONG>scroll_reverse</STRONG> <STRONG>ri</STRONG> <STRONG>sr</STRONG> scroll text down (P)
568 <STRONG>set_attributes</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> <STRONG>sa</STRONG> define video attributes #1-#9
570 <STRONG>set_tab</STRONG> <STRONG>hts</STRONG> <STRONG>st</STRONG> set a tab in every row,
572 <STRONG>set_window</STRONG> <STRONG>wind</STRONG> <STRONG>wi</STRONG> current window is lines #1-#2
574 <STRONG>tab</STRONG> <STRONG>ht</STRONG> <STRONG>ta</STRONG> tab to next 8-space hardware
576 <STRONG>to_status_line</STRONG> <STRONG>tsl</STRONG> <STRONG>ts</STRONG> move to status line, column #1
577 <STRONG>underline_char</STRONG> <STRONG>uc</STRONG> <STRONG>uc</STRONG> underline char and move past
579 <STRONG>up_half_line</STRONG> <STRONG>hu</STRONG> <STRONG>hu</STRONG> half a line up
580 <STRONG>init_prog</STRONG> <STRONG>iprog</STRONG> <STRONG>iP</STRONG> path name of program for
582 <STRONG>key_a1</STRONG> <STRONG>ka1</STRONG> <STRONG>K1</STRONG> upper left of keypad
584 <STRONG>key_a3</STRONG> <STRONG>ka3</STRONG> <STRONG>K3</STRONG> upper right of keypad
585 <STRONG>key_b2</STRONG> <STRONG>kb2</STRONG> <STRONG>K2</STRONG> center of keypad
586 <STRONG>key_c1</STRONG> <STRONG>kc1</STRONG> <STRONG>K4</STRONG> lower left of keypad
587 <STRONG>key_c3</STRONG> <STRONG>kc3</STRONG> <STRONG>K5</STRONG> lower right of keypad
588 <STRONG>prtr_non</STRONG> <STRONG>mc5p</STRONG> <STRONG>pO</STRONG> turn on printer for #1 bytes
589 <STRONG>char_padding</STRONG> <STRONG>rmp</STRONG> <STRONG>rP</STRONG> like ip but when in insert
591 <STRONG>acs_chars</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> <STRONG>ac</STRONG> graphics charset pairs, based
593 <STRONG>plab_norm</STRONG> <STRONG>pln</STRONG> <STRONG>pn</STRONG> program label #1 to show
595 <STRONG>key_btab</STRONG> <STRONG>kcbt</STRONG> <STRONG>kB</STRONG> back-tab key
596 <STRONG>enter_xon_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smxon</STRONG> <STRONG>SX</STRONG> turn on xon/xoff handshaking
597 <STRONG>exit_xon_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmxon</STRONG> <STRONG>RX</STRONG> turn off xon/xoff handshaking
598 <STRONG>enter_am_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smam</STRONG> <STRONG>SA</STRONG> turn on automatic margins
599 <STRONG>exit_am_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmam</STRONG> <STRONG>RA</STRONG> turn off automatic margins
600 <STRONG>xon_character</STRONG> <STRONG>xonc</STRONG> <STRONG>XN</STRONG> XON character
601 <STRONG>xoff_character</STRONG> <STRONG>xoffc</STRONG> <STRONG>XF</STRONG> XOFF character
602 <STRONG>ena_acs</STRONG> <STRONG>enacs</STRONG> <STRONG>eA</STRONG> enable alternate char set
603 <STRONG>label_on</STRONG> <STRONG>smln</STRONG> <STRONG>LO</STRONG> turn on soft labels
604 <STRONG>label_off</STRONG> <STRONG>rmln</STRONG> <STRONG>LF</STRONG> turn off soft labels
605 <STRONG>key_beg</STRONG> <STRONG>kbeg</STRONG> <STRONG>@1</STRONG> begin key
606 <STRONG>key_cancel</STRONG> <STRONG>kcan</STRONG> <STRONG>@2</STRONG> cancel key
607 <STRONG>key_close</STRONG> <STRONG>kclo</STRONG> <STRONG>@3</STRONG> close key
608 <STRONG>key_command</STRONG> <STRONG>kcmd</STRONG> <STRONG>@4</STRONG> command key
609 <STRONG>key_copy</STRONG> <STRONG>kcpy</STRONG> <STRONG>@5</STRONG> copy key
610 <STRONG>key_create</STRONG> <STRONG>kcrt</STRONG> <STRONG>@6</STRONG> create key
611 <STRONG>key_end</STRONG> <STRONG>kend</STRONG> <STRONG>@7</STRONG> end key
612 <STRONG>key_enter</STRONG> <STRONG>kent</STRONG> <STRONG>@8</STRONG> enter/send key
613 <STRONG>key_exit</STRONG> <STRONG>kext</STRONG> <STRONG>@9</STRONG> exit key
614 <STRONG>key_find</STRONG> <STRONG>kfnd</STRONG> <STRONG>@0</STRONG> find key
615 <STRONG>key_help</STRONG> <STRONG>khlp</STRONG> <STRONG>%1</STRONG> help key
616 <STRONG>key_mark</STRONG> <STRONG>kmrk</STRONG> <STRONG>%2</STRONG> mark key
617 <STRONG>key_message</STRONG> <STRONG>kmsg</STRONG> <STRONG>%3</STRONG> message key
618 <STRONG>key_move</STRONG> <STRONG>kmov</STRONG> <STRONG>%4</STRONG> move key
619 <STRONG>key_next</STRONG> <STRONG>knxt</STRONG> <STRONG>%5</STRONG> next key
620 <STRONG>key_open</STRONG> <STRONG>kopn</STRONG> <STRONG>%6</STRONG> open key
621 <STRONG>key_options</STRONG> <STRONG>kopt</STRONG> <STRONG>%7</STRONG> options key
622 <STRONG>key_previous</STRONG> <STRONG>kprv</STRONG> <STRONG>%8</STRONG> previous key
623 <STRONG>key_print</STRONG> <STRONG>kprt</STRONG> <STRONG>%9</STRONG> print key
624 <STRONG>key_redo</STRONG> <STRONG>krdo</STRONG> <STRONG>%0</STRONG> redo key
625 <STRONG>key_reference</STRONG> <STRONG>kref</STRONG> <STRONG>&1</STRONG> reference key
626 <STRONG>key_refresh</STRONG> <STRONG>krfr</STRONG> <STRONG>&2</STRONG> refresh key
627 <STRONG>key_replace</STRONG> <STRONG>krpl</STRONG> <STRONG>&3</STRONG> replace key
628 <STRONG>key_restart</STRONG> <STRONG>krst</STRONG> <STRONG>&4</STRONG> restart key
629 <STRONG>key_resume</STRONG> <STRONG>kres</STRONG> <STRONG>&5</STRONG> resume key
630 <STRONG>key_save</STRONG> <STRONG>ksav</STRONG> <STRONG>&6</STRONG> save key
631 <STRONG>key_suspend</STRONG> <STRONG>kspd</STRONG> <STRONG>&7</STRONG> suspend key
632 <STRONG>key_undo</STRONG> <STRONG>kund</STRONG> <STRONG>&8</STRONG> undo key
634 <STRONG>key_sbeg</STRONG> <STRONG>kBEG</STRONG> <STRONG>&9</STRONG> shifted begin key
635 <STRONG>key_scancel</STRONG> <STRONG>kCAN</STRONG> <STRONG>&0</STRONG> shifted cancel key
636 <STRONG>key_scommand</STRONG> <STRONG>kCMD</STRONG> <STRONG>*1</STRONG> shifted command key
637 <STRONG>key_scopy</STRONG> <STRONG>kCPY</STRONG> <STRONG>*2</STRONG> shifted copy key
638 <STRONG>key_screate</STRONG> <STRONG>kCRT</STRONG> <STRONG>*3</STRONG> shifted create key
639 <STRONG>key_sdc</STRONG> <STRONG>kDC</STRONG> <STRONG>*4</STRONG> shifted delete-character key
640 <STRONG>key_sdl</STRONG> <STRONG>kDL</STRONG> <STRONG>*5</STRONG> shifted delete-line key
641 <STRONG>key_select</STRONG> <STRONG>kslt</STRONG> <STRONG>*6</STRONG> select key
642 <STRONG>key_send</STRONG> <STRONG>kEND</STRONG> <STRONG>*7</STRONG> shifted end key
643 <STRONG>key_seol</STRONG> <STRONG>kEOL</STRONG> <STRONG>*8</STRONG> shifted clear-to-end-of-line
645 <STRONG>key_sexit</STRONG> <STRONG>kEXT</STRONG> <STRONG>*9</STRONG> shifted exit key
646 <STRONG>key_sfind</STRONG> <STRONG>kFND</STRONG> <STRONG>*0</STRONG> shifted find key
647 <STRONG>key_shelp</STRONG> <STRONG>kHLP</STRONG> <STRONG>#1</STRONG> shifted help key
648 <STRONG>key_shome</STRONG> <STRONG>kHOM</STRONG> <STRONG>#2</STRONG> shifted home key
650 <STRONG>key_sic</STRONG> <STRONG>kIC</STRONG> <STRONG>#3</STRONG> shifted insert-character key
651 <STRONG>key_sleft</STRONG> <STRONG>kLFT</STRONG> <STRONG>#4</STRONG> shifted left-arrow key
652 <STRONG>key_smessage</STRONG> <STRONG>kMSG</STRONG> <STRONG>%a</STRONG> shifted message key
653 <STRONG>key_smove</STRONG> <STRONG>kMOV</STRONG> <STRONG>%b</STRONG> shifted move key
654 <STRONG>key_snext</STRONG> <STRONG>kNXT</STRONG> <STRONG>%c</STRONG> shifted next key
655 <STRONG>key_soptions</STRONG> <STRONG>kOPT</STRONG> <STRONG>%d</STRONG> shifted options key
656 <STRONG>key_sprevious</STRONG> <STRONG>kPRV</STRONG> <STRONG>%e</STRONG> shifted previous key
657 <STRONG>key_sprint</STRONG> <STRONG>kPRT</STRONG> <STRONG>%f</STRONG> shifted print key
658 <STRONG>key_sredo</STRONG> <STRONG>kRDO</STRONG> <STRONG>%g</STRONG> shifted redo key
659 <STRONG>key_sreplace</STRONG> <STRONG>kRPL</STRONG> <STRONG>%h</STRONG> shifted replace key
660 <STRONG>key_sright</STRONG> <STRONG>kRIT</STRONG> <STRONG>%i</STRONG> shifted right-arrow key
661 <STRONG>key_srsume</STRONG> <STRONG>kRES</STRONG> <STRONG>%j</STRONG> shifted resume key
662 <STRONG>key_ssave</STRONG> <STRONG>kSAV</STRONG> <STRONG>!1</STRONG> shifted save key
663 <STRONG>key_ssuspend</STRONG> <STRONG>kSPD</STRONG> <STRONG>!2</STRONG> shifted suspend key
664 <STRONG>key_sundo</STRONG> <STRONG>kUND</STRONG> <STRONG>!3</STRONG> shifted undo key
665 <STRONG>req_for_input</STRONG> <STRONG>rfi</STRONG> <STRONG>RF</STRONG> send next input char (for
667 <STRONG>key_f11</STRONG> <STRONG>kf11</STRONG> <STRONG>F1</STRONG> F11 function key
668 <STRONG>key_f12</STRONG> <STRONG>kf12</STRONG> <STRONG>F2</STRONG> F12 function key
669 <STRONG>key_f13</STRONG> <STRONG>kf13</STRONG> <STRONG>F3</STRONG> F13 function key
670 <STRONG>key_f14</STRONG> <STRONG>kf14</STRONG> <STRONG>F4</STRONG> F14 function key
671 <STRONG>key_f15</STRONG> <STRONG>kf15</STRONG> <STRONG>F5</STRONG> F15 function key
672 <STRONG>key_f16</STRONG> <STRONG>kf16</STRONG> <STRONG>F6</STRONG> F16 function key
673 <STRONG>key_f17</STRONG> <STRONG>kf17</STRONG> <STRONG>F7</STRONG> F17 function key
674 <STRONG>key_f18</STRONG> <STRONG>kf18</STRONG> <STRONG>F8</STRONG> F18 function key
675 <STRONG>key_f19</STRONG> <STRONG>kf19</STRONG> <STRONG>F9</STRONG> F19 function key
676 <STRONG>key_f20</STRONG> <STRONG>kf20</STRONG> <STRONG>FA</STRONG> F20 function key
677 <STRONG>key_f21</STRONG> <STRONG>kf21</STRONG> <STRONG>FB</STRONG> F21 function key
678 <STRONG>key_f22</STRONG> <STRONG>kf22</STRONG> <STRONG>FC</STRONG> F22 function key
679 <STRONG>key_f23</STRONG> <STRONG>kf23</STRONG> <STRONG>FD</STRONG> F23 function key
680 <STRONG>key_f24</STRONG> <STRONG>kf24</STRONG> <STRONG>FE</STRONG> F24 function key
681 <STRONG>key_f25</STRONG> <STRONG>kf25</STRONG> <STRONG>FF</STRONG> F25 function key
682 <STRONG>key_f26</STRONG> <STRONG>kf26</STRONG> <STRONG>FG</STRONG> F26 function key
683 <STRONG>key_f27</STRONG> <STRONG>kf27</STRONG> <STRONG>FH</STRONG> F27 function key
684 <STRONG>key_f28</STRONG> <STRONG>kf28</STRONG> <STRONG>FI</STRONG> F28 function key
685 <STRONG>key_f29</STRONG> <STRONG>kf29</STRONG> <STRONG>FJ</STRONG> F29 function key
686 <STRONG>key_f30</STRONG> <STRONG>kf30</STRONG> <STRONG>FK</STRONG> F30 function key
687 <STRONG>key_f31</STRONG> <STRONG>kf31</STRONG> <STRONG>FL</STRONG> F31 function key
688 <STRONG>key_f32</STRONG> <STRONG>kf32</STRONG> <STRONG>FM</STRONG> F32 function key
689 <STRONG>key_f33</STRONG> <STRONG>kf33</STRONG> <STRONG>FN</STRONG> F33 function key
690 <STRONG>key_f34</STRONG> <STRONG>kf34</STRONG> <STRONG>FO</STRONG> F34 function key
691 <STRONG>key_f35</STRONG> <STRONG>kf35</STRONG> <STRONG>FP</STRONG> F35 function key
692 <STRONG>key_f36</STRONG> <STRONG>kf36</STRONG> <STRONG>FQ</STRONG> F36 function key
693 <STRONG>key_f37</STRONG> <STRONG>kf37</STRONG> <STRONG>FR</STRONG> F37 function key
694 <STRONG>key_f38</STRONG> <STRONG>kf38</STRONG> <STRONG>FS</STRONG> F38 function key
695 <STRONG>key_f39</STRONG> <STRONG>kf39</STRONG> <STRONG>FT</STRONG> F39 function key
696 <STRONG>key_f40</STRONG> <STRONG>kf40</STRONG> <STRONG>FU</STRONG> F40 function key
697 <STRONG>key_f41</STRONG> <STRONG>kf41</STRONG> <STRONG>FV</STRONG> F41 function key
698 <STRONG>key_f42</STRONG> <STRONG>kf42</STRONG> <STRONG>FW</STRONG> F42 function key
700 <STRONG>key_f43</STRONG> <STRONG>kf43</STRONG> <STRONG>FX</STRONG> F43 function key
701 <STRONG>key_f44</STRONG> <STRONG>kf44</STRONG> <STRONG>FY</STRONG> F44 function key
702 <STRONG>key_f45</STRONG> <STRONG>kf45</STRONG> <STRONG>FZ</STRONG> F45 function key
703 <STRONG>key_f46</STRONG> <STRONG>kf46</STRONG> <STRONG>Fa</STRONG> F46 function key
704 <STRONG>key_f47</STRONG> <STRONG>kf47</STRONG> <STRONG>Fb</STRONG> F47 function key
705 <STRONG>key_f48</STRONG> <STRONG>kf48</STRONG> <STRONG>Fc</STRONG> F48 function key
706 <STRONG>key_f49</STRONG> <STRONG>kf49</STRONG> <STRONG>Fd</STRONG> F49 function key
707 <STRONG>key_f50</STRONG> <STRONG>kf50</STRONG> <STRONG>Fe</STRONG> F50 function key
708 <STRONG>key_f51</STRONG> <STRONG>kf51</STRONG> <STRONG>Ff</STRONG> F51 function key
709 <STRONG>key_f52</STRONG> <STRONG>kf52</STRONG> <STRONG>Fg</STRONG> F52 function key
710 <STRONG>key_f53</STRONG> <STRONG>kf53</STRONG> <STRONG>Fh</STRONG> F53 function key
711 <STRONG>key_f54</STRONG> <STRONG>kf54</STRONG> <STRONG>Fi</STRONG> F54 function key
712 <STRONG>key_f55</STRONG> <STRONG>kf55</STRONG> <STRONG>Fj</STRONG> F55 function key
713 <STRONG>key_f56</STRONG> <STRONG>kf56</STRONG> <STRONG>Fk</STRONG> F56 function key
714 <STRONG>key_f57</STRONG> <STRONG>kf57</STRONG> <STRONG>Fl</STRONG> F57 function key
716 <STRONG>key_f58</STRONG> <STRONG>kf58</STRONG> <STRONG>Fm</STRONG> F58 function key
717 <STRONG>key_f59</STRONG> <STRONG>kf59</STRONG> <STRONG>Fn</STRONG> F59 function key
718 <STRONG>key_f60</STRONG> <STRONG>kf60</STRONG> <STRONG>Fo</STRONG> F60 function key
719 <STRONG>key_f61</STRONG> <STRONG>kf61</STRONG> <STRONG>Fp</STRONG> F61 function key
720 <STRONG>key_f62</STRONG> <STRONG>kf62</STRONG> <STRONG>Fq</STRONG> F62 function key
721 <STRONG>key_f63</STRONG> <STRONG>kf63</STRONG> <STRONG>Fr</STRONG> F63 function key
722 <STRONG>clr_bol</STRONG> <STRONG>el1</STRONG> <STRONG>cb</STRONG> Clear to beginning of line
723 <STRONG>clear_margins</STRONG> <STRONG>mgc</STRONG> <STRONG>MC</STRONG> clear right and left soft
725 <STRONG>set_left_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smgl</STRONG> <STRONG>ML</STRONG> set left soft margin at
726 current column. (ML is not in
728 <STRONG>set_right_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smgr</STRONG> <STRONG>MR</STRONG> set right soft margin at
730 <STRONG>label_format</STRONG> <STRONG>fln</STRONG> <STRONG>Lf</STRONG> label format
731 <STRONG>set_clock</STRONG> <STRONG>sclk</STRONG> <STRONG>SC</STRONG> set clock, #1 hrs #2 mins #3
733 <STRONG>display_clock</STRONG> <STRONG>dclk</STRONG> <STRONG>DK</STRONG> display clock
734 <STRONG>remove_clock</STRONG> <STRONG>rmclk</STRONG> <STRONG>RC</STRONG> remove clock
735 <STRONG>create_window</STRONG> <STRONG>cwin</STRONG> <STRONG>CW</STRONG> define a window #1 from #2,#3
737 <STRONG>goto_window</STRONG> <STRONG>wingo</STRONG> <STRONG>WG</STRONG> go to window #1
738 <STRONG>hangup</STRONG> <STRONG>hup</STRONG> <STRONG>HU</STRONG> hang-up phone
739 <STRONG>dial_phone</STRONG> <STRONG>dial</STRONG> <STRONG>DI</STRONG> dial number #1
740 <STRONG>quick_dial</STRONG> <STRONG>qdial</STRONG> <STRONG>QD</STRONG> dial number #1 without
742 <STRONG>tone</STRONG> <STRONG>tone</STRONG> <STRONG>TO</STRONG> select touch tone dialing
743 <STRONG>pulse</STRONG> <STRONG>pulse</STRONG> <STRONG>PU</STRONG> select pulse dialing
744 <STRONG>flash_hook</STRONG> <STRONG>hook</STRONG> <STRONG>fh</STRONG> flash switch hook
745 <STRONG>fixed_pause</STRONG> <STRONG>pause</STRONG> <STRONG>PA</STRONG> pause for 2-3 seconds
746 <STRONG>wait_tone</STRONG> <STRONG>wait</STRONG> <STRONG>WA</STRONG> wait for dial-tone
747 <STRONG>user0</STRONG> <STRONG>u0</STRONG> <STRONG>u0</STRONG> User string #0
748 <STRONG>user1</STRONG> <STRONG>u1</STRONG> <STRONG>u1</STRONG> User string #1
749 <STRONG>user2</STRONG> <STRONG>u2</STRONG> <STRONG>u2</STRONG> User string #2
750 <STRONG>user3</STRONG> <STRONG>u3</STRONG> <STRONG>u3</STRONG> User string #3
751 <STRONG>user4</STRONG> <STRONG>u4</STRONG> <STRONG>u4</STRONG> User string #4
752 <STRONG>user5</STRONG> <STRONG>u5</STRONG> <STRONG>u5</STRONG> User string #5
753 <STRONG>user6</STRONG> <STRONG>u6</STRONG> <STRONG>u6</STRONG> User string #6
754 <STRONG>user7</STRONG> <STRONG>u7</STRONG> <STRONG>u7</STRONG> User string #7
755 <STRONG>user8</STRONG> <STRONG>u8</STRONG> <STRONG>u8</STRONG> User string #8
756 <STRONG>user9</STRONG> <STRONG>u9</STRONG> <STRONG>u9</STRONG> User string #9
757 <STRONG>orig_pair</STRONG> <STRONG>op</STRONG> <STRONG>op</STRONG> Set default pair to its
759 <STRONG>orig_colors</STRONG> <STRONG>oc</STRONG> <STRONG>oc</STRONG> Set all color pairs to the
761 <STRONG>initialize_color</STRONG> <STRONG>initc</STRONG> <STRONG>Ic</STRONG> initialize color #1 to
763 <STRONG>initialize_pair</STRONG> <STRONG>initp</STRONG> <STRONG>Ip</STRONG> Initialize color pair #1 to
764 fg=(#2,#3,#4), bg=(#5,#6,#7)
765 <STRONG>set_color_pair</STRONG> <STRONG>scp</STRONG> <STRONG>sp</STRONG> Set current color pair to #1
766 <STRONG>set_foreground</STRONG> <STRONG>setf</STRONG> <STRONG>Sf</STRONG> Set foreground color #1
767 <STRONG>set_background</STRONG> <STRONG>setb</STRONG> <STRONG>Sb</STRONG> Set background color #1
768 <STRONG>change_char_pitch</STRONG> <STRONG>cpi</STRONG> <STRONG>ZA</STRONG> Change number of characters
770 <STRONG>change_line_pitch</STRONG> <STRONG>lpi</STRONG> <STRONG>ZB</STRONG> Change number of lines per
772 <STRONG>change_res_horz</STRONG> <STRONG>chr</STRONG> <STRONG>ZC</STRONG> Change horizontal resolution
774 <STRONG>change_res_vert</STRONG> <STRONG>cvr</STRONG> <STRONG>ZD</STRONG> Change vertical resolution to
776 <STRONG>define_char</STRONG> <STRONG>defc</STRONG> <STRONG>ZE</STRONG> Define a character #1, #2 dots
778 <STRONG>enter_doublewide_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>swidm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZF</STRONG> Enter double-wide mode
780 <STRONG>enter_draft_quality</STRONG> <STRONG>sdrfq</STRONG> <STRONG>ZG</STRONG> Enter draft-quality mode
782 <STRONG>enter_italics_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>sitm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZH</STRONG> Enter italic mode
783 <STRONG>enter_leftward_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>slm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZI</STRONG> Start leftward carriage motion
784 <STRONG>enter_micro_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smicm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZJ</STRONG> Start micro-motion mode
785 <STRONG>enter_near_letter_quality</STRONG> <STRONG>snlq</STRONG> <STRONG>ZK</STRONG> Enter NLQ mode
786 <STRONG>enter_normal_quality</STRONG> <STRONG>snrmq</STRONG> <STRONG>ZL</STRONG> Enter normal-quality mode
787 <STRONG>enter_shadow_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>sshm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZM</STRONG> Enter shadow-print mode
788 <STRONG>enter_subscript_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>ssubm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZN</STRONG> Enter subscript mode
789 <STRONG>enter_superscript_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>ssupm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZO</STRONG> Enter superscript mode
790 <STRONG>enter_upward_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>sum</STRONG> <STRONG>ZP</STRONG> Start upward carriage motion
791 <STRONG>exit_doublewide_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rwidm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZQ</STRONG> End double-wide mode
792 <STRONG>exit_italics_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>ritm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZR</STRONG> End italic mode
793 <STRONG>exit_leftward_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rlm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZS</STRONG> End left-motion mode
794 <STRONG>exit_micro_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmicm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZT</STRONG> End micro-motion mode
795 <STRONG>exit_shadow_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rshm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZU</STRONG> End shadow-print mode
796 <STRONG>exit_subscript_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rsubm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZV</STRONG> End subscript mode
797 <STRONG>exit_superscript_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rsupm</STRONG> <STRONG>ZW</STRONG> End superscript mode
798 <STRONG>exit_upward_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rum</STRONG> <STRONG>ZX</STRONG> End reverse character motion
799 <STRONG>micro_column_address</STRONG> <STRONG>mhpa</STRONG> <STRONG>ZY</STRONG> Like column_address in micro
801 <STRONG>micro_down</STRONG> <STRONG>mcud1</STRONG> <STRONG>ZZ</STRONG> Like cursor_down in micro mode
802 <STRONG>micro_left</STRONG> <STRONG>mcub1</STRONG> <STRONG>Za</STRONG> Like cursor_left in micro mode
803 <STRONG>micro_right</STRONG> <STRONG>mcuf1</STRONG> <STRONG>Zb</STRONG> Like cursor_right in micro
805 <STRONG>micro_row_address</STRONG> <STRONG>mvpa</STRONG> <STRONG>Zc</STRONG> Like row_address #1 in micro
807 <STRONG>micro_up</STRONG> <STRONG>mcuu1</STRONG> <STRONG>Zd</STRONG> Like cursor_up in micro mode
808 <STRONG>order_of_pins</STRONG> <STRONG>porder</STRONG> <STRONG>Ze</STRONG> Match software bits to print-
810 <STRONG>parm_down_micro</STRONG> <STRONG>mcud</STRONG> <STRONG>Zf</STRONG> Like parm_down_cursor in micro
812 <STRONG>parm_left_micro</STRONG> <STRONG>mcub</STRONG> <STRONG>Zg</STRONG> Like parm_left_cursor in micro
814 <STRONG>parm_right_micro</STRONG> <STRONG>mcuf</STRONG> <STRONG>Zh</STRONG> Like parm_right_cursor in
816 <STRONG>parm_up_micro</STRONG> <STRONG>mcuu</STRONG> <STRONG>Zi</STRONG> Like parm_up_cursor in micro
818 <STRONG>select_char_set</STRONG> <STRONG>scs</STRONG> <STRONG>Zj</STRONG> Select character set, #1
819 <STRONG>set_bottom_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smgb</STRONG> <STRONG>Zk</STRONG> Set bottom margin at current
821 <STRONG>set_bottom_margin_parm</STRONG> <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> <STRONG>Zl</STRONG> Set bottom margin at line #1
822 or (if smgtp is not given) #2
824 <STRONG>set_left_margin_parm</STRONG> <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> <STRONG>Zm</STRONG> Set left (right) margin at
826 <STRONG>set_right_margin_parm</STRONG> <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> <STRONG>Zn</STRONG> Set right margin at column #1
827 <STRONG>set_top_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smgt</STRONG> <STRONG>Zo</STRONG> Set top margin at current line
828 <STRONG>set_top_margin_parm</STRONG> <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> <STRONG>Zp</STRONG> Set top (bottom) margin at row
830 <STRONG>start_bit_image</STRONG> <STRONG>sbim</STRONG> <STRONG>Zq</STRONG> Start printing bit image
832 <STRONG>start_char_set_def</STRONG> <STRONG>scsd</STRONG> <STRONG>Zr</STRONG> Start character set definition
833 #1, with #2 characters in the
835 <STRONG>stop_bit_image</STRONG> <STRONG>rbim</STRONG> <STRONG>Zs</STRONG> Stop printing bit image
837 <STRONG>stop_char_set_def</STRONG> <STRONG>rcsd</STRONG> <STRONG>Zt</STRONG> End definition of character
839 <STRONG>subscript_characters</STRONG> <STRONG>subcs</STRONG> <STRONG>Zu</STRONG> List of subscriptable
841 <STRONG>superscript_characters</STRONG> <STRONG>supcs</STRONG> <STRONG>Zv</STRONG> List of superscriptable
843 <STRONG>these_cause_cr</STRONG> <STRONG>docr</STRONG> <STRONG>Zw</STRONG> Printing any of these
845 <STRONG>zero_motion</STRONG> <STRONG>zerom</STRONG> <STRONG>Zx</STRONG> No motion for subsequent
848 The following string capabilities are present in the SVr4.0 term
849 structure, but were originally not documented in the man page.
851 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
852 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
853 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
854 <STRONG>char_set_names</STRONG> <STRONG>csnm</STRONG> <STRONG>Zy</STRONG> Produce #1'th item from list
855 of character set names
856 <STRONG>key_mouse</STRONG> <STRONG>kmous</STRONG> <STRONG>Km</STRONG> Mouse event has occurred
857 <STRONG>mouse_info</STRONG> <STRONG>minfo</STRONG> <STRONG>Mi</STRONG> Mouse status information
858 <STRONG>req_mouse_pos</STRONG> <STRONG>reqmp</STRONG> <STRONG>RQ</STRONG> Request mouse position
859 <STRONG>get_mouse</STRONG> <STRONG>getm</STRONG> <STRONG>Gm</STRONG> Curses should get button
860 events, parameter #1 not
862 <STRONG>set_a_foreground</STRONG> <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> <STRONG>AF</STRONG> Set foreground color to #1,
864 <STRONG>set_a_background</STRONG> <STRONG>setab</STRONG> <STRONG>AB</STRONG> Set background color to #1,
866 <STRONG>pkey_plab</STRONG> <STRONG>pfxl</STRONG> <STRONG>xl</STRONG> Program function key #1 to
867 type string #2 and show string
869 <STRONG>device_type</STRONG> <STRONG>devt</STRONG> <STRONG>dv</STRONG> Indicate language, codeset
871 <STRONG>code_set_init</STRONG> <STRONG>csin</STRONG> <STRONG>ci</STRONG> Init sequence for multiple
873 <STRONG>set0_des_seq</STRONG> <STRONG>s0ds</STRONG> <STRONG>s0</STRONG> Shift to codeset 0 (EUC set 0,
875 <STRONG>set1_des_seq</STRONG> <STRONG>s1ds</STRONG> <STRONG>s1</STRONG> Shift to codeset 1
876 <STRONG>set2_des_seq</STRONG> <STRONG>s2ds</STRONG> <STRONG>s2</STRONG> Shift to codeset 2
877 <STRONG>set3_des_seq</STRONG> <STRONG>s3ds</STRONG> <STRONG>s3</STRONG> Shift to codeset 3
878 <STRONG>set_lr_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smglr</STRONG> <STRONG>ML</STRONG> Set both left and right
879 margins to #1, #2. (ML is not
881 <STRONG>set_tb_margin</STRONG> <STRONG>smgtb</STRONG> <STRONG>MT</STRONG> Sets both top and bottom
883 <STRONG>bit_image_repeat</STRONG> <STRONG>birep</STRONG> <STRONG>Xy</STRONG> Repeat bit image cell #1 #2
885 <STRONG>bit_image_newline</STRONG> <STRONG>binel</STRONG> <STRONG>Zz</STRONG> Move to next row of the bit
887 <STRONG>bit_image_carriage_return</STRONG> <STRONG>bicr</STRONG> <STRONG>Yv</STRONG> Move to beginning of same row
888 <STRONG>color_names</STRONG> <STRONG>colornm</STRONG> <STRONG>Yw</STRONG> Give name for color #1
889 <STRONG>define_bit_image_region</STRONG> <STRONG>defbi</STRONG> <STRONG>Yx</STRONG> Define rectangular bit image
891 <STRONG>end_bit_image_region</STRONG> <STRONG>endbi</STRONG> <STRONG>Yy</STRONG> End a bit-image region
892 <STRONG>set_color_band</STRONG> <STRONG>setcolor</STRONG> <STRONG>Yz</STRONG> Change to ribbon color #1
893 <STRONG>set_page_length</STRONG> <STRONG>slines</STRONG> <STRONG>YZ</STRONG> Set page length to #1 lines
894 <STRONG>display_pc_char</STRONG> <STRONG>dispc</STRONG> <STRONG>S1</STRONG> Display PC character #1
895 <STRONG>enter_pc_charset_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smpch</STRONG> <STRONG>S2</STRONG> Enter PC character display
897 <STRONG>exit_pc_charset_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmpch</STRONG> <STRONG>S3</STRONG> Exit PC character display mode
898 <STRONG>enter_scancode_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>smsc</STRONG> <STRONG>S4</STRONG> Enter PC scancode mode
899 <STRONG>exit_scancode_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>rmsc</STRONG> <STRONG>S5</STRONG> Exit PC scancode mode
900 <STRONG>pc_term_options</STRONG> <STRONG>pctrm</STRONG> <STRONG>S6</STRONG> PC terminal options
901 <STRONG>scancode_escape</STRONG> <STRONG>scesc</STRONG> <STRONG>S7</STRONG> Escape for scancode emulation
902 <STRONG>alt_scancode_esc</STRONG> <STRONG>scesa</STRONG> <STRONG>S8</STRONG> Alternate escape for scancode
905 The XSI Curses standard added these hardcopy capabilities. They were
906 used in some post-4.1 versions of System V curses, e.g., Solaris 2.5
907 and IRIX 6.x. Except for <STRONG>YI</STRONG>, the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> termcap names for them are
908 invented. According to the XSI Curses standard, they have no termcap
909 names. If your compiled terminfo entries use these, they may not be
910 binary-compatible with System V terminfo entries after SVr4.1; beware!
912 <STRONG>Code</STRONG>
914 <STRONG>String</STRONG> <STRONG>Capability</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>TI</STRONG> <STRONG>TC</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
915 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
916 <STRONG>enter_horizontal_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>ehhlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xh</STRONG> Enter horizontal highlight
918 <STRONG>enter_left_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>elhlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xl</STRONG> Enter left highlight mode
919 <STRONG>enter_low_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>elohlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xo</STRONG> Enter low highlight mode
920 <STRONG>enter_right_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>erhlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xr</STRONG> Enter right highlight mode
921 <STRONG>enter_top_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>ethlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xt</STRONG> Enter top highlight mode
922 <STRONG>enter_vertical_hl_mode</STRONG> <STRONG>evhlm</STRONG> <STRONG>Xv</STRONG> Enter vertical highlight mode
923 <STRONG>set_a_attributes</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG> <STRONG>sA</STRONG> Define second set of video
925 <STRONG>set_pglen_inch</STRONG> <STRONG>slength</STRONG> <STRONG>YI</STRONG> Set page length to #1
926 hundredth of an inch (some
927 implementations use sL for
931 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-User-Defined-Capabilities">User-Defined Capabilities</a></H3><PRE>
932 The preceding section listed the <EM>predefined</EM> capabilities. They deal
933 with some special features for terminals no longer (or possibly never)
934 produced. Occasionally there are special features of newer terminals
935 which are awkward or impossible to represent by reusing the predefined
938 <EM>ncurses</EM> addresses this limitation by allowing user-defined
939 capabilities. The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> and <STRONG>infocmp</STRONG> programs provide the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option for
940 this purpose. When <STRONG>-x</STRONG> is set, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> treats unknown capabilities as user-
941 defined. That is, if <STRONG>tic</STRONG> encounters a capability name which it does
942 not recognize, it infers its type (Boolean, number or string) from the
943 syntax and makes an extended table entry for that capability. The
944 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_extend.3x.html">use_extended_names(3x)</A></STRONG> function makes this information conditionally
945 available to applications. The <EM>ncurses</EM> library provides the data
946 leaving most of the behavior to applications:
948 <STRONG>o</STRONG> User-defined capability strings whose name begins with "k" are
949 treated as function keys.
951 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The types (Boolean, number, string) determined by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> can be
952 inferred by successful calls on <STRONG>tigetflag</STRONG>, etc.
954 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the capability name happens to be two characters, the capability
955 is also available through the termcap interface.
957 While termcap is said to be extensible because it does not use a
958 predefined set of capabilities, in practice it has been limited to the
959 capabilities defined by terminfo implementations. As a rule, user-
960 defined capabilities intended for use by termcap applications should be
961 limited to Booleans and numbers to avoid running past the 1023 byte
962 limit assumed by termcap implementations and their applications. In
963 particular, providing extended sets of function keys (past the 60
964 numbered keys and the handful of special named keys) is best done using
965 the longer names available using terminfo.
967 The <EM>ncurses</EM> library uses a few of these user-defined capabilities, as
968 described in <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>. Other user-defined capabilities (including
969 function keys) are described in the terminal database, in the section
970 on <EM>NCURSES</EM> <EM>USER-DEFINABLE</EM> <EM>CAPABILITIES</EM>
973 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-A-Sample-Entry">A Sample Entry</a></H3><PRE>
974 The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal, is
975 representative of what a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> entry for a modern terminal typically
978 ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color,
980 colors#8, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, ncv#3, pairs#64,
981 acsc=+\020\,\021-\030.^Y0\333`\004a\261f\370g\361h\260
982 j\331k\277l\332m\300n\305o~p\304q\304r\304s_t\303
983 u\264v\301w\302x\263y\363z\362{\343|\330}\234~\376,
984 bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z, clear=\E[H\E[J,
985 cr=^M, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cub1=\E[D, cud=\E[%p1%dB, cud1=\E[B,
986 cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\E[C, cup=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH,
987 cuu=\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\E[A, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\E[P,
988 dl=\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\E[M, ech=\E[%p1%dX, ed=\E[J, el=\E[K,
989 el1=\E[1K, home=\E[H, hpa=\E[%i%p1%dG, ht=\E[I, hts=\EH,
990 ich=\E[%p1%d@, il=\E[%p1%dL, il1=\E[L, ind=^J,
991 indn=\E[%p1%dS, invis=\E[8m, kbs=^H, kcbt=\E[Z, kcub1=\E[D,
992 kcud1=\E[B, kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A, khome=\E[H, kich1=\E[L,
993 mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, nel=\r\E[S, op=\E[39;49m,
994 rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, rev=\E[7m, rin=\E[%p1%dT,
995 rmacs=\E[10m, rmpch=\E[10m, rmso=\E[m, rmul=\E[m,
996 s0ds=\E(B, s1ds=\E)B, s2ds=\E*B, s3ds=\E+B,
997 setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm,
998 sgr=\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;
1005 sgr0=\E[0;10m, smacs=\E[11m, smpch=\E[11m, smso=\E[7m,
1006 smul=\E[4m, tbc=\E[3g, u6=\E[%i%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n,
1007 u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%i%p1%dd,
1009 Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing white space at the
1010 beginning of each line except the first. Comments may be included on
1011 lines beginning with "#". Capabilities in <EM>terminfo</EM> are of three types:
1013 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Boolean capabilities which indicate that the terminal has some
1016 <STRONG>o</STRONG> numeric capabilities giving the size of the terminal or the size of
1017 particular delays, and
1019 <STRONG>o</STRONG> string capabilities, which give a sequence which can be used to
1020 perform particular terminal operations.
1023 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Types-of-Capabilities">Types of Capabilities</a></H3><PRE>
1024 All capabilities have names. For instance, the fact that ANSI-standard
1025 terminals have <EM>automatic</EM> <EM>margins</EM> (i.e., an automatic return and line-
1026 feed when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the capability
1027 <STRONG>am</STRONG>. Hence the description of ansi includes <STRONG>am</STRONG>. Numeric capabilities
1028 are followed by the character "#" and then a positive value. Thus
1029 <STRONG>cols</STRONG>, which indicates the number of columns the terminal has, gives the
1030 value "80" for ansi. Values for numeric capabilities may be specified
1031 in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal, using the C programming language
1032 conventions (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).
1034 Finally, string valued capabilities, such as <STRONG>el</STRONG> (clear to end of line
1035 sequence) are given by the two-character code, an "=", and then a
1036 string ending at the next following ",".
1038 A number of escape sequences are provided in the string valued
1039 capabilities for easy encoding of characters there:
1041 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Both <STRONG>\E</STRONG> and <STRONG>\e</STRONG> map to an ESCAPE character,
1043 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>^</STRONG><STRONG><EM>x</EM></STRONG> maps to a control-<EM>x</EM> for any appropriate <EM>x</EM>, and
1045 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the sequences
1047 <STRONG>\n</STRONG>, <STRONG>\l</STRONG>, <STRONG>\r</STRONG>, <STRONG>\t</STRONG>, <STRONG>\b</STRONG>, <STRONG>\f</STRONG>, and <STRONG>\s</STRONG>
1051 <EM>newline</EM>, <EM>line-feed</EM>, <EM>return</EM>, <EM>tab</EM>, <EM>backspace</EM>, <EM>form-feed</EM>, and <EM>space</EM>,
1055 X/Open Curses does not say what "appropriate <EM>x</EM>" might be. In practice,
1056 that is a printable ASCII graphic character. The special case "^?" is
1057 interpreted as DEL (127). In all other cases, the character value is
1058 AND'd with 0x1f, mapping to ASCII control codes in the range 0 through
1061 Other escapes include
1063 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>\^</STRONG> for <STRONG>^</STRONG>,
1065 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>\\</STRONG> for <STRONG>\</STRONG>,
1067 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>\</STRONG>, for comma,
1069 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>\:</STRONG> for <STRONG>:</STRONG>,
1071 <STRONG>o</STRONG> and <STRONG>\0</STRONG> for null.
1073 <STRONG>\0</STRONG> will produce \200, which does not terminate a string but behaves
1074 as a null character on most terminals, providing CS7 is specified.
1075 See <STRONG>stty(1)</STRONG>.
1077 The reason for this quirk is to maintain binary compatibility of
1078 the compiled terminfo files with other implementations, e.g., the
1079 SVr4 systems, which document this. Compiled terminfo files use
1080 null-terminated strings, with no lengths. Modifying this would
1081 require a new binary format, which would not work with other
1084 Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a <STRONG>\</STRONG>.
1086 A delay in milliseconds may appear anywhere in a string capability,
1087 enclosed in $<..> brackets, as in <STRONG>el</STRONG>=\EK$<5>, and padding characters
1088 are supplied by <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tputs(3x)</A></STRONG> to provide this delay.
1090 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The delay must be a number with at most one decimal place of
1091 precision; it may be followed by suffixes "*" or "/" or both.
1093 <STRONG>o</STRONG> A "*" indicates that the padding required is proportional to the
1094 number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is
1095 the per-affected-unit padding required. (In the case of insert
1096 character, the factor is still the number of <EM>lines</EM> affected.)
1098 Normally, padding is advisory if the device has the <STRONG>xon</STRONG> capability;
1099 it is used for cost computation but does not trigger delays.
1101 <STRONG>o</STRONG> A "/" suffix indicates that the padding is mandatory and forces a
1102 delay of the given number of milliseconds even on devices for which
1103 <STRONG>xon</STRONG> is present to indicate flow control.
1105 Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out. To do this,
1106 put a period before the capability name. For example, see the second
1107 <STRONG>ind</STRONG> in the example above.
1110 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Fetching-Compiled-Descriptions">Fetching Compiled Descriptions</a></H3><PRE>
1111 Terminal descriptions in <EM>ncurses</EM> are stored in terminal databases.
1112 These databases, which are found by their pathname, may be configured
1113 either as directory trees or hashed databases (see <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>),
1115 The library uses a compiled-in list of pathnames, which can be
1116 overridden by environment variables. Before starting to search,
1117 <EM>ncurses</EM> checks the search list, eliminating duplicates and pathnames
1118 where no terminal database is found. The <EM>ncurses</EM> library reads the
1119 first description which passes its consistency checks.
1121 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The environment variable <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is checked first, for a terminal
1122 database containing the terminal description.
1124 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Next, <EM>ncurses</EM> looks in <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> for a compiled description.
1126 This is an optional feature which may be omitted entirely from the
1127 library, or limited to prevent accidental use by privileged
1130 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Next, if the environment variable <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> is set, <EM>ncurses</EM>
1131 interprets the contents of that variable as a list of colon-
1132 separated pathnames of terminal databases to be searched.
1134 An empty pathname (i.e., if the variable begins or ends with a
1135 colon, or contains adjacent colons) is interpreted as the system
1136 location <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>.
1138 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Finally, <EM>ncurses</EM> searches these compiled-in locations:
1140 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a list of directories (/usr/share/terminfo), and
1142 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the system terminfo directory, <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
1144 The <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> variable can contain a terminal description instead of the
1145 pathname of a terminal database. If this variable begins with "hex:"
1146 or "b64:" then <EM>ncurses</EM> reads a terminal description from hexadecimal-
1147 or base64-encoded data, and if that description matches the name
1148 sought, will use that. This encoded data can be set using the "-Q"
1149 option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> or <STRONG>infocmp</STRONG>.
1151 The preceding addresses the usual configuration of <EM>ncurses</EM>, which uses
1152 terminal descriptions prepared in <EM>terminfo</EM> format. While <EM>termcap</EM> is
1153 less expressive, <EM>ncurses</EM> can also be configured to read <EM>termcap</EM>
1154 descriptions. In that configuration, it checks the <EM>TERMCAP</EM> and
1155 <EM>TERMPATH</EM> variables (for content and search path, respectively) after
1156 the system terminal database.
1159 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Preparing-Descriptions">Preparing Descriptions</a></H3><PRE>
1160 We now outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals. The most
1161 effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating the
1162 description of a similar terminal in <EM>terminfo</EM> and to build up a
1163 description gradually, using partial descriptions with <EM>vi</EM> or some other
1164 screen-oriented program to check that they are correct. Be aware that
1165 a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in the ability of the
1166 <EM>terminfo</EM> file to describe it or bugs in the screen-handling code of the
1169 To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal manufacturer
1170 did not document it) a severe test is to edit a large file at 9600
1171 baud, delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the
1172 "u" key several times quickly. If the terminal messes up, more padding
1173 is usually needed. A similar test can be used for insert character.
1176 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Basic-Capabilities">Basic Capabilities</a></H3><PRE>
1177 The number of columns on each line for the terminal is given by the
1178 <STRONG>cols</STRONG> numeric capability. If the terminal is a CRT, then the number of
1179 lines on the screen is given by the <STRONG>lines</STRONG> capability. If the terminal
1180 wraps around to the beginning of the next line when it reaches the
1181 right margin, then it should have the <STRONG>am</STRONG> capability. If the terminal
1182 can clear its screen, leaving the cursor in the home position, then
1183 this is given by the <STRONG>clear</STRONG> string capability. If the terminal
1184 overstrikes (rather than clearing a position when a character is struck
1185 over) then it should have the <STRONG>os</STRONG> capability. If the terminal is a
1186 printing terminal, with no soft copy unit, give it both <STRONG>hc</STRONG> and <STRONG>os</STRONG>. (<STRONG>os</STRONG>
1187 applies to storage scope terminals, such as TEKTRONIX 4010 series, as
1188 well as hard copy and APL terminals.) If there is a code to move the
1189 cursor to the left edge of the current row, give this as <STRONG>cr</STRONG>. (Normally
1190 this will be carriage return, control/M.) If there is a code to
1191 produce an audible signal (bell, beep, etc) give this as <STRONG>bel</STRONG>.
1193 If there is a code to move the cursor one position to the left (such as
1194 backspace) that capability should be given as <STRONG>cub1</STRONG>. Similarly, codes
1195 to move to the right, up, and down should be given as <STRONG>cuf1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, and
1196 <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>. These local cursor motions should not alter the text they pass
1197 over, for example, you would not normally use "<STRONG>cuf1</STRONG>= " because the
1198 space would erase the character moved over.
1200 A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded in
1201 <EM>terminfo</EM> are undefined at the left and top edges of a CRT terminal.
1202 Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge, unless
1203 <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is given, and never attempt to go up locally off the top. In order
1204 to scroll text up, a program will go to the bottom left corner of the
1205 screen and send the <STRONG>ind</STRONG> (index) string.
1207 To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner of the
1208 screen and sends the <STRONG>ri</STRONG> (reverse index) string. The strings <STRONG>ind</STRONG> and <STRONG>ri</STRONG>
1209 are undefined when not on their respective corners of the screen.
1211 Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are <STRONG>indn</STRONG> and <STRONG>rin</STRONG>
1212 which have the same semantics as <STRONG>ind</STRONG> and <STRONG>ri</STRONG> except that they take one
1213 parameter, and scroll that many lines. They are also undefined except
1214 at the appropriate edge of the screen.
1216 The <STRONG>am</STRONG> capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right edge of
1217 the screen when text is output, but this does not necessarily apply to
1218 a <STRONG>cuf1</STRONG> from the last column. The only local motion which is defined
1219 from the left edge is if <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is given, then a <STRONG>cub1</STRONG> from the left edge
1220 will move to the right edge of the previous row. If <STRONG>bw</STRONG> is not given,
1221 the effect is undefined. This is useful for drawing a box around the
1222 edge of the screen, for example. If the terminal has switch selectable
1223 automatic margins, the <EM>terminfo</EM> file usually assumes that this is on;
1224 i.e., <STRONG>am</STRONG>. If the terminal has a command which moves to the first
1225 column of the next line, that command can be given as <STRONG>nel</STRONG> (newline).
1226 It does not matter if the command clears the remainder of the current
1227 line, so if the terminal has no <STRONG>cr</STRONG> and <STRONG>lf</STRONG> it may still be possible to
1228 craft a working <STRONG>nel</STRONG> out of one or both of them.
1230 These capabilities suffice to describe hard-copy and "glass-tty"
1231 terminals. Thus the model 33 teletype is described as
1233 33|tty33|tty|model 33 teletype,
1234 bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,
1236 while the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as
1239 am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
1243 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Parameterized-Strings">Parameterized Strings</a></H3><PRE>
1244 Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters in the
1245 terminal are described by a parameterized string capability, with
1246 <EM>printf</EM>-like escapes such as <EM>%x</EM> in it. For example, to address the
1247 cursor, the <STRONG>cup</STRONG> capability is given, using two parameters: the row and
1248 column to address to. (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and
1249 refer to the physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen
1250 memory.) If the terminal has memory relative cursor addressing, that
1251 can be indicated by <STRONG>mrcup</STRONG>.
1253 The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special <STRONG>%</STRONG> codes to manipulate
1254 it. Typically a sequence will push one of the parameters onto the
1255 stack and then print it in some format. Print (e.g., "%d") is a
1256 special case. Other operations, including "%t" pop their operand from
1257 the stack. It is noted that more complex operations are often
1258 necessary, e.g., in the <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> string.
1260 The <STRONG>%</STRONG> encodings have the following meanings:
1262 <STRONG>%%</STRONG> outputs "%"
1264 <STRONG>%</STRONG><EM>[[</EM>:<EM>]flags][width[.precision]][</EM><STRONG>doxXs</STRONG><EM>]</EM>
1265 as in <STRONG>printf(3)</STRONG>, flags are <EM>[-+#]</EM> and <EM>space</EM>. Use a ":" to allow
1266 the next character to be a "-" flag, avoiding interpreting "%-" as
1269 <STRONG>%c</STRONG> print <EM>pop()</EM> like %c in <STRONG>printf</STRONG>
1271 <STRONG>%s</STRONG> print <EM>pop()</EM> like %s in <STRONG>printf</STRONG>
1273 <STRONG>%p</STRONG><EM>[1-9]</EM>
1274 push <EM>i</EM>'th parameter
1276 <STRONG>%P</STRONG><EM>[a-z]</EM>
1277 set dynamic variable <EM>[a-z]</EM> to <EM>pop()</EM>
1279 <STRONG>%g</STRONG><EM>[a-z]</EM>
1280 get dynamic variable <EM>[a-z]</EM> and push it
1282 <STRONG>%P</STRONG><EM>[A-Z]</EM>
1283 set static variable <EM>[a-z]</EM> to <EM>pop()</EM>
1285 <STRONG>%g</STRONG><EM>[A-Z]</EM>
1286 get static variable <EM>[a-z]</EM> and push it
1288 The terms "static" and "dynamic" are misleading. Historically,
1289 these are simply two different sets of variables, whose values are
1290 not reset between calls to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">tparm(3x)</A></STRONG>. However, that fact is not
1291 documented in other implementations. Relying on it will adversely
1292 impact portability to other implementations:
1294 <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr2 curses supported <EM>dynamic</EM> variables. Those are set only
1295 by a <STRONG>%P</STRONG> operator. A <STRONG>%g</STRONG> for a given variable without first
1296 setting it with <STRONG>%P</STRONG> will give unpredictable results, because
1297 dynamic variables are an uninitialized local array on the
1298 stack in the <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> function.
1300 <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr3.2 curses supported <EM>static</EM> variables. Those are an array
1301 in the <EM>TERMINAL</EM> structure (declared in <STRONG>term.h</STRONG>), and are zeroed
1302 automatically when the <STRONG>setupterm</STRONG> function allocates the data.
1304 <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr4 curses made no further improvements to the <EM>dynamic/static</EM>
1307 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Solaris XPG4 curses does not distinguish between <EM>dynamic</EM> and
1308 <EM>static</EM> variables. They are the same. Like SVr4 curses, XPG4
1309 curses does not initialize these explicitly.
1311 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Before version 6.3, <EM>ncurses</EM> stores both <EM>dynamic</EM> and <EM>static</EM>
1312 variables in persistent storage, initialized to zeros.
1314 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Beginning with version 6.3, <EM>ncurses</EM> stores <EM>static</EM> and <EM>dynamic</EM>
1315 variables in the same manner as SVr4.
1317 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Unlike other implementations, <EM>ncurses</EM> zeros dynamic
1318 variables before the first <STRONG>%g</STRONG> or <STRONG>%P</STRONG> operator.
1320 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Like SVr2, the scope of dynamic variables in <EM>ncurses</EM> is
1321 within the current call to <STRONG>tparm</STRONG>. Use static variables if
1322 persistent storage is needed.
1324 <STRONG>%'</STRONG><EM>c</EM><STRONG>'</STRONG> char constant <EM>c</EM>
1326 <STRONG>%{</STRONG><EM>nn</EM><STRONG>}</STRONG>
1327 integer constant <EM>nn</EM>
1329 <STRONG>%l</STRONG> push strlen(pop)
1331 <STRONG>%+</STRONG>, <STRONG>%-</STRONG>, <STRONG>%*</STRONG>, <STRONG>%/</STRONG>, <STRONG>%m</STRONG>
1332 arithmetic (%m is <EM>mod</EM>): <EM>push(pop()</EM> <EM>op</EM> <EM>pop())</EM>
1334 <STRONG>%&</STRONG>, <STRONG>%|</STRONG>, <STRONG>%^</STRONG>
1335 bit operations (AND, OR and exclusive-OR): <EM>push(pop()</EM> <EM>op</EM> <EM>pop())</EM>
1337 <STRONG>%=</STRONG>, <STRONG>%></STRONG>, <STRONG>%<</STRONG>
1338 logical operations: <EM>push(pop()</EM> <EM>op</EM> <EM>pop())</EM>
1340 <STRONG>%A</STRONG>, <STRONG>%O</STRONG>
1341 logical AND and OR operations (for conditionals)
1343 <STRONG>%!</STRONG>, <STRONG>%~</STRONG>
1344 unary operations (logical and bit complement): <EM>push(op</EM> <EM>pop())</EM>
1346 <STRONG>%i</STRONG> add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)
1348 <STRONG>%?</STRONG> <EM>expr</EM> <STRONG>%t</STRONG> <EM>thenpart</EM> <STRONG>%e</STRONG> <EM>elsepart</EM> <STRONG>%;</STRONG>
1349 This forms an if-then-else. The <STRONG>%e</STRONG> <EM>elsepart</EM> is optional. Usually
1350 the <STRONG>%?</STRONG> <EM>expr</EM> part pushes a value onto the stack, and <STRONG>%t</STRONG> pops it
1351 from the stack, testing if it is nonzero (true). If it is zero
1352 (false), control passes to the <STRONG>%e</STRONG> (else) part.
1354 It is possible to form else-if's a la Algol 68:
1355 <STRONG>%?</STRONG> c1 <STRONG>%t</STRONG> b1 <STRONG>%e</STRONG> c2 <STRONG>%t</STRONG> b2 <STRONG>%e</STRONG> c3 <STRONG>%t</STRONG> b3 <STRONG>%e</STRONG> c4 <STRONG>%t</STRONG> b4 <STRONG>%e</STRONG> <STRONG>%;</STRONG>
1357 where ci are conditions, bi are bodies.
1359 Use the <STRONG>-f</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> or <STRONG>infocmp</STRONG> to see the structure of if-
1360 then-else's. Some strings, e.g., <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> can be very complicated when
1361 written on one line. The <STRONG>-f</STRONG> option splits the string into lines
1362 with the parts indented.
1364 Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in the usual
1365 order. That is, to get x-5 one would use "%gx%{5}%-". <STRONG>%P</STRONG> and <STRONG>%g</STRONG>
1366 variables are persistent across escape-string evaluations.
1368 Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs to be
1369 sent \E&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds. The order of the rows and
1370 columns is inverted here, and the row and column are printed as two
1371 digits. The corresponding terminal description is expressed thus:
1372 cup=\E&a%p2%dc%p1%dY$<6>,
1374 The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent preceded by
1375 a <STRONG>^T</STRONG>, with the row and column simply encoded in binary,
1378 Terminals which use "%c" need to be able to backspace the cursor
1379 (<STRONG>cub1</STRONG>), and to move the cursor up one line on the screen (<STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>). This
1380 is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit <STRONG>\n</STRONG> <STRONG>^D</STRONG> and <STRONG>\r</STRONG>, as
1381 the system may change or discard them. (The library routines dealing
1382 with terminfo set tty modes so that tabs are never expanded, so \t is
1383 safe to send. This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
1385 A final example is the LSI ADM-3a, which uses row and column offset by
1386 a blank character, thus
1387 cup=\E=%p1%' '%+%c%p2%' '%+%c
1389 After sending "\E=", this pushes the first parameter, pushes the ASCII
1390 value for a space (32), adds them (pushing the sum on the stack in
1391 place of the two previous values) and outputs that value as a
1392 character. Then the same is done for the second parameter. More
1393 complex arithmetic is possible using the stack.
1396 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Cursor-Motions">Cursor Motions</a></H3><PRE>
1397 If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to very upper left
1398 corner of screen) then this can be given as <STRONG>home</STRONG>; similarly a fast way
1399 of getting to the lower left-hand corner can be given as <STRONG>ll</STRONG>; this may
1400 involve going up with <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG> from the home position, but a program should
1401 never do this itself (unless <STRONG>ll</STRONG> does) because it can make no assumption
1402 about the effect of moving up from the home position. Note that the
1403 home position is the same as addressing to (0,0): to the top left
1404 corner of the screen, not of memory. (Thus, the \EH sequence on HP
1405 terminals cannot be used for <STRONG>home</STRONG>.)
1407 If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor addressing, these can
1408 be given as single parameter capabilities <STRONG>hpa</STRONG> (horizontal position
1409 absolute) and <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> (vertical position absolute). Sometimes these are
1410 shorter than the more general two parameter sequence (as with the
1411 hp2645) and can be used in preference to <STRONG>cup</STRONG>. If there are
1412 parameterized local motions (e.g., move <EM>n</EM> spaces to the right) these
1413 can be given as <STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cub</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuf</STRONG>, and <STRONG>cuu</STRONG> with a single parameter
1414 indicating how many spaces to move. These are primarily useful if the
1415 terminal does not have <STRONG>cup</STRONG>, such as the TEKTRONIX 4025.
1417 If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running a program
1418 that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter and exit this mode can
1419 be given as <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG>. This arises, for example, from terminals
1420 like the Concept with more than one page of memory. If the terminal
1421 has only memory relative cursor addressing and not screen relative
1422 cursor addressing, a one screen-sized window must be fixed into the
1423 terminal for cursor addressing to work properly. This is also used for
1424 the TEKTRONIX 4025, where <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> sets the command character to be the
1425 one used by terminfo. If the <STRONG>smcup</STRONG> sequence will not restore the
1426 screen after an <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG> sequence is output (to the state prior to
1427 outputting <STRONG>rmcup</STRONG>), specify <STRONG>nrrmc</STRONG>.
1430 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Margins">Margins</a></H3><PRE>
1431 SVr4 (and X/Open Curses) list several string capabilities for setting
1432 margins. Two were intended for use with terminals, and another six
1433 were intended for use with printers.
1435 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The two terminal capabilities assume that the terminal may have the
1436 capability of setting the left and/or right margin at the current
1437 cursor column position.
1439 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The printer capabilities assume that the printer may have two types
1442 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the ability to set a top and/or bottom margin using the current
1445 <STRONG>o</STRONG> parameterized capabilities for setting the top, bottom, left,
1446 right margins given the number of rows or columns.
1448 In practice, the categorization into "terminal" and "printer" is not
1451 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The AT&T SVr4 terminal database uses <STRONG>smgl</STRONG> four times, for AT&T
1454 Three of the four are printers. They lack the ability to set
1455 left/right margins by specifying the column.
1457 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Other (non-AT&T) terminals may support margins but using different
1458 assumptions from AT&T.
1460 For instance, the DEC VT420 supports left/right margins, but only
1461 using a column parameter. As an added complication, the VT420 uses
1462 two settings to fully enable left/right margins (left/right margin
1463 mode, and origin mode). The former enables the margins, which
1464 causes printed text to wrap within margins, but the latter is
1465 needed to prevent cursor-addressing outside those margins.
1467 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Both DEC VT420 left/right margins are set with a single control
1468 sequence. If either is omitted, the corresponding margin is set to
1469 the left or right edge of the display (rather than leaving the
1472 These are the margin-related capabilities:
1474 <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Description</STRONG>
1475 ---------------------------------------------------
1476 <STRONG>smgl</STRONG> Set left margin at current column
1477 <STRONG>smgr</STRONG> Set right margin at current column
1478 <STRONG>smgb</STRONG> Set bottom margin at current line
1479 <STRONG>smgt</STRONG> Set top margin at current line
1480 <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> Set bottom margin at line <EM>N</EM>
1481 <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> Set left margin at column <EM>N</EM>
1482 <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> Set right margin at column <EM>N</EM>
1483 <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> Set top margin at line <EM>N</EM>
1484 <STRONG>smglr</STRONG> Set both left and right margins to <EM>L</EM> and <EM>R</EM>
1485 <STRONG>smgtb</STRONG> Set both top and bottom margins to <EM>T</EM> and <EM>B</EM>
1487 When writing an application that uses these string capabilities, the
1488 pairs should be first checked to see if each capability in the pair is
1489 set or only one is set:
1491 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If both <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> are set, each is used with a single
1492 argument, <EM>N</EM>, that gives the column number of the left and right
1493 margin, respectively.
1495 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If both <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> are set, each is used to set the top and
1496 bottom margin, respectively:
1498 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> is used with a single argument, <EM>N</EM>, the line number of the
1501 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> is used with two arguments, <EM>N</EM> and <EM>M</EM>, that give the line
1502 number of the bottom margin, the first counting from the top of
1503 the page and the second counting from the bottom. This
1504 accommodates the two styles of specifying the bottom margin in
1505 different manufacturers' printers.
1507 When designing a terminfo entry for a printer that has a settable
1508 bottom margin, only the first or second argument should be used,
1509 depending on the printer. When developing an application that uses
1510 <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> to set the bottom margin, both arguments must be given.
1512 Conversely, when only one capability in the pair is set:
1514 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If only one of <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> is set, then it is used with two
1515 arguments, the column number of the left and right margins, in that
1518 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Likewise, if only one of <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG> is set, then it is used
1519 with two arguments that give the top and bottom margins, in that
1520 order, counting from the top of the page.
1522 When designing a terminfo entry for a printer that requires setting
1523 both left and right or top and bottom margins simultaneously, only
1524 one capability in the pairs <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> or <STRONG>smgtp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgbp</STRONG>
1525 should be defined, leaving the other unset.
1527 Except for very old terminal descriptions, e.g., those developed for
1528 SVr4, the scheme just described should be considered obsolete. An
1529 improved set of capabilities was added late in the SVr4 releases (<STRONG>smglr</STRONG>
1530 and <STRONG>smgtb</STRONG>), which explicitly use two parameters for setting the
1531 left/right or top/bottom margins.
1533 When setting margins, the line- and column-values are zero-based.
1535 The <STRONG>mgc</STRONG> string capability should be defined. Applications such as
1536 <STRONG><A HREF="tabs.1.html">tabs(1)</A></STRONG> rely upon this to reset all margins.
1539 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Area-Clears">Area Clears</a></H3><PRE>
1540 If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
1541 line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as <STRONG>el</STRONG>. If
1542 the terminal can clear from the beginning of the line to the current
1543 position inclusive, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be
1544 given as <STRONG>el1</STRONG>. If the terminal can clear from the current position to
1545 the end of the display, then this should be given as <STRONG>ed</STRONG>. <STRONG>Ed</STRONG> is only
1546 defined from the first column of a line. (Thus, it can be simulated by
1547 a request to delete a large number of lines, if a true <STRONG>ed</STRONG> is not
1551 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Insert_Delete-Line-and-Vertical-Motions">Insert/Delete Line and Vertical Motions</a></H3><PRE>
1552 If the terminal can open a new blank line before the line where the
1553 cursor is, this should be given as <STRONG>il1</STRONG>; this is done only from the
1554 first position of a line. The cursor must then appear on the newly
1555 blank line. If the terminal can delete the line which the cursor is
1556 on, then this should be given as <STRONG>dl1</STRONG>; this is done only from the first
1557 position on the line to be deleted. Versions of <STRONG>il1</STRONG> and <STRONG>dl1</STRONG> which take
1558 a single parameter and insert or delete that many lines can be given as
1559 <STRONG>il</STRONG> and <STRONG>dl</STRONG>.
1561 If the terminal has a settable scrolling region (like the vt100) the
1562 command to set this can be described with the <STRONG>csr</STRONG> capability, which
1563 takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region.
1564 The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.
1566 It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line using <STRONG>csr</STRONG> on
1567 a properly chosen region; the <STRONG>sc</STRONG> and <STRONG>rc</STRONG> (save and restore cursor)
1568 commands may be useful for ensuring that your synthesized insert/delete
1569 string does not move the cursor. (Note that the <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> library
1570 does this synthesis automatically, so you need not compose
1571 insert/delete strings for an entry with <STRONG>csr</STRONG>).
1573 Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to use a
1574 combination of index with the memory-lock feature found on some
1575 terminals (like the HP-700/90 series, which however also has
1578 Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done
1579 using <STRONG>ri</STRONG> or <STRONG>ind</STRONG> on many terminals without a true insert/delete line,
1580 and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
1582 The Boolean <STRONG>non_dest_scroll_region</STRONG> should be set if each scrolling
1583 window is effectively a view port on a screen-sized canvas. To test
1584 for this capability, create a scrolling region in the middle of the
1585 screen, write something to the bottom line, move the cursor to the top
1586 of the region, and do <STRONG>ri</STRONG> followed by <STRONG>dl1</STRONG> or <STRONG>ind</STRONG>. If the data scrolled
1587 off the bottom of the region by the <STRONG>ri</STRONG> re-appears, then scrolling is
1588 non-destructive. System V and XSI Curses expect that <STRONG>ind</STRONG>, <STRONG>ri</STRONG>, <STRONG>indn</STRONG>,
1589 and <STRONG>rin</STRONG> will simulate destructive scrolling; their documentation
1590 cautions you not to define <STRONG>csr</STRONG> unless this is true. This <STRONG>curses</STRONG>
1591 implementation is more liberal and will do explicit erases after
1592 scrolling if <STRONG>ndsrc</STRONG> is defined.
1594 If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory,
1595 which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized
1596 string <STRONG>wind</STRONG>. The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in
1597 memory and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.
1599 If the terminal can retain display memory above, then the <STRONG>da</STRONG> capability
1600 should be given; if display memory can be retained below, then <STRONG>db</STRONG>
1601 should be given. These indicate that deleting a line or scrolling may
1602 bring non-blank lines up from below or that scrolling back with <STRONG>ri</STRONG> may
1603 bring down non-blank lines.
1606 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Insert_Delete-Character">Insert/Delete Character</a></H3><PRE>
1607 There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to
1608 insert/delete character which can be described using <EM>terminfo.</EM> The
1609 most common insert/delete character operations affect only the
1610 characters on the current line and shift characters off the end of the
1611 line rigidly. Other terminals, such as the Concept 100 and the Perkin
1612 Elmer Owl, make a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the
1613 screen, shifting upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on
1614 the screen which is either eliminated, or expanded to two untyped
1617 You can determine the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen
1618 and then typing text separated by cursor motions. Type "abc def"
1619 using local cursor motions (not spaces) between the "abc" and the
1620 "def". Then position the cursor before the "abc" and put the terminal
1621 in insert mode. If typing characters causes the rest of the line to
1622 shift rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal
1623 does not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions. If the
1624 "abc" shifts over to the "def" which then move together around the end
1625 of the current line and onto the next as you insert, you have the
1626 second type of terminal, and should give the capability <STRONG>in</STRONG>, which
1627 stands for "insert null".
1629 While these are two logically separate attributes (one line versus
1630 multi-line insert mode, and special treatment of untyped spaces) we
1631 have seen no terminals whose insert mode cannot be described with the
1634 Terminfo can describe both terminals which have an insert mode, and
1635 terminals which send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the
1636 current line. Give as <STRONG>smir</STRONG> the sequence to get into insert mode. Give
1637 as <STRONG>rmir</STRONG> the sequence to leave insert mode. Now give as <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> any
1638 sequence needed to be sent just before sending the character to be
1639 inserted. Most terminals with a true insert mode will not give <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>;
1640 terminals which send a sequence to open a screen position should give
1643 If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually preferable to <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>.
1644 Technically, you should not give both unless the terminal actually
1645 requires both to be used in combination. Accordingly, some non-curses
1646 applications get confused if both are present; the symptom is doubled
1647 characters in an update using insert. This requirement is now rare;
1648 most <STRONG>ich</STRONG> sequences do not require previous smir, and most smir insert
1649 modes do not require <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> before each character. Therefore, the new
1650 <STRONG>curses</STRONG> actually assumes this is the case and uses either <STRONG>rmir</STRONG>/<STRONG>smir</STRONG> or
1651 <STRONG>ich</STRONG>/<STRONG>ich1</STRONG> as appropriate (but not both). If you have to write an entry
1652 to be used under new curses for a terminal old enough to need both,
1653 include the <STRONG>rmir</STRONG>/<STRONG>smir</STRONG> sequences in <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>.
1655 If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
1656 in <STRONG>ip</STRONG> (a string option). Any other sequence which may need to be sent
1657 after an insert of a single character may also be given in <STRONG>ip</STRONG>. If your
1658 terminal needs both to be placed into an "insert mode" and a special
1659 code to precede each inserted character, then both <STRONG>smir</STRONG>/<STRONG>rmir</STRONG> and <STRONG>ich1</STRONG>
1660 can be given, and both will be used. The <STRONG>ich</STRONG> capability, with one
1661 parameter, <EM>n</EM>, will repeat the effects of <STRONG>ich1</STRONG> <EM>n</EM> times.
1663 If padding is necessary between characters typed while not in insert
1664 mode, give this as a number of milliseconds padding in <STRONG>rmp</STRONG>.
1666 It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode to
1667 delete characters on the same line (e.g., if there is a tab after the
1668 insertion position). If your terminal allows motion while in insert
1669 mode you can give the capability <STRONG>mir</STRONG> to speed up inserting in this
1670 case. Omitting <STRONG>mir</STRONG> will affect only speed. Some terminals (notably
1671 Datamedia's) must not have <STRONG>mir</STRONG> because of the way their insert mode
1674 Finally, you can specify <STRONG>dch1</STRONG> to delete a single character, <STRONG>dch</STRONG> with
1675 one parameter, <EM>n</EM>, to delete <EM>n</EM> <EM>characters,</EM> and delete mode by giving
1676 <STRONG>smdc</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmdc</STRONG> to enter and exit delete mode (any mode the terminal
1677 needs to be placed in for <STRONG>dch1</STRONG> to work).
1679 A command to erase <EM>n</EM> characters (equivalent to outputting <EM>n</EM> blanks
1680 without moving the cursor) can be given as <STRONG>ech</STRONG> with one parameter.
1683 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Highlighting_Underlining_and-Visible-Bells">Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells</a></H3><PRE>
1684 If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes, these can
1685 be represented in a number of different ways. You should choose one
1686 display form as <EM>standout</EM> <EM>mode</EM>, representing a good, high contrast,
1687 easy-on-the-eyes, format for highlighting error messages and other
1688 attention getters. (If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-
1689 bright is good, or reverse video alone.) The sequences to enter and
1690 exit standout mode are given as <STRONG>smso</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmso</STRONG>, respectively. If the
1691 code to change into or out of standout mode leaves one or even two
1692 blank spaces on the screen, as the TVI 912 and Teleray 1061 do, then
1693 <STRONG>xmc</STRONG> should be given to tell how many spaces are left.
1695 Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as <STRONG>smul</STRONG> and
1696 <STRONG>rmul</STRONG> respectively. If the terminal has a code to underline the current
1697 character and move the cursor one space to the right, such as the
1698 Microterm Mime, this can be given as <STRONG>uc</STRONG>.
1700 Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include <STRONG>blink</STRONG>
1701 (blinking) <STRONG>bold</STRONG> (bold or extra bright) <STRONG>dim</STRONG> (dim or half-bright) <STRONG>invis</STRONG>
1702 (blanking or invisible text) <STRONG>prot</STRONG> (protected) <STRONG>rev</STRONG> (reverse video) <STRONG>sgr0</STRONG>
1703 (turn off <EM>all</EM> attribute modes) <STRONG>smacs</STRONG> (enter alternate character set
1704 mode) and <STRONG>rmacs</STRONG> (exit alternate character set mode). Turning on any of
1705 these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.
1707 If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of modes, this
1708 should be given as <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> (set attributes), taking 9 parameters. Each
1709 parameter is either zero (0) or nonzero, as the corresponding attribute
1710 is on or off. The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline,
1711 reverse, blink, dim, bold, blank, protect, alternate character set.
1712 Not all modes need be supported by <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>, only those for which
1713 corresponding separate attribute commands exist.
1715 For example, the DEC vt220 supports most of the modes:
1717 <STRONG>tparm</STRONG> <STRONG>Parameter</STRONG> <STRONG>Attribute</STRONG> <STRONG>Escape</STRONG> <STRONG>Sequence</STRONG>
1718 ------------------------------------------------
1720 p1 standout \E[0;1;7m
1721 p2 underline \E[0;4m
1724 p5 dim not available
1728 p9 altcharset ^O (off) ^N (on)
1730 We begin each escape sequence by turning off any existing modes, since
1731 there is no quick way to determine whether they are active. Standout
1732 is set up to be the combination of reverse and bold. The vt220
1733 terminal has a protect mode, though it is not commonly used in sgr
1734 because it protects characters on the screen from the host's erasures.
1735 The altcharset mode also is different in that it is either ^O or ^N,
1736 depending on whether it is off or on. If all modes are turned on, the
1737 resulting sequence is \E[0;1;4;5;7;8m^N.
1739 Some sequences are common to different modes. For example, ;7 is
1740 output when either p1 or p3 is true, that is, if either standout or
1741 reverse modes are turned on.
1743 Writing out the above sequences, along with their dependencies yields
1745 <STRONG>Sequence</STRONG> <STRONG>When</STRONG> <STRONG>to</STRONG> <STRONG>Output</STRONG> <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> <STRONG>Translation</STRONG>
1746 ----------------------------------------------------
1748 ;1 if p1 or p6 %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;
1749 ;4 if p2 %?%p2%|%t;4%;
1750 ;5 if p4 %?%p4%|%t;5%;
1751 ;7 if p1 or p3 %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
1752 ;8 if p7 %?%p7%|%t;8%;
1754 ^N or ^O if p9 ^N, else ^O %?%p9%t^N%e^O%;
1756 Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:
1758 sgr=\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p4%t;5%;
1759 %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\016%e\017%;,
1761 Remember that if you specify sgr, you must also specify sgr0. Also,
1762 some implementations rely on sgr being given if sgr0 is, Not all
1763 terminfo entries necessarily have an sgr string, however. Many
1764 terminfo entries are derived from termcap entries which have no sgr
1765 string. The only drawback to adding an sgr string is that termcap also
1766 assumes that sgr0 does not exit alternate character set mode.
1768 Terminals with the "magic cookie" glitch (<STRONG>xmc</STRONG>) deposit special
1769 "cookies" when they receive mode-setting sequences, which affect the
1770 display algorithm rather than having extra bits for each character.
1771 Some terminals, such as the HP 2621, automatically leave standout mode
1772 when they move to a new line or the cursor is addressed. Programs
1773 using standout mode should exit standout mode before moving the cursor
1774 or sending a newline, unless the <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> capability, asserting that it is
1775 safe to move in standout mode, is present.
1777 If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error
1778 quietly (a bell replacement) then this can be given as <STRONG>flash</STRONG>; it must
1779 not move the cursor.
1781 If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal when it is not
1782 on the bottom line (to make, for example, a non-blinking underline into
1783 an easier to find block or blinking underline) give this sequence as
1784 <STRONG>cvvis</STRONG>. If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give
1785 that as <STRONG>civis</STRONG>. The capability <STRONG>cnorm</STRONG> should be given which undoes the
1786 effects of both of these modes.
1788 If your terminal correctly generates underlined characters (with no
1789 special codes needed) even though it does not overstrike, then you
1790 should give the capability <STRONG>ul</STRONG>. If a character overstriking another
1791 leaves both characters on the screen, specify the capability <STRONG>os</STRONG>. If
1792 overstrikes are erasable with a blank, then this should be indicated by
1793 giving <STRONG>eo</STRONG>.
1796 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Keypad-and-Function-Keys">Keypad and Function Keys</a></H3><PRE>
1797 If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are
1798 pressed, this information can be given. Note that it is not possible
1799 to handle terminals where the keypad only works in local (this applies,
1800 for example, to the unshifted HP 2621 keys). If the keypad can be set
1801 to transmit or not transmit, give these codes as <STRONG>smkx</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmkx</STRONG>.
1802 Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
1804 The codes sent by the left arrow, right arrow, up arrow, down arrow,
1805 and home keys can be given as <STRONG>kcub1,</STRONG> <STRONG>kcuf1,</STRONG> <STRONG>kcuu1,</STRONG> <STRONG>kcud1,</STRONG> and <STRONG>khome</STRONG>
1806 respectively. If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f10, the
1807 codes they send can be given as <STRONG>kf0,</STRONG> <STRONG>kf1,</STRONG> <STRONG>...,</STRONG> <STRONG>kf10</STRONG>. If these keys
1808 have labels other than the default f0 through f10, the labels can be
1809 given as <STRONG>lf0,</STRONG> <STRONG>lf1,</STRONG> <STRONG>...,</STRONG> <STRONG>lf10</STRONG>.
1811 The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:
1813 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kll</STRONG> (home down),
1815 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kbs</STRONG> (backspace),
1817 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>ktbc</STRONG> (clear all tabs),
1819 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kctab</STRONG> (clear the tab stop in this column),
1821 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kclr</STRONG> (clear screen or erase key),
1823 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kdch1</STRONG> (delete character),
1825 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kdl1</STRONG> (delete line),
1827 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>krmir</STRONG> (exit insert mode),
1829 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kel</STRONG> (clear to end of line),
1831 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>ked</STRONG> (clear to end of screen),
1833 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kich1</STRONG> (insert character or enter insert mode),
1835 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kil1</STRONG> (insert line),
1837 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>knp</STRONG> (next page),
1839 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kpp</STRONG> (previous page),
1841 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kind</STRONG> (scroll forward/down),
1843 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>kri</STRONG> (scroll backward/up),
1845 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>khts</STRONG> (set a tab stop in this column).
1847 In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys including the
1848 four arrow keys, the other five keys can be given as <STRONG>ka1</STRONG>, <STRONG>ka3</STRONG>, <STRONG>kb2</STRONG>,
1849 <STRONG>kc1</STRONG>, and <STRONG>kc3</STRONG>. These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3
1850 directional pad are needed.
1852 Strings to program function keys can be given as <STRONG>pfkey</STRONG>, <STRONG>pfloc</STRONG>, and <STRONG>pfx</STRONG>.
1853 A string to program screen labels should be specified as <STRONG>pln</STRONG>. Each of
1854 these strings takes two parameters: the function key number to program
1855 (from 0 to 10) and the string to program it with. Function key numbers
1856 out of this range may program undefined keys in a terminal dependent
1857 manner. The difference between the capabilities is that <STRONG>pfkey</STRONG> causes
1858 pressing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given
1859 string; <STRONG>pfloc</STRONG> causes the string to be executed by the terminal in
1860 local; and <STRONG>pfx</STRONG> causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.
1862 The capabilities <STRONG>nlab</STRONG>, <STRONG>lw</STRONG> and <STRONG>lh</STRONG> define the number of programmable
1863 screen labels and their width and height. If there are commands to
1864 turn the labels on and off, give them in <STRONG>smln</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmln</STRONG>. <STRONG>smln</STRONG> is
1865 normally output after one or more pln sequences to make sure that the
1866 change becomes visible.
1869 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Tabs-and-Initialization">Tabs and Initialization</a></H3><PRE>
1870 A few capabilities are used only for tabs:
1872 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance to the
1873 next tab stop can be given as <STRONG>ht</STRONG> (usually control/I).
1875 <STRONG>o</STRONG> A "back-tab" command which moves leftward to the preceding tab stop
1876 can be given as <STRONG>cbt</STRONG>.
1878 By convention, if the teletype modes indicate that tabs are being
1879 expanded by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal,
1880 programs should not use <STRONG>ht</STRONG> or <STRONG>cbt</STRONG> even if they are present, since
1881 the user may not have the tab stops properly set.
1883 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the terminal has hardware tabs which are initially set every <EM>n</EM>
1884 spaces when the terminal is powered up, the numeric parameter <STRONG>it</STRONG> is
1885 given, showing the number of spaces the tabs are set to.
1887 The <STRONG>it</STRONG> capability is normally used by the <STRONG>tset</STRONG> command to determine
1888 whether to set the mode for hardware tab expansion, and whether to
1889 set the tab stops. If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved
1890 in non-volatile memory, the terminfo description can assume that
1891 they are properly set.
1893 Other capabilities include
1895 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>is1</STRONG>, <STRONG>is2</STRONG>, and <STRONG>is3</STRONG>, initialization strings for the terminal,
1897 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>iprog</STRONG>, the path name of a program to be run to initialize the
1900 <STRONG>o</STRONG> and <STRONG>if</STRONG>, the name of a file containing long initialization strings.
1902 These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes consistent
1903 with the rest of the terminfo description. They are normally sent to
1904 the terminal, by the <EM>init</EM> option of the <STRONG>tput</STRONG> program, each time the
1905 user logs in. They will be printed in the following order:
1908 <STRONG>iprog</STRONG>
1911 <STRONG>is1</STRONG> and
1912 <STRONG>is2</STRONG>
1914 set the margins using
1915 <STRONG>mgc</STRONG> or
1916 <STRONG>smglp</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgrp</STRONG> or
1917 <STRONG>smgl</STRONG> and <STRONG>smgr</STRONG>
1920 <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> and <STRONG>hts</STRONG>
1926 <STRONG>is3</STRONG>.
1928 Most initialization is done with <STRONG>is2</STRONG>. Special terminal modes can be
1929 set up without duplicating strings by putting the common sequences in
1930 <STRONG>is2</STRONG> and special cases in <STRONG>is1</STRONG> and <STRONG>is3</STRONG>.
1932 A set of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown
1933 state can be given as <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs2</STRONG>, <STRONG>rf</STRONG> and <STRONG>rs3</STRONG>, analogous to <STRONG>is1</STRONG> <STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>is2</STRONG> <STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>if</STRONG>
1934 and <STRONG>is3</STRONG> respectively. These strings are output by <EM>reset</EM> option of
1935 <STRONG>tput</STRONG>, or by the <STRONG>reset</STRONG> program (an alias of <STRONG>tset</STRONG>), which is used when
1936 the terminal gets into a wedged state. Commands are normally placed in
1937 <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs2</STRONG> <STRONG>rs3</STRONG> and <STRONG>rf</STRONG> only if they produce annoying effects on the screen
1938 and are not necessary when logging in. For example, the command to set
1939 the vt100 into 80-column mode would normally be part of <STRONG>is2</STRONG>, but it
1940 causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed
1941 since the terminal is usually already in 80-column mode.
1943 The <STRONG>reset</STRONG> program writes strings including <STRONG>iprog</STRONG>, etc., in the same
1944 order as the <EM>init</EM> program, using <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, etc., instead of <STRONG>is1</STRONG>, etc. If
1945 any of <STRONG>rs1</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs2</STRONG>, <STRONG>rs3</STRONG>, or <STRONG>rf</STRONG> reset capability strings are missing, the
1946 <STRONG>reset</STRONG> program falls back upon the corresponding initialization
1949 If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as
1950 <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> (clear all tab stops) and <STRONG>hts</STRONG> (set a tab stop in the current column
1951 of every row). If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs
1952 than can be described by this, the sequence can be placed in <STRONG>is2</STRONG> or <STRONG>if</STRONG>.
1954 The <STRONG>tput</STRONG> <STRONG>reset</STRONG> command uses the same capability strings as the <STRONG>reset</STRONG>
1955 command, although the two programs (<STRONG>tput</STRONG> and <STRONG>reset</STRONG>) provide different
1956 command-line options.
1958 In practice, these terminfo capabilities are not often used in
1959 initialization of tabs (though they are required for the <STRONG>tabs</STRONG> program):
1961 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Almost all hardware terminals (at least those which supported tabs)
1962 initialized those to every <EM>eight</EM> columns:
1964 The only exception was the AT&T 2300 series, which set tabs to
1965 every <EM>five</EM> columns.
1967 <STRONG>o</STRONG> In particular, developers of the hardware terminals which are
1968 commonly used as models for modern terminal emulators provided
1969 documentation demonstrating that <EM>eight</EM> columns were the standard.
1971 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Because of this, the terminal initialization programs <STRONG>tput</STRONG> and <STRONG>tset</STRONG>
1972 use the <STRONG>tbc</STRONG> (<STRONG>clear_all_tabs</STRONG>) and <STRONG>hts</STRONG> (<STRONG>set_tab</STRONG>) capabilities
1973 directly only when the <STRONG>it</STRONG> (<STRONG>init_tabs</STRONG>) capability is set to a value
1974 other than <EM>eight</EM>.
1977 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Delays-and-Padding">Delays and Padding</a></H3><PRE>
1978 Many older and slower terminals do not support either XON/XOFF or DTR
1979 handshaking, including hard copy terminals and some very archaic CRTs
1980 (including, for example, DEC VT100s). These may require padding
1981 characters after certain cursor motions and screen changes.
1983 If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control (that is, it
1984 automatically emits ^S back to the host when its input buffers are
1985 close to full), set <STRONG>xon</STRONG>. This capability suppresses the emission of
1986 padding. You can also set it for memory-mapped console devices
1987 effectively that do not have a speed limit. Padding information should
1988 still be included so that routines can make better decisions about
1989 relative costs, but actual pad characters will not be transmitted.
1991 If <STRONG>pb</STRONG> (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed at baud rates
1992 below the value of <STRONG>pb</STRONG>. If the entry has no padding baud rate, then
1993 whether padding is emitted or not is completely controlled by <STRONG>xon</STRONG>.
1995 If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as a pad,
1996 then this can be given as <STRONG>pad</STRONG>. Only the first character of the <STRONG>pad</STRONG>
2000 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Status-Lines">Status Lines</a></H3><PRE>
2001 Some terminals have an extra "status line" which is not normally used
2002 by software (and thus not counted in the terminal's <STRONG>lines</STRONG> capability).
2004 The simplest case is a status line which is cursor-addressable but not
2005 part of the main scrolling region on the screen; the Heathkit H19 has a
2006 status line of this kind, as would a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line
2007 scrolling region set up on initialization. This situation is indicated
2008 by the <STRONG>hs</STRONG> capability.
2010 Some terminals with status lines need special sequences to access the
2011 status line. These may be expressed as a string with single parameter
2012 <STRONG>tsl</STRONG> which takes the cursor to a given zero-origin column on the status
2013 line. The capability <STRONG>fsl</STRONG> must return to the main-screen cursor
2014 positions before the last <STRONG>tsl</STRONG>. You may need to embed the string values
2015 of <STRONG>sc</STRONG> (save cursor) and <STRONG>rc</STRONG> (restore cursor) in <STRONG>tsl</STRONG> and <STRONG>fsl</STRONG> to
2018 The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the width
2019 of the terminal. If this is untrue, you can specify it with the
2020 numeric capability <STRONG>wsl</STRONG>.
2022 A command to erase or blank the status line may be specified as <STRONG>dsl</STRONG>.
2024 The Boolean capability <STRONG>eslok</STRONG> specifies that escape sequences, tabs,
2025 etc., work ordinarily in the status line.
2027 The <EM>ncurses</EM> implementation does not yet use any of these capabilities.
2028 They are documented here in case they ever become important.
2031 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
2032 Many terminals have alternate character sets useful for forms-drawing.
2033 Terminfo and <STRONG>curses</STRONG> have built-in support for most of the drawing
2034 characters supported by the VT100, with some characters from the AT&T
2035 4410v1 added. This alternate character set may be specified by the
2036 <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability.
2038 <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
2039 <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> <STRONG>Symbol</STRONG> <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG> <STRONG>Fallback</STRONG> <STRONG>/</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
2040 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2041 <STRONG>ACS_RARROW</STRONG> 0x2b + <STRONG>></STRONG> arrow pointing right
2042 <STRONG>ACS_LARROW</STRONG> 0x2c , <STRONG><</STRONG> arrow pointing left
2043 <STRONG>ACS_UARROW</STRONG> 0x2d - <STRONG>^</STRONG> arrow pointing up
2044 <STRONG>ACS_DARROW</STRONG> 0x2e . <STRONG>v</STRONG> arrow pointing down
2045 <STRONG>ACS_BLOCK</STRONG> 0x30 0 <STRONG>#</STRONG> solid square block
2046 <STRONG>ACS_DIAMOND</STRONG> 0x60 ` <STRONG>+</STRONG> diamond
2047 <STRONG>ACS_CKBOARD</STRONG> 0x61 a <STRONG>:</STRONG> checker board (stipple)
2048 <STRONG>ACS_DEGREE</STRONG> 0x66 f <STRONG>\</STRONG> degree symbol
2049 <STRONG>ACS_PLMINUS</STRONG> 0x67 g <STRONG>#</STRONG> plus/minus
2050 <STRONG>ACS_BOARD</STRONG> 0x68 h <STRONG>#</STRONG> board of squares
2051 <STRONG>ACS_LANTERN</STRONG> 0x69 i <STRONG>#</STRONG> lantern symbol
2052 <STRONG>ACS_LRCORNER</STRONG> 0x6a j <STRONG>+</STRONG> lower right corner
2054 <STRONG>ACS_URCORNER</STRONG> 0x6b k <STRONG>+</STRONG> upper right corner
2055 <STRONG>ACS_ULCORNER</STRONG> 0x6c l <STRONG>+</STRONG> upper left corner
2056 <STRONG>ACS_LLCORNER</STRONG> 0x6d m <STRONG>+</STRONG> lower left corner
2057 <STRONG>ACS_PLUS</STRONG> 0x6e n <STRONG>+</STRONG> large plus or crossover
2058 <STRONG>ACS_S1</STRONG> 0x6f o <STRONG>~</STRONG> scan line 1
2059 <STRONG>ACS_S3</STRONG> 0x70 p <STRONG>-</STRONG> scan line 3
2060 <STRONG>ACS_HLINE</STRONG> 0x71 q <STRONG>-</STRONG> horizontal line
2061 <STRONG>ACS_S7</STRONG> 0x72 r <STRONG>-</STRONG> scan line 7
2062 <STRONG>ACS_S9</STRONG> 0x73 s <STRONG>_</STRONG> scan line 9
2063 <STRONG>ACS_LTEE</STRONG> 0x74 t <STRONG>+</STRONG> tee pointing right
2064 <STRONG>ACS_RTEE</STRONG> 0x75 u <STRONG>+</STRONG> tee pointing left
2065 <STRONG>ACS_BTEE</STRONG> 0x76 v <STRONG>+</STRONG> tee pointing up
2066 <STRONG>ACS_TTEE</STRONG> 0x77 w <STRONG>+</STRONG> tee pointing down
2067 <STRONG>ACS_VLINE</STRONG> 0x78 x <STRONG>|</STRONG> vertical line
2068 <STRONG>ACS_LEQUAL</STRONG> 0x79 y <STRONG><</STRONG> less-than-or-equal-to
2069 <STRONG>ACS_GEQUAL</STRONG> 0x7a z <STRONG>></STRONG> greater-than-or-equal-to
2070 <STRONG>ACS_PI</STRONG> 0x7b { <STRONG>*</STRONG> greek pi
2071 <STRONG>ACS_NEQUAL</STRONG> 0x7c | <STRONG>!</STRONG> not-equal
2072 <STRONG>ACS_STERLING</STRONG> 0x7d } <STRONG>f</STRONG> UK pound sign
2073 <STRONG>ACS_BULLET</STRONG> 0x7e ~ <STRONG>o</STRONG> bullet
2075 A few notes apply to the table itself:
2077 <STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses incorrectly states that the mapping for <EM>lantern</EM> is
2078 uppercase "I" although Unix implementations use the lowercase "i"
2081 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The DEC VT100 implemented graphics using the alternate character
2082 set feature, temporarily switching <EM>modes</EM> and sending characters in
2083 the range 0x60 (96) to 0x7e (126) (the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> column in the
2086 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The AT&T terminal added graphics characters outside that range.
2088 Some of the characters within the range do not match the VT100;
2089 presumably they were used in the AT&T terminal: <EM>board</EM> <EM>of</EM> <EM>squares</EM>
2090 replaces the VT100 <EM>newline</EM> symbol, while <EM>lantern</EM> <EM>symbol</EM> replaces
2091 the VT100 <EM>vertical</EM> <EM>tab</EM> symbol. The other VT100 symbols for control
2092 characters (<EM>horizontal</EM> <EM>tab</EM>, <EM>carriage</EM> <EM>return</EM> and <EM>line-feed</EM>) are not
2095 The best way to define a new device's graphics set is to add a column
2096 to a copy of this table for your terminal, giving the character which
2097 (when emitted between <STRONG>smacs</STRONG>/<STRONG>rmacs</STRONG> switches) will be rendered as the
2098 corresponding graphic. Then read off the VT100/your terminal character
2099 pairs right to left in sequence; these become the ACSC string.
2102 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Color-Handling">Color Handling</a></H3><PRE>
2103 The curses library functions <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> and <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> manipulate the
2104 <EM>color</EM> <EM>pairs</EM> and <EM>color</EM> <EM>values</EM> discussed in this section (see
2105 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG> for details on these and related functions).
2107 Most color terminals are either "Tektronix-like" or "HP-like":
2109 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Tektronix-like terminals have a predefined set of <EM>N</EM> colors (where <EM>N</EM>
2110 is usually 8), and can set character-cell foreground and background
2111 characters independently, mixing them into <EM>N</EM> * <EM>N</EM> color pairs.
2113 <STRONG>o</STRONG> On HP-like terminals, the user must set each color pair up
2114 separately (foreground and background are not independently
2115 settable). Up to <EM>M</EM> color pairs may be set up from 2*<EM>M</EM> different
2116 colors. ANSI-compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.
2118 Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color method. The
2119 numeric capabilities <STRONG>colors</STRONG> and <STRONG>pairs</STRONG> specify the maximum numbers of
2120 colors and color pairs that can be displayed simultaneously. The <STRONG>op</STRONG>
2121 (original pair) string resets foreground and background colors to their
2122 default values for the terminal. The <STRONG>oc</STRONG> string resets all colors or
2123 color pairs to their default values for the terminal. Some terminals
2124 (including many PC terminal emulators) erase screen areas with the
2125 current background color rather than the power-up default background;
2126 these should have the Boolean capability <STRONG>bce</STRONG>.
2128 While the curses library works with <EM>color</EM> <EM>pairs</EM> (reflecting the
2129 inability of some devices to set foreground and background colors
2130 independently), there are separate capabilities for setting these
2133 <STRONG>o</STRONG> To change the current foreground or background color on a
2134 Tektronix-type terminal, use <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> (set ANSI foreground) and <STRONG>setab</STRONG>
2135 (set ANSI background) or <STRONG>setf</STRONG> (set foreground) and <STRONG>setb</STRONG> (set
2136 background). These take one parameter, the color number. The SVr4
2137 documentation describes only <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG>; the XPG4 draft says that
2138 "If the terminal supports ANSI escape sequences to set background
2139 and foreground, they should be coded as <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setab</STRONG>,
2142 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the terminal supports other escape sequences to set background
2143 and foreground, they should be coded as <STRONG>setf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setb</STRONG>,
2144 respectively. The <STRONG>vidputs</STRONG> and the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG> functions use the
2145 <STRONG>setaf</STRONG> and <STRONG>setab</STRONG> capabilities if they are defined.
2147 The <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG> and <STRONG>setf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setb</STRONG> capabilities take a single numeric
2148 argument each. Argument values 0-7 of <STRONG>setaf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setab</STRONG> are portably defined
2149 as follows (the middle column is the symbolic #define available in the
2150 header for the <STRONG>curses</STRONG> or <EM>ncurses</EM> libraries). The terminal hardware is
2151 free to map these as it likes, but the RGB values indicate normal
2152 locations in color space.
2154 <STRONG>Color</STRONG> <STRONG>#define</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> <STRONG>RGB</STRONG>
2155 ------------------------------------------------
2156 black <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> 0 0, 0, 0
2157 red <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG> 1 max, 0, 0
2158 green <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG> 2 0, max, 0
2159 yellow <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG> 3 max, max, 0
2160 blue <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG> 4 0, 0, max
2161 magenta <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG> 5 max, 0, max
2162 cyan <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG> 6 0, max, max
2163 white <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG> 7 max, max, max
2165 The argument values of <STRONG>setf</STRONG>/<STRONG>setb</STRONG> historically correspond to a different
2168 <STRONG>Color</STRONG> <STRONG>#define</STRONG> <STRONG>Value</STRONG> <STRONG>RGB</STRONG>
2169 ------------------------------------------------
2170 black <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> 0 0, 0, 0
2171 blue <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG> 1 0, 0, max
2172 green <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG> 2 0, max, 0
2173 cyan <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG> 3 0, max, max
2174 red <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG> 4 max, 0, 0
2175 magenta <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG> 5 max, 0, max
2176 yellow <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG> 6 max, max, 0
2177 white <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG> 7 max, max, max
2179 It is important to not confuse the two sets of color capabilities;
2180 otherwise red/blue will be interchanged on the display.
2182 On an HP-like terminal, use <STRONG>scp</STRONG> with a color pair number parameter to
2183 set which color pair is current.
2185 Some terminals allow the <EM>color</EM> <EM>values</EM> to be modified:
2187 <STRONG>o</STRONG> On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability <STRONG>ccc</STRONG> may be present to
2188 indicate that colors can be modified. If so, the <STRONG>initc</STRONG> capability
2189 will take a color number (0 to <STRONG>colors</STRONG> - 1)and three more parameters
2190 which describe the color. These three parameters default to being
2191 interpreted as RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. If the Boolean
2192 capability <STRONG>hls</STRONG> is present, they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness,
2193 Saturation) indices. The ranges are terminal-dependent.
2195 <STRONG>o</STRONG> On an HP-like terminal, <STRONG>initp</STRONG> may give a capability for changing a
2196 color pair value. It will take seven parameters; a color pair
2197 number (0 to <STRONG>max_pairs</STRONG> - 1), and two triples describing first
2198 background and then foreground colors. These parameters must be
2199 (Red, Green, Blue) or (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on
2200 <STRONG>hls</STRONG>.
2202 On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights. You can
2203 register these collisions with the <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> capability. This is a bit mask
2204 of attributes not to be used when colors are enabled. The
2205 correspondence with the attributes understood by <STRONG>curses</STRONG> is as follows:
2207 <STRONG>Attribute</STRONG> <STRONG>Bit</STRONG> <STRONG>Decimal</STRONG> <STRONG>Set</STRONG> <STRONG>by</STRONG>
2208 --------------------------------------
2209 <STRONG>A_STANDOUT</STRONG> 0 1 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2210 <STRONG>A_UNDERLINE</STRONG> 1 2 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2211 <STRONG>A_REVERSE</STRONG> 2 4 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2212 <STRONG>A_BLINK</STRONG> 3 8 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2213 <STRONG>A_DIM</STRONG> 4 16 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2214 <STRONG>A_BOLD</STRONG> 5 32 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2215 <STRONG>A_INVIS</STRONG> 6 64 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2216 <STRONG>A_PROTECT</STRONG> 7 128 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2217 <STRONG>A_ALTCHARSET</STRONG> 8 256 <STRONG>sgr</STRONG>
2218 <STRONG>A_HORIZONTAL</STRONG> 9 512 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2219 <STRONG>A_LEFT</STRONG> 10 1024 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2220 <STRONG>A_LOW</STRONG> 11 2048 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2221 <STRONG>A_RIGHT</STRONG> 12 4096 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2222 <STRONG>A_TOP</STRONG> 13 8192 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2223 <STRONG>A_VERTICAL</STRONG> 14 16384 <STRONG>sgr1</STRONG>
2224 <STRONG>A_ITALIC</STRONG> 15 32768 <STRONG>sitm</STRONG>
2226 For example, on many IBM PC consoles, the underline attribute collides
2227 with the foreground color blue and is not available in color mode.
2228 These should have an <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> capability of 2.
2230 SVr4 curses does nothing with <STRONG>ncv</STRONG>, <EM>ncurses</EM> recognizes it and optimizes
2231 the output in favor of colors.
2234 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></H3><PRE>
2235 If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as a pad,
2236 then this can be given as pad. Only the first character of the pad
2237 string is used. If the terminal does not have a pad character, specify
2238 npc. Note that <EM>ncurses</EM> implements the termcap-compatible <STRONG>PC</STRONG> variable;
2239 though the application may set this value to something other than a
2240 null, <EM>ncurses</EM> will test <STRONG>npc</STRONG> first and use napms if the terminal has no
2243 If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be indicated
2244 with <STRONG>hu</STRONG> (half-line up) and <STRONG>hd</STRONG> (half-line down). This is primarily
2245 useful for superscripts and subscripts on hard-copy terminals. If a
2246 hard-copy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed), give this as
2247 <STRONG>ff</STRONG> (usually control/L).
2249 If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of
2250 times (to save time transmitting a large number of identical
2251 characters) this can be indicated with the parameterized string <STRONG>rep</STRONG>.
2252 The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second is
2253 the number of times to repeat it. Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is
2254 the same as "xxxxxxxxxx".
2256 If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the TEKTRONIX
2257 4025, this can be indicated with <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG>. A prototype command character
2258 is chosen which is used in all capabilities. This character is given
2259 in the <STRONG>cmdch</STRONG> capability to identify it. The following convention is
2260 supported on some Unix systems: The environment is to be searched for a
2261 <STRONG>CC</STRONG> variable, and if found, all occurrences of the prototype character
2262 are replaced with the character in the environment variable.
2264 Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known
2265 terminal, such as <EM>switch</EM>, <EM>dialup</EM>, <EM>patch</EM>, and <EM>network</EM>, should include
2266 the <STRONG>gn</STRONG> (generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do
2267 not know how to talk to the terminal. (This capability does not apply
2268 to <EM>virtual</EM> terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are
2271 If the terminal has a "meta key" which acts as a shift key, setting the
2272 8th bit of any character transmitted, this fact can be indicated with
2273 <STRONG>km</STRONG>. Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it
2274 will usually be cleared. If strings exist to turn this "meta mode" on
2275 and off, they can be given as <STRONG>smm</STRONG> and <STRONG>rmm</STRONG>.
2277 If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at
2278 once, the number of lines of memory can be indicated with <STRONG>lm</STRONG>. A value
2279 of <STRONG>lm</STRONG>#0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed, but that there
2280 is still more memory than fits on the screen.
2282 If the terminal is one of those supported by the Unix virtual terminal
2283 protocol, the terminal number can be given as <STRONG>vt</STRONG>.
2285 Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer connected to the
2286 terminal can be given as <STRONG>mc0</STRONG>: print the contents of the screen, <STRONG>mc4</STRONG>:
2287 turn off the printer, and <STRONG>mc5</STRONG>: turn on the printer. When the printer
2288 is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the printer. It
2289 is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen
2290 when the printer is on. A variation <STRONG>mc5p</STRONG> takes one parameter, and
2291 leaves the printer on for as many characters as the value of the
2292 parameter, then turns the printer off. The parameter should not exceed
2293 255. All text, including <STRONG>mc4</STRONG>, is transparently passed to the printer
2294 while an <STRONG>mc5p</STRONG> is in effect.
2297 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Glitches-and-Brain-Damage">Glitches and Brain Damage</a></H3><PRE>
2298 Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow "~" characters to be displayed
2299 should indicate <STRONG>hz</STRONG>.
2301 Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an <STRONG>am</STRONG> wrap, such
2302 as the Concept and vt100, should indicate <STRONG>xenl</STRONG>.
2304 If <STRONG>el</STRONG> is required to get rid of standout (instead of merely writing
2305 normal text on top of it), <STRONG>xhp</STRONG> should be given.
2307 Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
2308 should indicate <STRONG>xt</STRONG> (destructive tabs). Note: the variable indicating
2309 this is now "dest_tabs_magic_smso"; in older versions, it was
2310 teleray_glitch. This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not
2311 possible to position the cursor on top of a "magic cookie", that to
2312 erase standout mode it is instead necessary to use delete and insert
2313 line. The <EM>ncurses</EM> implementation ignores this glitch.
2315 The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the escape
2316 or control/C characters, has <STRONG>xsb</STRONG>, indicating that the f1 key is used
2317 for escape and f2 for control/C. (Only certain Superbees have this
2318 problem, depending on the ROM.) Note that in older terminfo versions,
2319 this capability was called "beehive_glitch"; it is now "no_esc_ctl_c".
2321 Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more
2322 capabilities of the form <STRONG>x</STRONG><EM>x</EM>.
2325 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Pitfalls-of-Long-Entries">Pitfalls of Long Entries</a></H3><PRE>
2326 Long terminfo entries are unlikely to be a problem; to date, no entry
2327 has even approached terminfo's 4096-byte string-table maximum.
2328 Unfortunately, the termcap translations are much more strictly limited
2329 (to 1023 bytes), thus termcap translations of long terminfo entries can
2332 The man pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> instruct the
2333 user to allocate a 1024-byte buffer for the termcap entry. The entry
2334 gets null-terminated by the termcap library, so that makes the maximum
2335 safe length for a termcap entry 1k-1 (1023) bytes. Depending on what
2336 the application and the termcap library being used does, and where in
2337 the termcap file the terminal type that <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> is searching for is,
2338 several bad things can happen:
2340 <STRONG>o</STRONG> some termcap libraries print a warning message,
2342 <STRONG>o</STRONG> some exit if they find an entry that's longer than 1023 bytes,
2344 <STRONG>o</STRONG> some neither exit nor warn, doing nothing useful, and
2346 <STRONG>o</STRONG> some simply truncate the entries to 1023 bytes.
2348 Some application programs allocate more than the recommended 1K for the
2349 termcap entry; others do not.
2351 Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with it: before
2352 "tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion. "tc" is the capability that
2353 tacks on another termcap entry to the end of the current one, to add on
2354 its capabilities. If a termcap entry does not use the "tc" capability,
2355 then of course the two lengths are the same.
2357 The "before tc expansion" length is the most important one, because it
2358 affects more than just users of that particular terminal. This is the
2359 length of the entry as it exists in /etc/termcap, minus the backslash-
2360 newline pairs, which <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> strips out while reading it. Some termcap
2361 libraries strip off the final newline, too (GNU termcap does not). Now
2364 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a termcap entry before expansion is more than 1023 bytes long,
2366 <STRONG>o</STRONG> and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,
2368 <STRONG>o</STRONG> and the termcap library (like the one in BSD/OS 1.1 and GNU) reads
2369 the whole entry into the buffer, no matter what its length, to see
2370 if it is the entry it wants,
2372 <STRONG>o</STRONG> and <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> is searching for a terminal type that either is the
2373 long entry, appears in the termcap file after the long entry, or
2374 does not appear in the file at all (so that <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> has to search
2375 the whole termcap file).
2377 Then <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack, and probably
2378 core dump the program. Programs like telnet are particularly
2379 vulnerable; modern telnets pass along values like the terminal type
2380 automatically. The results are almost as undesirable with a termcap
2381 library, like SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that prints warning messages
2382 when it reads an overly long termcap entry. If a termcap library
2383 truncates long entries, like OSF/1 3.0, it is immune to dying here but
2384 will return incorrect data for the terminal.
2386 The "after tc expansion" length will have a similar effect to the
2387 above, but only for people who actually set <EM>TERM</EM> to that terminal type,
2388 since <STRONG>tgetent</STRONG> only does "tc" expansion once it is found the terminal
2389 type it was looking for, not while searching.
2391 In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes can cause,
2392 on various combinations of termcap libraries and applications, a core
2393 dump, warnings, or incorrect operation. If it is too long even before
2394 "tc" expansion, it will have this effect even for users of some other
2395 terminal types and users whose <EM>TERM</EM> variable does not have a termcap
2398 When in -C (translate to termcap) mode, the <EM>ncurses</EM> implementation of
2399 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG> issues warning messages when the pre-tc length of a termcap
2400 translation is too long. The -c (check) option also checks resolved
2401 (after tc expansion) lengths.
2404 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
2405 <EM>/usr/share/terminfo</EM>
2406 compiled terminal description database directory
2409 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H2><PRE>
2410 Searching for terminal descriptions in <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> and
2411 <EM>TERMINFO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>DIRS</EM> is not supported by older implementations.
2413 Some SVr4 <STRONG>curses</STRONG> implementations, and all previous to SVr4, do not
2414 interpret the %A and %O operators in parameter strings.
2416 SVr4/XPG4 do not specify whether <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> licenses movement while in an
2417 alternate-character-set mode (such modes may, among other things, map
2418 CR and NL to characters that do not trigger local motions). The
2419 <EM>ncurses</EM> implementation ignores <STRONG>msgr</STRONG> in <STRONG>ALTCHARSET</STRONG> mode. This raises
2420 the possibility that an XPG4 implementation making the opposite
2421 interpretation may need terminfo entries made for <EM>ncurses</EM> to have <STRONG>msgr</STRONG>
2424 The <EM>ncurses</EM> library handles insert-character and insert-character modes
2425 in a slightly non-standard way to get better update efficiency. See
2426 the <STRONG>Insert/Delete</STRONG> <STRONG>Character</STRONG> subsection above.
2428 The parameter substitutions for <STRONG>set_clock</STRONG> and <STRONG>display_clock</STRONG> are not
2429 documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses standard. They are deduced from
2430 the documentation for the AT&T 505 terminal.
2432 Be careful assigning the <STRONG>kmous</STRONG> capability. The <EM>ncurses</EM> library wants
2433 to interpret it as <STRONG>KEY_MOUSE</STRONG>, for use by terminals and emulators like
2434 xterm that can return mouse-tracking information in the keyboard-input
2437 X/Open Curses does not mention italics. Portable applications must
2438 assume that numeric capabilities are signed 16-bit values. This
2439 includes the <EM>no</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>color</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>video</EM> (<STRONG>ncv</STRONG>) capability. The 32768 mask value
2440 used for italics with <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> can be confused with an absent or cancelled
2441 <STRONG>ncv</STRONG>. If italics should work with colors, then the <STRONG>ncv</STRONG> value must be
2442 specified, even if it is zero.
2444 Different commercial ports of <EM>terminfo</EM> and <EM>curses</EM> support different
2445 subsets of XSI Curses and (in some cases) different extensions. Here
2446 is a summary, accurate as of October 1995, after which the commercial
2447 Unix market contracted and lost diversity.
2449 <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr4, Solaris, and <EM>ncurses</EM> support all SVr4 capabilities.
2451 <STRONG>o</STRONG> IRIX supports the SVr4 set and adds one undocumented extended
2452 string capability (<STRONG>set_pglen</STRONG>).
2454 <STRONG>o</STRONG> SVr1 and Ultrix support a restricted subset of <EM>terminfo</EM>
2455 capabilities. The Booleans end with <STRONG>xon_xoff</STRONG>; the numerics with
2456 <STRONG>width_status_line</STRONG>; and the strings with <STRONG>prtr_non</STRONG>.
2458 <STRONG>o</STRONG> HP/UX supports the SVr1 subset, plus the SVr[234] numerics
2459 <STRONG>num_labels</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_height</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_width</STRONG>, plus function keys 11
2460 through 63, plus <STRONG>plab_norm</STRONG>, <STRONG>label_on</STRONG>, and <STRONG>label_off</STRONG>, plus a number
2461 of incompatible string table extensions.
2463 <STRONG>o</STRONG> AIX supports the SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11 through 63,
2464 plus a number of incompatible string table extensions.
2466 <STRONG>o</STRONG> OSF/1 supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.
2469 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
2470 Do not count on compiled (binary) <EM>terminfo</EM> entries being portable
2471 between commercial Unix systems. At least two implementations of
2472 <EM>terminfo</EM> (those of HP-UX and AIX) diverged from those of other System V
2473 Unices after SVr1, adding extension capabilities to the string table
2474 that (in the binary format) collide with subsequent System V and XSI
2478 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></H2><PRE>
2479 Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on <EM>pcurses</EM>
2483 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
2484 <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="tabs.1.html">tabs(1)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>,
2485 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_terminfo.3x.html">curs_terminfo(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>printf(3)</STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="term_variables.3x.html">term_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>,
2486 <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>
2490 ncurses 6.4 2024-01-13 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>
2494 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
2495 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
2496 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
2498 <li><a href="#h3-terminfo-Entry-Syntax">terminfo Entry Syntax</a></li>
2499 <li><a href="#h3-terminfo-Capabilities-Syntax">terminfo Capabilities Syntax</a></li>
2500 <li><a href="#h3-Similar-Terminals">Similar Terminals</a></li>
2501 <li><a href="#h3-Predefined-Capabilities">Predefined Capabilities</a></li>
2502 <li><a href="#h3-User-Defined-Capabilities">User-Defined Capabilities</a></li>
2503 <li><a href="#h3-A-Sample-Entry">A Sample Entry</a></li>
2504 <li><a href="#h3-Types-of-Capabilities">Types of Capabilities</a></li>
2505 <li><a href="#h3-Fetching-Compiled-Descriptions">Fetching Compiled Descriptions</a></li>
2506 <li><a href="#h3-Preparing-Descriptions">Preparing Descriptions</a></li>
2507 <li><a href="#h3-Basic-Capabilities">Basic Capabilities</a></li>
2508 <li><a href="#h3-Parameterized-Strings">Parameterized Strings</a></li>
2509 <li><a href="#h3-Cursor-Motions">Cursor Motions</a></li>
2510 <li><a href="#h3-Margins">Margins</a></li>
2511 <li><a href="#h3-Area-Clears">Area Clears</a></li>
2512 <li><a href="#h3-Insert_Delete-Line-and-Vertical-Motions">Insert/Delete Line and Vertical Motions</a></li>
2513 <li><a href="#h3-Insert_Delete-Character">Insert/Delete Character</a></li>
2514 <li><a href="#h3-Highlighting_Underlining_and-Visible-Bells">Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells</a></li>
2515 <li><a href="#h3-Keypad-and-Function-Keys">Keypad and Function Keys</a></li>
2516 <li><a href="#h3-Tabs-and-Initialization">Tabs and Initialization</a></li>
2517 <li><a href="#h3-Delays-and-Padding">Delays and Padding</a></li>
2518 <li><a href="#h3-Status-Lines">Status Lines</a></li>
2519 <li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
2520 <li><a href="#h3-Color-Handling">Color Handling</a></li>
2521 <li><a href="#h3-Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
2522 <li><a href="#h3-Glitches-and-Brain-Damage">Glitches and Brain Damage</a></li>
2523 <li><a href="#h3-Pitfalls-of-Long-Entries">Pitfalls of Long Entries</a></li>
2526 <li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
2527 <li><a href="#h2-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
2528 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
2529 <li><a href="#h2-AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a></li>
2530 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
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