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30 * @Id: tic.1m,v 1.77 2020/02/02 23:34:34 tom Exp @
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42 <H1 class="no-header">tic 1m</H1>
44 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
49 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
50 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> - the <EM>terminfo</EM> entry-description compiler
53 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
54 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> [<STRONG>-01CDGIKLNTUVWacfgqrstx</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>names</EM>] [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> <EM>dir</EM>] [<STRONG>-Q</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-R</STRONG> <EM>subset</EM>]
55 [<STRONG>-v</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] [<STRONG>-w</STRONG>[<EM>n</EM>]] <EM>file</EM>
58 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
59 The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command translates a <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> file from source format into com-
60 piled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the
61 library routines in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
63 As described in <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>, the database may be either a directory tree
64 (one file per terminal entry) or a hashed database (one record per
65 entry). The <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command writes only one type of entry, depending on
68 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g., /usr/share/ter-
69 minfo, specifies the location of the database.
71 <STRONG>o</STRONG> For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is
72 not found by that name, but can be found by adding the suffix
73 ".db", then that is used.
75 The default name for the hashed database is the same as the default
76 directory name (only adding a ".db" suffix).
78 In either case (directory or hashed database), <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will create the con-
79 tainer if it does not exist. For a directory, this would be the "ter-
80 minfo" leaf, versus a "terminfo.db" file.
82 The results are normally placed in the system terminfo database
83 <STRONG>/usr/local/ncurses/lib/terminfo</STRONG>. The compiled terminal description can
84 be placed in a different terminfo database. There are two ways to
87 <STRONG>o</STRONG> First, you may override the system default either by using the <STRONG>-o</STRONG>
88 option, or by setting the variable <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> in your shell environ-
89 ment to a valid database location.
91 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Secondly, if <STRONG>tic</STRONG> cannot write in <EM>/usr/local/ncurses/lib/terminfo</EM> or
92 the location specified using your TERMINFO variable, it looks for
93 the directory <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> (or hashed database <EM>$HOME/.ter-</EM>
94 <EM>minfo.db)</EM>; if that location exists, the entry is placed there.
96 Libraries that read terminfo entries are expected to check in succes-
99 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a location specified with the TERMINFO environment variable,
101 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM>,
103 <STRONG>o</STRONG> directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable,
105 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a compiled-in list of directories (/usr/local/ncurses/share/ter-
106 minfo:/usr/share/terminfo), and
108 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the system terminfo database (<EM>/usr/local/ncurses/lib/terminfo</EM>).
111 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-ALIASES">ALIASES</a></H3><PRE>
112 This is the same program as infotocap and captoinfo; usually those are
113 linked to, or copied from this program:
115 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as infotocap, tic sets the <STRONG>-I</STRONG> option.
117 <STRONG>o</STRONG> When invoked as captoinfo, tic sets the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option.
120 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></H3><PRE>
121 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> restricts the output to a single line
123 <STRONG>-1</STRONG> restricts the output to a single column
125 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to retain commented-out capabilities rather than dis-
126 carding them. Capabilities are commented by prefixing them with
127 a period. This sets the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option, because it treats the com-
128 mented-out entries as user-defined names. If the source is
129 termcap, accept the 2-character names required by version 6.
130 Otherwise these are ignored.
132 <STRONG>-C</STRONG> Force source translation to termcap format. Note: this differs
133 from the <STRONG>-C</STRONG> option of <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG> in that it does not merely
134 translate capability names, but also translates terminfo strings
135 to termcap format. Capabilities that are not translatable are
136 left in the entry under their terminfo names but commented out
137 with two preceding dots. The actual format used incorporates
138 some improvements for escaped characters from terminfo format.
139 For a stricter BSD-compatible translation, add the <STRONG>-K</STRONG> option.
141 If this is combined with <STRONG>-c</STRONG>, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> makes additional checks to
142 report cases where the terminfo values do not have an exact
143 equivalent in termcap form. For example:
145 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>sgr</STRONG> usually will not convert, because termcap lacks the
146 ability to work with more than two parameters, and because
147 termcap lacks many of the arithmetic/logical operators used
150 <STRONG>o</STRONG> capabilities with more than one delay or with delays before
151 the end of the string will not convert completely.
153 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to only check <EM>file</EM> for errors, including syntax prob-
154 lems and bad use-links. If you specify <STRONG>-C</STRONG> (<STRONG>-I</STRONG>) with this
155 option, the code will print warnings about entries which, after
156 use resolution, are more than 1023 (4096) bytes long. Due to a
157 fixed buffer length in older termcap libraries, as well as buggy
158 checking for the buffer length (and a documented limit in ter-
159 minfo), these entries may cause core dumps with other implemen-
162 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> checks string capabilities to ensure that those with parame-
163 ters will be valid expressions. It does this check only for the
164 predefined string capabilities; those which are defined with the
165 <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option are ignored.
167 <STRONG>-D</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to print the database locations that it knows about,
168 and exit. The first location shown is the one to which it would
169 write compiled terminal descriptions. If <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is not able to
170 find a writable database location according to the rules summa-
171 rized above, it will print a diagnostic and exit with an error
172 rather than printing a list of database locations.
174 <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <EM>names</EM>
175 Limit writes and translations to the following comma-separated
176 list of terminals. If any name or alias of a terminal matches
177 one of the names in the list, the entry will be written or
178 translated as normal. Otherwise no output will be generated for
179 it. The option value is interpreted as a file containing the
180 list if it contains a '/'. (Note: depending on how tic was com-
181 piled, this option may require <STRONG>-I</STRONG> or <STRONG>-C</STRONG>.)
183 <STRONG>-f</STRONG> Display complex terminfo strings which contain
184 if/then/else/endif expressions indented for readability.
186 <STRONG>-G</STRONG> Display constant literals in decimal form rather than their
187 character equivalents.
189 <STRONG>-g</STRONG> Display constant character literals in quoted form rather than
190 their decimal equivalents.
192 <STRONG>-I</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format.
194 <STRONG>-K</STRONG> Suppress some longstanding ncurses extensions to termcap format,
195 e.g., "\s" for space.
197 <STRONG>-L</STRONG> Force source translation to terminfo format using the long C
198 variable names listed in <<STRONG>term.h</STRONG>>
200 <STRONG>-N</STRONG> Disable smart defaults. Normally, when translating from termcap
201 to terminfo, the compiler makes a number of assumptions about
202 the defaults of string capabilities <STRONG>reset1_string</STRONG>, <STRONG>car-</STRONG>
203 <STRONG>riage_return</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_left</STRONG>, <STRONG>cursor_down</STRONG>, <STRONG>scroll_forward</STRONG>, <STRONG>tab</STRONG>,
204 <STRONG>newline</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_backspace</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_left</STRONG>, and <STRONG>key_down</STRONG>, then attempts to
205 use obsolete termcap capabilities to deduce correct values. It
206 also normally suppresses output of obsolete termcap capabilities
207 such as <STRONG>bs</STRONG>. This option forces a more literal translation that
208 also preserves the obsolete capabilities.
210 <STRONG>-o</STRONG><EM>dir</EM> Write compiled entries to given database location. Overrides
211 the TERMINFO environment variable.
213 <STRONG>-Q</STRONG><EM>n</EM> Rather than show source in terminfo (text) format, print the
214 compiled (binary) format in hexadecimal or base64 form, depend-
215 ing on the option's value:
221 3 hexadecimal and base64
223 <STRONG>-q</STRONG> Suppress comments and blank lines when showing translated
226 <STRONG>-R</STRONG><EM>subset</EM>
227 Restrict output to a given subset. This option is for use with
228 archaic versions of terminfo like those on SVr1, Ultrix, or
229 HP/UX that do not support the full set of SVR4/XSI Curses ter-
230 minfo; and outright broken ports like AIX 3.x that have their
231 own extensions incompatible with SVr4/XSI. Available subsets
232 are "SVr1", "Ultrix", "HP", "BSD" and "AIX"; see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for
235 <STRONG>-r</STRONG> Force entry resolution (so there are no remaining tc capabili-
236 ties) even when doing translation to termcap format. This may
237 be needed if you are preparing a termcap file for a termcap
238 library (such as GNU termcap through version 1.3 or BSD termcap
239 through 4.3BSD) that does not handle multiple tc capabilities
242 <STRONG>-s</STRONG> Summarize the compile by showing the database location into
243 which entries are written, and the number of entries which are
246 <STRONG>-T</STRONG> eliminates size-restrictions on the generated text. This is
247 mainly useful for testing and analysis, since the compiled
248 descriptions are limited (e.g., 1023 for termcap, 4096 for ter-
251 <STRONG>-t</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to discard commented-out capabilities. Normally when
252 translating from terminfo to termcap, untranslatable capabili-
253 ties are commented-out.
255 <STRONG>-U</STRONG> tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to not post-process the data after parsing the source
256 file. Normally, it infers data which is commonly missing in older
257 terminfo data, or in termcaps.
259 <STRONG>-V</STRONG> reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and
262 <STRONG>-v</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error trace
263 information showing <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s progress.
265 The optional parameter <EM>n</EM> is a number from 1 to 10, inclusive,
266 indicating the desired level of detail of information. If ncurses
267 is built without tracing support, the optional parameter is
268 ignored. If <EM>n</EM> is omitted, the default level is 1. If <EM>n</EM> is speci-
269 fied and greater than 1, the level of detail is increased.
271 The debug flag levels are as follows:
273 1 Names of files created and linked
275 2 Information related to the "use" facility
277 3 Statistics from the hashing algorithm
279 5 String-table memory allocations
281 7 Entries into the string-table
283 8 List of tokens encountered by scanner
285 9 All values computed in construction of the hash table
287 If the debug level <EM>n</EM> is not given, it is taken to be one.
289 <STRONG>-W</STRONG> By itself, the <STRONG>-w</STRONG> option will not force long strings to be
290 wrapped. Use the <STRONG>-W</STRONG> option to do this.
292 If you specify both <STRONG>-f</STRONG> and <STRONG>-W</STRONG> options, the latter is ignored when
293 <STRONG>-f</STRONG> has already split the line.
295 <STRONG>-w</STRONG><EM>n</EM> specifies the width of the output. The parameter is optional. If
296 it is omitted, it defaults to 60.
298 <STRONG>-x</STRONG> Treat unknown capabilities as user-defined (see <STRONG>user_caps(5)</STRONG>).
299 That is, if you supply a capability name which <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not recog-
300 nize, it will infer its type (boolean, number or string) from the
301 syntax and make an extended table entry for that. User-defined
302 capability strings whose name begins with "k" are treated as func-
306 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PARAMETERS">PARAMETERS</a></H3><PRE>
307 <EM>file</EM> contains one or more <STRONG>terminfo</STRONG> terminal descriptions in source
308 format [see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>]. Each description in the file
309 describes the capabilities of a particular terminal.
311 If <EM>file</EM> is "-", then the data is read from the standard input.
312 The <EM>file</EM> parameter may also be the path of a character-device.
315 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PROCESSING">PROCESSING</a></H3><PRE>
316 All but one of the capabilities recognized by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are documented in
317 <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>. The exception is the <STRONG>use</STRONG> capability.
319 When a <STRONG>use</STRONG>=<EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> field is discovered in a terminal entry currently
320 being compiled, <STRONG>tic</STRONG> reads in the binary from
321 <STRONG>/usr/local/ncurses/lib/terminfo</STRONG> to complete the entry. (Entries cre-
322 ated from <EM>file</EM> will be used first. <STRONG>tic</STRONG> duplicates the capabilities in
323 <EM>entry</EM>-<EM>name</EM> for the current entry, with the exception of those capabili-
324 ties that explicitly are defined in the current entry.
326 When an entry, e.g., <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>, contains a <STRONG>use=</STRONG><EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> field,
327 any canceled capabilities in <EM>entry</EM>_<EM>name</EM>_<EM>2</EM> must also appear in
328 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG> before <STRONG>use=</STRONG> for these capabilities to be canceled in
329 <STRONG>entry_name_1</STRONG>.
331 Total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes. The name field cannot
332 exceed 512 bytes. Terminal names exceeding the maximum alias length
333 (32 characters on systems with long filenames, 14 characters otherwise)
334 will be truncated to the maximum alias length and a warning message
338 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></H2><PRE>
339 System V Release 2 provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility. It accepted a single
340 option: <STRONG>-v</STRONG> (optionally followed by a number). According to Ross
341 Ridge's comment in <EM>mytinfo</EM>, this version of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> was unable to represent
342 cancelled capabilities.
344 System V Release 3 provided a different <STRONG>tic</STRONG> utility, written by Pavel
345 Curtis, (originally named "compile" in <EM>pcurses</EM>). This added an option
346 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> to check the file for errors, with the caveat that errors in "use="
347 links would not be reported. System V Release 3 documented a few warn-
348 ing messages which did not appear in <EM>pcurses</EM>. While the program itself
349 was changed little as development continued with System V Release 4,
350 the table of capabilities grew from 180 (<EM>pcurses</EM>) to 464 (Solaris).
352 In early development of ncurses (1993), Zeyd Ben-Halim used the table
353 from <EM>mytinfo</EM> to extend the <EM>pcurses</EM> table to 469 capabilities (456
354 matched SVr4, 8 were only in SVr4, 13 were not in SVr4). Of those 13,
355 11 were ultimately discarded (perhaps to match the draft of X/Open
356 Curses). The exceptions were <STRONG>memory_lock_above</STRONG> and <STRONG>memory_unlock</STRONG> (see
357 <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>).
359 Eric Raymond incorporated parts of <EM>mytinfo</EM> into ncurses to implement
360 the termcap-to-terminfo source conversion, and extended that to begin
361 development of the corresponding terminfo-to-termcap source conversion,
362 Thomas Dickey completed that development over the course of several
365 In 1999, Thomas Dickey added the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option to support user-defined
368 In 2010, Roy Marples provided a <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program and terminfo library for
369 NetBSD. That implementation adapts several features from ncurses,
370 including <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option.
372 The <STRONG>-c</STRONG> option tells <STRONG>tic</STRONG> to check for problems in the terminfo source
373 file. Continued development provides additional checks:
375 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <EM>pcurses</EM> had 8 warnings
377 <STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses in 1996 had 16 warnings
379 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Solaris (SVr4) curses has 28 warnings
381 <STRONG>o</STRONG> NetBSD tic in 2019 has 19 warnings.
383 <STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses in 2019 has 96 warnings
385 The checking done in ncurses' <STRONG>tic</STRONG> helps with the conversion to termcap,
386 as well as pointing out errors and inconsistencies. It is also used to
387 ensure consistency with the user-defined capabilities. There are 527
388 distinct capabilities in ncurses' terminal database; 128 of those are
392 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
393 X/Open Curses, Issue 7 (2009) provides a brief description of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. It
394 lists one option: <STRONG>-c</STRONG>. The omission of <STRONG>-v</STRONG> is unexpected. The change
395 history states that the description is derived from True64 UNIX.
396 According to its manual pages, that system also supported the <STRONG>-v</STRONG>
399 Shortly after Issue 7 was released, Tru64 was discontinued. As of
400 2019, the surviving implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> are SVr4 (AIX, HP-UX and
401 Solaris), ncurses and NetBSD curses. The SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> programs all support
402 the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option. The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> program follows X/Open's documentation,
403 omitting the <STRONG>-v</STRONG> option.
405 The X/Open rationale states that some implementations of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> read ter-
406 minal descriptions from the standard input if the <EM>file</EM> parameter is
407 omitted. None of these implementations do that. Further, it comments
408 that some may choose to read from "./terminfo.src" but that is obsoles-
409 cent behavior from SVr2, and is not (for example) a documented feature
413 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COMPATIBILITY">COMPATIBILITY</a></H3><PRE>
414 There is some evidence that historic <STRONG>tic</STRONG> implementations treated
415 description fields with no whitespace in them as additional aliases or
416 short names. This <STRONG>tic</STRONG> does not do that, but it does warn when descrip-
417 tion fields may be treated that way and check them for dangerous char-
421 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></H3><PRE>
422 Unlike the SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG> command, this implementation can actually compile
423 termcap sources. In fact, entries in terminfo and termcap syntax can
424 be mixed in a single source file. See <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG> for the list of
425 termcap names taken to be equivalent to terminfo names.
427 The SVr4 manual pages are not clear on the resolution rules for <STRONG>use</STRONG>
428 capabilities. This implementation of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> will find <STRONG>use</STRONG> targets any-
429 where in the source file, or anywhere in the file tree rooted at <STRONG>TER-</STRONG>
430 <STRONG>MINFO</STRONG> (if <STRONG>TERMINFO</STRONG> is defined), or in the user's <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> data-
431 base (if it exists), or (finally) anywhere in the system's file tree of
434 The error messages from this <STRONG>tic</STRONG> have the same format as GNU C error
435 messages, and can be parsed by GNU Emacs's compile facility.
437 Aside from <STRONG>-c</STRONG> and <STRONG>-v</STRONG>, options are not portable:
439 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Most of tic's options are not supported by SVr4 <STRONG>tic</STRONG>:
441 <STRONG>-0</STRONG> <STRONG>-1</STRONG> <STRONG>-C</STRONG> <STRONG>-G</STRONG> <STRONG>-I</STRONG> <STRONG>-N</STRONG> <STRONG>-R</STRONG> <STRONG>-T</STRONG> <STRONG>-V</STRONG> <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-e</STRONG> <STRONG>-f</STRONG> <STRONG>-g</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-r</STRONG> <STRONG>-s</STRONG> <STRONG>-t</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
443 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The NetBSD <STRONG>tic</STRONG> supports a few of the ncurses options
445 <STRONG>-a</STRONG> <STRONG>-o</STRONG> <STRONG>-x</STRONG>
447 and adds <STRONG>-S</STRONG> (a feature which does the same thing as infocmp's <STRONG>-e</STRONG>
448 and <STRONG>-E</STRONG> options).
450 The SVr4 <STRONG>-c</STRONG> mode does not report bad "use=" links.
452 System V does not compile entries to or read entries from your
453 <EM>$HOME/.terminfo</EM> database unless TERMINFO is explicitly set to it.
456 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FILES">FILES</a></H2><PRE>
457 <STRONG>/usr/local/ncurses/lib/terminfo/?/*</STRONG>
458 Compiled terminal description database.
461 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
462 <STRONG><A HREF="infocmp.1m.html">infocmp(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="infotocap.1m.html">infotocap(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="toe.1m.html">toe(1m)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,
463 <STRONG><A HREF="term.5.html">term(5)</A></STRONG>. <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>. <STRONG><A HREF="user_caps.5.html">user_caps(5)</A></STRONG>.
465 This describes <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> version 6.2 (patch 20201212).
468 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a></H2><PRE>
469 Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and
470 Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net>
474 <STRONG><A HREF="tic.1m.html">tic(1m)</A></STRONG>
478 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
479 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
480 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
482 <li><a href="#h3-ALIASES">ALIASES</a></li>
483 <li><a href="#h3-OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a></li>
484 <li><a href="#h3-PARAMETERS">PARAMETERS</a></li>
485 <li><a href="#h3-PROCESSING">PROCESSING</a></li>
488 <li><a href="#h2-HISTORY">HISTORY</a></li>
489 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
491 <li><a href="#h3-COMPATIBILITY">COMPATIBILITY</a></li>
492 <li><a href="#h3-EXTENSIONS">EXTENSIONS</a></li>
495 <li><a href="#h2-FILES">FILES</a></li>
496 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
497 <li><a href="#h2-AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a></li>