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  43 <H1 class="no-header">curs_add_wch 3x 2024-04-20 ncurses 6.4 Library calls</H1>
  44 <PRE>
  45 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>                 Library calls                <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
  51        <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> - add
  52        a <EM>curses</EM> complex character to a window and advance the cursor
  53
  54
  55 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
  56        <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>
  57
  58        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>add_wch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  59        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  60        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvadd_wch(int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  61        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwadd_wch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>y</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <EM>x</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  62
  63        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echo_wchar(const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  64        <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wecho_wchar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>win</EM><STRONG>,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*</STRONG><EM>wch</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
  65
  66
  67 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
  68
  69 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></H3><PRE>
  70        The <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>,  and  <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>  functions  put  the
  71        complex  character  <EM>wch</EM>  into the given window at its current position,
  72        which is then advanced.  These functions perform wrapping and  special-
  73        character processing as follows:
  74
  75        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   If  <EM>wch</EM>  refers to a spacing character, then any previous character
  76            at that location is removed.  A new character specified by  <EM>wch</EM>  is
  77            placed  at  that  location  with  rendition  specified by <EM>wch</EM>.  The
  78            cursor then advances after this spacing character, to  prepare  for
  79            writing the next character on the screen.
  80
  81            The newly added spacing character is the base of the active complex
  82            character.  Subsequent non-spacing characters can be combined  with
  83            this base until another spacing character is written to the screen,
  84            or the cursor is moved, e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>.
  85
  86        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   If <EM>wch</EM> refers to a non-spacing character, it  is  appended  to  the
  87            active complex character, retaining the previous characters at that
  88            location.  The rendition specified by <EM>wch</EM> is ignored.
  89
  90            The cursor is not advanced after adding  a  non-spacing  character.
  91            Subsequent calls to add non-spacing characters will update the same
  92            position.
  93
  94        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   If the character part of <EM>wch</EM> is a tab, newline, backspace or  other
  95            control character, the window is updated and the cursor moves as if
  96            <STRONG>addch</STRONG> were called.
  97
  98
  99 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></H3><PRE>
 100        The <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> function is functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>
 101        followed  by  a  call  to  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>.   Similarly, the <STRONG>wecho_wchar</STRONG> is
 102        functionally equivalent to a call to <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> followed  by  a  call  to
 103        <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>.   The  knowledge that only a single character is being output
 104        is  taken  into  consideration  and,  for  non-control  characters,   a
 105        considerable  performance  gain  might  be  seen  by  using  the *<STRONG>echo</STRONG>*
 106        functions instead of their equivalents.
 107
 108
 109 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
 110        Like <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>addch_wch</STRONG> accepts symbols which make it simple to  draw
 111        lines  and  other  frequently  used  special characters.  These symbols
 112        correspond to the same VT100 line-drawing set as <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
 113
 114                        <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG>   <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG>     <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
 115
 116
 117        <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>        <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Char</STRONG>   <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
 118        ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 119        <STRONG>WACS_BLOCK</STRONG>      0x25ae    #         0      solid square block
 120        <STRONG>WACS_BOARD</STRONG>      0x2592    #         h      board of squares
 121        <STRONG>WACS_BTEE</STRONG>       0x2534    +         v      bottom tee
 122        <STRONG>WACS_BULLET</STRONG>     0x00b7    o         ~      bullet
 123        <STRONG>WACS_CKBOARD</STRONG>    0x2592    :         a      checker board (stipple)
 124        <STRONG>WACS_DARROW</STRONG>     0x2193    v         .      arrow pointing down
 125        <STRONG>WACS_DEGREE</STRONG>     0x00b0    '         f      degree symbol
 126        <STRONG>WACS_DIAMOND</STRONG>    0x25c6    +         `      diamond
 127        <STRONG>WACS_GEQUAL</STRONG>     0x2265    &gt;         &gt;      greater-than-or-equal-to
 128        <STRONG>WACS_HLINE</STRONG>      0x2500    -         q      horizontal line
 129        <STRONG>WACS_LANTERN</STRONG>    0x2603    #         i      lantern symbol
 130        <STRONG>WACS_LARROW</STRONG>     0x2190    &lt;         ,      arrow pointing left
 131        <STRONG>WACS_LEQUAL</STRONG>     0x2264    &lt;         y      less-than-or-equal-to
 132        <STRONG>WACS_LLCORNER</STRONG>   0x2514    +         m      lower left-hand corner
 133        <STRONG>WACS_LRCORNER</STRONG>   0x2518    +         j      lower right-hand corner
 134        <STRONG>WACS_LTEE</STRONG>       0x2524    +         t      left tee
 135        <STRONG>WACS_NEQUAL</STRONG>     0x2260    !         |      not-equal
 136        <STRONG>WACS_PI</STRONG>         0x03c0    *         {      greek pi
 137        <STRONG>WACS_PLMINUS</STRONG>    0x00b1    #         g      plus/minus
 138        <STRONG>WACS_PLUS</STRONG>       0x253c    +         n      plus
 139        <STRONG>WACS_RARROW</STRONG>     0x2192    &gt;         +      arrow pointing right
 140        <STRONG>WACS_RTEE</STRONG>       0x251c    +         u      right tee
 141        <STRONG>WACS_S1</STRONG>         0x23ba    -         o      scan line 1
 142        <STRONG>WACS_S3</STRONG>         0x23bb    -         p      scan line 3
 143        <STRONG>WACS_S7</STRONG>         0x23bc    -         r      scan line 7
 144        <STRONG>WACS_S9</STRONG>         0x23bd    _         s      scan line 9
 145        <STRONG>WACS_STERLING</STRONG>   0x00a3    f         }      pound-sterling symbol
 146        <STRONG>WACS_TTEE</STRONG>       0x252c    +         w      top tee
 147        <STRONG>WACS_UARROW</STRONG>     0x2191    ^         -      arrow pointing up
 148        <STRONG>WACS_ULCORNER</STRONG>   0x250c    +         l      upper left-hand corner
 149        <STRONG>WACS_URCORNER</STRONG>   0x2510    +         k      upper right-hand corner
 150        <STRONG>WACS_VLINE</STRONG>      0x2502    |         x      vertical line
 151
 152        The wide-character configuration of <EM>ncurses</EM> also  defines  symbols  for
 153        thick lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "J" to "V"):
 154
 155                          <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG>   <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG>     <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
 156        <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>          <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Char</STRONG>   <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
 157        ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 158        <STRONG>WACS_T_BTEE</STRONG>       0x253b    +         V      thick tee pointing up
 159        <STRONG>WACS_T_HLINE</STRONG>      0x2501    -         Q      thick horizontal line
 160        <STRONG>WACS_T_LLCORNER</STRONG>   0x2517    +         M      thick lower left corner
 161        <STRONG>WACS_T_LRCORNER</STRONG>   0x251b    +         J      thick lower right corner
 162        <STRONG>WACS_T_LTEE</STRONG>       0x252b    +         T      thick tee pointing right
 163        <STRONG>WACS_T_PLUS</STRONG>       0x254b    +         N      thick large plus
 164        <STRONG>WACS_T_RTEE</STRONG>       0x2523    +         U      thick tee pointing left
 165        <STRONG>WACS_T_TTEE</STRONG>       0x2533    +         W      thick tee pointing down
 166        <STRONG>WACS_T_ULCORNER</STRONG>   0x250f    +         L      thick upper left corner
 167        <STRONG>WACS_T_URCORNER</STRONG>   0x2513    +         K      thick upper right corner
 168        <STRONG>WACS_T_VLINE</STRONG>      0x2503    |         X      thick vertical line
 169
 170        and for double-lines (<STRONG>acsc</STRONG> "A" to "I"):
 171
 172                          <STRONG>Unicode</STRONG>   <STRONG>ASCII</STRONG>     <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
 173        <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>          <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Default</STRONG>   <STRONG>Char</STRONG>   <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
 174        ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 175        <STRONG>WACS_D_BTEE</STRONG>       0x2569    +         H      double tee pointing up
 176        <STRONG>WACS_D_HLINE</STRONG>      0x2550    -         R      double horizontal line
 177        <STRONG>WACS_D_LLCORNER</STRONG>   0x255a    +         D      double lower left corner
 178        <STRONG>WACS_D_LRCORNER</STRONG>   0x255d    +         A      double lower right corner
 179        <STRONG>WACS_D_LTEE</STRONG>       0x2560    +         F      double tee pointing right
 180        <STRONG>WACS_D_PLUS</STRONG>       0x256c    +         E      double large plus
 181        <STRONG>WACS_D_RTEE</STRONG>       0x2563    +         G      double tee pointing left
 182
 183        <STRONG>WACS_D_TTEE</STRONG>       0x2566    +         I      double tee pointing down
 184        <STRONG>WACS_D_ULCORNER</STRONG>   0x2554    +         C      double upper left corner
 185        <STRONG>WACS_D_URCORNER</STRONG>   0x2557    +         B      double upper right corner
 186        <STRONG>WACS_D_VLINE</STRONG>      0x2551    |         Y      double vertical line
 187
 188        Unicode's  descriptions  for  these  characters  differs  slightly from
 189        <EM>ncurses</EM>, by introducing the term "light"  (along  with  less  important
 190        details).   Here are its descriptions for the normal, thick, and double
 191        horizontal lines:
 192
 193        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   U+2500 BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL
 194
 195        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   U+2501 BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL
 196
 197        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   U+2550 BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL
 198
 199
 200 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
 201        All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success.
 202
 203        X/Open  Curses  does  not   specify   any   error   conditions.    This
 204        implementation returns an error
 205
 206        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   if the window pointer is null or
 207
 208        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   if it is not possible to add a complete character in the window.
 209
 210        The latter may be due to different causes:
 211
 212        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   If  <STRONG><A HREF="scrollok.3x.html">scrollok(3x)</A></STRONG>  is  not enabled, writing a character at the lower
 213            right margin succeeds.  However, an error is returned because it is
 214            not possible to wrap to a new line.
 215
 216        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   If  an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a
 217            sequence of bytes, or if it is not  possible  to  add  all  of  the
 218            resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned.
 219
 220        Functions  prefixed with "mv" first perform cursor movement and fail if
 221        the position (<EM>y</EM>, <EM>x</EM>) is outside the window boundaries.
 222
 223
 224 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
 225        Note that <STRONG>add_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvadd_wch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwadd_wch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echo_wchar</STRONG> may be macros.
 226
 227
 228 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
 229        These functions are described in X/Open Curses, Issue 4.  The  defaults
 230        specified for line-drawing characters apply in the POSIX locale.
 231
 232
 233 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE>
 234        X/Open  Curses  makes it clear that the WACS_ symbols should be defined
 235        as a pointer to <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> data, e.g., in the discussion of <STRONG>border_set</STRONG>.  A
 236        few implementations are problematic:
 237
 238        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   NetBSD curses defines the symbols as a <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> within a <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>.
 239
 240        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   HP-UX  curses  equates  some  of  the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols to the analogous
 241            <STRONG>WACS_</STRONG> symbols as if the <STRONG>ACS_</STRONG> symbols  were  wide  characters.   The
 242            misdefined  symbols  are the arrows and other symbols which are not
 243            used for line-drawing.
 244
 245        X/Open Curses does not specify  symbols  for  thick-  or  double-lines.
 246        SVr4 curses implementations defined their line-drawing symbols in terms
 247        of intermediate symbols.  This implementation  extends  those  symbols,
 248        providing new definitions which are not in the SVr4 implementations.
 249
 250        Not  all  Unicode-capable  terminals  provide  support  for VT100-style
 251        alternate character  sets  (i.e.,  the  <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>  capability),  with  their
 252        corresponding  line-drawing  characters.  X/Open Curses did not address
 253        the  aspect  of  integrating  Unicode  with  line-drawing   characters.
 254        Existing  implementations of Unix curses (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris) use only
 255        the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> character-mapping to provide this feature.  As a result, those
 256        implementations  can  only  use  single-byte  line-drawing  characters.
 257        <EM>ncurses</EM> 5.3 (2002) provided a table of Unicode values  to  solve  these
 258        problems.  NetBSD curses incorporated that table in 2010.
 259
 260        In  this  implementation,  the  Unicode  values are used instead of the
 261        terminal description's <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> mapping as discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG> for the
 262        environment  variable  <EM>NCURSES</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>NO</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>UTF8</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>ACS</EM>.   In contrast, for the same
 263        cases, the line-drawing characters described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">addch(3x)</A></STRONG> will use only
 264        the ASCII default values.
 265
 266        Having  Unicode available does not solve all of the problems with line-
 267        drawing for curses:
 268
 269        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   The closest Unicode equivalents to the VT100 graphics  <EM>S1</EM>,  <EM>S3</EM>,  <EM>S7</EM>
 270            and  <EM>S9</EM> frequently are not displayed at the regular intervals which
 271            the terminal used.
 272
 273        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   The <EM>lantern</EM> is a special case.  It originated with  the  AT&amp;T  4410
 274            terminal  in the early 1980s.  There is no accessible documentation
 275            depicting the lantern symbol on the AT&amp;T terminal.
 276
 277            Lacking documentation, most readers assume that a <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lantern</EM> was
 278            intended.  But there are several possibilities, all with problems.
 279
 280            Unicode  6.0  (2010)  does provide two lantern symbols: U+1F383 and
 281            U+1F3EE.  Those were not available  in  2002,  and  are  irrelevant
 282            since  they  lie  outside the BMP and as a result are not generally
 283            available in terminals.  They are not storm lanterns, in any case.
 284
 285            Most <EM>storm</EM> <EM>lanterns</EM> have a tapering glass chimney (to guard against
 286            tipping); some have a wire grid protecting the chimney.
 287
 288            For  the  tapering  appearance,   U+2603 was adequate.  In use on a
 289            terminal, no one can tell what the image represents.  Unicode calls
 290            it a snowman.
 291
 292            Others have suggested these alternatives: &lt;section&gt; U+00A7 (section
 293            mark), &lt;Theta&gt; U+0398 (theta), &lt;Phi&gt; U+03A6 (phi),  &lt;delta&gt;  U+03B4
 294            (delta),  U+2327 (x in a rectangle),  U+256C (forms double vertical
 295            and horizontal), and  U+2612 (ballot box with x).
 296
 297
 298 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></H3><PRE>
 299        The complex character  type  <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG>  can  store  more  than  one  wide
 300        character  (<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG>).   The  X/Open Curses description does not mention
 301        this possibility, describing only the cases  where  <EM>wch</EM>  is  a  spacing
 302        character or a non-spacing character.
 303
 304        This implementation assumes that <EM>wch</EM> is constructed using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">setcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>,
 305        and in turn that the result
 306
 307        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   contains at most one spacing character in the beginning of its list
 308            of wide characters, and zero or more non-spacing characters or
 309
 310        <STRONG>o</STRONG>   may hold one non-spacing character.
 311
 312        In  the  latter  case,  <EM>ncurses</EM>  adds  the non-spacing character to the
 313        active (base) spacing character.
 314
 315
 316 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE>
 317        The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented  in  SVr4  and  other  versions  of
 318        <EM>curses</EM>, but is not specified by X/Open Curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>).
 319
 320
 321 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
 322        <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> describes comparable functions of the <EM>ncurses</EM> library in
 323        its non-wide-character configuration.
 324
 325        <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addwstr.3x.html">curs_addwstr(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wchstr.3x.html">curs_add_wchstr(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>,
 326        <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>,  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_getcchar.3x.html">curs_getcchar(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">curs_outopts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>,
 327        <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putwc(3)</STRONG>
 328
 329
 330
 331 ncurses 6.4                       2024-04-20                  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>
 332 </PRE>
 333 <div class="nav">
 334 <ul>
 335 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
 336 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
 337 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
 338 <ul>
 339 <li><a href="#h3-add_wch">add_wch</a></li>
 340 <li><a href="#h3-echo_wchar">echo_wchar</a></li>
 341 <li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
 342 </ul>
 343 </li>
 344 <li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
 345 <li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
 346 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
 347 <ul>
 348 <li><a href="#h3-WACS-Symbols">WACS Symbols</a></li>
 349 <li><a href="#h3-Complex-Characters">Complex Characters</a></li>
 350 <li><a href="#h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></li>
 351 </ul>
 352 </li>
 353 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
 354 </ul>
 355 </div>
 356 </BODY>
 357 </HTML>