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41 <H1 class="no-header">curs_color 3x</H1>
43 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
48 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
49 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG>, <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG>, <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG>, <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>, <STRONG>init_color</STRONG>,
50 <STRONG>color_content</STRONG>, <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG>, <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR</STRONG>, <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER</STRONG> - <STRONG>curses</STRONG> color
54 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
55 <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
57 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>start_color(void);</STRONG>
59 <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>has_colors(void);</STRONG>
60 <STRONG>bool</STRONG> <STRONG>can_change_color(void);</STRONG>
62 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_pair(short</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>f,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
63 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_color(short</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>r,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>g,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
65 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_extended_pair(int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>f,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
66 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>init_extended_color(int</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>r,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>g,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>b);</STRONG>
68 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>color_content(short</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*r,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*g,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
69 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair_content(short</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*f,</STRONG> <STRONG>short</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
71 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>extended_color_content(int</STRONG> <STRONG>color,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*r,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*g,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
72 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>extended_pair_content(int</STRONG> <STRONG>pair,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*f,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>*b);</STRONG>
74 <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR(int</STRONG> <STRONG>n);</STRONG>
75 <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER(</STRONG><EM>attrs</EM><STRONG>);</STRONG>
78 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
80 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Overview">Overview</a></H3><PRE>
81 <STRONG>curses</STRONG> supports color attributes on terminals with that capability. To
82 use these routines <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> must be called, usually right after
83 <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. Colors are always used in pairs (referred to as color-pairs).
84 A color-pair consists of a foreground color (for characters) and a
85 background color (for the blank field on which the characters are dis-
86 played). A programmer initializes a color-pair with the routine
87 <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>. After it has been initialized, <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR</STRONG>(<EM>n</EM>) can be used to
88 convert the pair to a video attribute.
90 If a terminal is capable of redefining colors, the programmer can use
91 the routine <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> to change the definition of a color. The rou-
92 tines <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> and <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> return <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>, depending
93 on whether the terminal has color capabilities and whether the program-
94 mer can change the colors. The routine <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> allows a program-
95 mer to extract the amounts of red, green, and blue components in an
96 initialized color. The routine <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG> allows a programmer to
97 find out how a given color-pair is currently defined.
100 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-Color-Rendering">Color Rendering</a></H3><PRE>
101 The <STRONG>curses</STRONG> library combines these inputs to produce the actual fore-
102 ground and background colors shown on the screen:
104 <STRONG>o</STRONG> per-character video attributes (e.g., via <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>),
106 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the window attribute (e.g., by <STRONG>wattrset</STRONG>), and
108 <STRONG>o</STRONG> the background character (e.g., <STRONG>wbkgdset</STRONG>).
110 Per-character and window attributes are usually set by a parameter con-
111 taining video attributes including a color pair value. Some functions
112 such as <STRONG>wattr_set</STRONG> use a separate parameter which is the color pair num-
115 The background character is a special case: it includes a character
116 value, just as if it were passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
118 The <STRONG>curses</STRONG> library does the actual work of combining these color pairs
119 in an internal function called from <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>:
121 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> is <EM>blank</EM>, and it uses the special
124 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>curses</STRONG> next checks the window attribute.
126 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the window attribute does not use color pair 0, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> uses
127 the color pair from the window attribute.
129 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> uses the background character.
131 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> is <EM>not</EM> <EM>blank</EM>, or it does not use
132 the special color pair 0, <STRONG>curses</STRONG> prefers the color pair from the
133 parameter, if it is nonzero. Otherwise, it tries the window at-
134 tribute next, and finally the background character.
136 Some <STRONG>curses</STRONG> functions such as <STRONG>wprintw</STRONG> call <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>. Those do not com-
137 bine its parameter with a color pair. Consequently those calls use on-
138 ly the window attribute or the background character.
141 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-CONSTANTS">CONSTANTS</a></H2><PRE>
142 In <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG> the following macros are defined. These are the standard
143 colors (ISO-6429). <STRONG>curses</STRONG> also assumes that <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> is the default
144 background color for all terminals.
146 <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG>
147 <STRONG>COLOR_RED</STRONG>
148 <STRONG>COLOR_GREEN</STRONG>
149 <STRONG>COLOR_YELLOW</STRONG>
150 <STRONG>COLOR_BLUE</STRONG>
151 <STRONG>COLOR_MAGENTA</STRONG>
152 <STRONG>COLOR_CYAN</STRONG>
153 <STRONG>COLOR_WHITE</STRONG>
155 Some terminals support more than the eight (8) "ANSI" colors. There
156 are no standard names for those additional colors.
159 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-VARIABLES">VARIABLES</a></H2><PRE>
161 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLORS">COLORS</a></H3><PRE>
162 is initialized by <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> to the maximum number of colors the ter-
166 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLOR_PAIRS">COLOR_PAIRS</a></H3><PRE>
167 is initialized by <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> to the maximum number of color pairs the
168 terminal can support.
171 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-FUNCTIONS">FUNCTIONS</a></H2><PRE>
173 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-start_color">start_color</a></H3><PRE>
174 The <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It must be called if
175 the programmer wants to use colors, and before any other color manipu-
176 lation routine is called. It is good practice to call this routine
177 right after <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>. <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> does this:
179 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It initializes two global variables, <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG> (re-
180 spectively defining the maximum number of colors and color-pairs
181 the terminal can support).
183 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It initializes the special color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> to the default foreground
184 and background colors. No other color pairs are initialized.
186 <STRONG>o</STRONG> It restores the colors on the terminal to the values they had when
187 the terminal was just turned on.
189 <STRONG>o</STRONG> If the terminal supports the <STRONG>initc</STRONG> (<STRONG>initialize_color</STRONG>) capability,
190 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> initializes its internal table representing the red,
191 green and blue components of the color palette.
193 The components depend on whether the terminal uses CGA (aka "ANSI")
194 or HLS (i.e., the <STRONG>hls</STRONG> (<STRONG>hue_lightness_saturation</STRONG>) capability is
195 set). The table is initialized first for eight basic colors
196 (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white), and
197 after that (if the terminal supports more than eight colors) the
198 components are initialized to <STRONG>1000</STRONG>.
200 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> does not attempt to set the terminal's color palette to
201 match its built-in table. An application may use <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> to al-
202 ter the internal table along with the terminal's color.
204 These limits apply to color values and color pairs. Values outside
205 these limits are not legal, and may result in a runtime error:
207 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> corresponds to the terminal database's <STRONG>max_colors</STRONG> capabili-
208 ty, (see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>).
210 <STRONG>o</STRONG> color values are expected to be in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>, inclu-
211 sive (including <STRONG>0</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>).
213 <STRONG>o</STRONG> a special color value <STRONG>-1</STRONG> is used in certain extended functions to
214 denote the <EM>default</EM> <EM>color</EM> (see <STRONG>use_default_colors</STRONG>).
216 <STRONG>o</STRONG> <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG> corresponds to the terminal database's <STRONG>max_pairs</STRONG> capa-
217 bility, (see <STRONG><A HREF="terminfo.5.html">terminfo(5)</A></STRONG>).
219 <STRONG>o</STRONG> legal color pair values are in the range <STRONG>1</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>, inclu-
222 <STRONG>o</STRONG> color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> is special; it denotes "no color".
224 Color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> is assumed to be white on black, but is actually what-
225 ever the terminal implements before color is initialized. It can-
226 not be modified by the application.
229 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-has_colors">has_colors</a></H3><PRE>
230 The <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> if the
231 terminal can manipulate colors; otherwise, it returns <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>. This rou-
232 tine facilitates writing terminal-independent programs. For example, a
233 programmer can use it to decide whether to use color or some other
237 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-can_change_color">can_change_color</a></H3><PRE>
238 The <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> routine requires no arguments. It returns <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> if
239 the terminal supports colors and can change their definitions; other,
240 it returns <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>. This routine facilitates writing terminal-indepen-
244 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-init_pair">init_pair</a></H3><PRE>
245 The <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> routine changes the definition of a color-pair. It takes
246 three arguments: the number of the color-pair to be changed, the fore-
247 ground color number, and the background color number. For portable ap-
250 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color pair value. If default
251 colors are used (see <STRONG>use_default_colors</STRONG>) the upper limit is adjust-
252 ed to allow for extra pairs which use a default color in foreground
255 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The second and third arguments must be legal color values.
257 If the color-pair was previously initialized, the screen is refreshed
258 and all occurrences of that color-pair are changed to the new defini-
261 As an extension, ncurses allows you to set color pair <STRONG>0</STRONG> via the <STRONG>as-</STRONG>
262 <STRONG><A HREF="assume_default_colors.3x.html">sume_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> routine, or to specify the use of default col-
263 ors (color number <STRONG>-1</STRONG>) if you first invoke the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">use_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>
267 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-init_color">init_color</a></H3><PRE>
268 The <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> routine changes the definition of a color. It takes
269 four arguments: the number of the color to be changed followed by three
270 RGB values (for the amounts of red, green, and blue components).
272 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value; default colors are
273 not allowed here. (See the section <STRONG>Colors</STRONG> for the default color
276 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Each of the last three arguments must be a value in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG>
277 through <STRONG>1000</STRONG>.
279 When <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> is used, all occurrences of that color on the screen
280 immediately change to the new definition.
283 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-color_content">color_content</a></H3><PRE>
284 The <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> routine gives programmers a way to find the intensity
285 of the red, green, and blue (RGB) components in a color. It requires
286 four arguments: the color number, and three addresses of <STRONG>short</STRONG>s for
287 storing the information about the amounts of red, green, and blue com-
288 ponents in the given color.
290 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value, i.e., <STRONG>0</STRONG> through
291 <STRONG>COLORS-1</STRONG>, inclusive.
293 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The values that are stored at the addresses pointed to by the last
294 three arguments are in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> (no component) through <STRONG>1000</STRONG>
295 (maximum amount of component), inclusive.
298 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-pair_content">pair_content</a></H3><PRE>
299 The <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG> routine allows programmers to find out what colors a
300 given color-pair consists of. It requires three arguments: the color-
301 pair number, and two addresses of <STRONG>short</STRONG>s for storing the foreground and
302 the background color numbers.
304 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The first argument must be a legal color value, i.e., in the range
305 <STRONG>1</STRONG> through <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>, inclusive.
307 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The values that are stored at the addresses pointed to by the sec-
308 ond and third arguments are in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> through <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>, inclu-
312 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-PAIR_NUMBER">PAIR_NUMBER</a></H3><PRE>
313 <STRONG>PAIR_NUMBER(</STRONG><EM>attrs</EM>) extracts the color value from its <EM>attrs</EM> parameter
314 and returns it as a color pair number.
317 </PRE><H3><a name="h3-COLOR_PAIR">COLOR_PAIR</a></H3><PRE>
318 Its inverse <STRONG>COLOR_PAIR(</STRONG><EM>n</EM><STRONG>)</STRONG> converts a color pair number to an attribute.
319 Attributes can hold color pairs in the range 0 to 255. If you need a
320 color pair larger than that, you must use functions such as <STRONG>attr_set</STRONG>
321 (which pass the color pair as a separate parameter) rather than the
322 legacy functions such as <STRONG>attrset</STRONG>.
325 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
326 The routines <STRONG>can_change_color</STRONG> and <STRONG>has_colors</STRONG> return <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> or <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG>.
328 All other routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and an <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4
329 specifies only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful com-
332 X/Open defines no error conditions. This implementation will return
333 <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> on attempts to use color values outside the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>-1
334 (except for the default colors extension), or use color pairs outside
335 the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS-1</STRONG>. Color values used in <STRONG>init_color</STRONG> must be
336 in the range <STRONG>0</STRONG> to <STRONG>1000</STRONG>. An error is returned from all functions if the
337 terminal has not been initialized. An error is returned from secondary
338 functions such as <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> if <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> was not called.
340 <STRONG>init_color</STRONG>
341 returns an error if the terminal does not support this feature,
342 e.g., if the <STRONG>initialize_color</STRONG> capability is absent from the
343 terminal description.
345 <STRONG>start_color</STRONG>
346 returns an error if the color table cannot be allocated.
349 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
350 In the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation, there is a separate color activation
351 flag, color palette, color pairs table, and associated <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG> and <STRONG>COL-</STRONG>
352 <STRONG>OR_PAIRS</STRONG> counts for each screen; the <STRONG>start_color</STRONG> function only affects
353 the current screen. The SVr4/XSI interface is not really designed with
354 this in mind, and historical implementations may use a single shared
357 Setting an implicit background color via a color pair affects only
358 character cells that a character write operation explicitly touches.
359 To change the background color used when parts of a window are blanked
360 by erasing or scrolling operations, see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_bkgd.3x.html">curs_bkgd(3x)</A></STRONG>.
362 Several caveats apply on older x86 machines (e.g., i386, i486) with
363 VGA-compatible graphics:
365 <STRONG>o</STRONG> COLOR_YELLOW is actually brown. To get yellow, use COLOR_YELLOW
366 combined with the <STRONG>A_BOLD</STRONG> attribute.
368 <STRONG>o</STRONG> The A_BLINK attribute should in theory cause the background to go
369 bright. This often fails to work, and even some cards for which it
370 mostly works (such as the Paradise and compatibles) do the wrong
371 thing when you try to set a bright "yellow" background (you get a
372 blinking yellow foreground instead).
374 <STRONG>o</STRONG> Color RGB values are not settable.
377 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
378 This implementation satisfies XSI Curses's minimum maximums for <STRONG>COLORS</STRONG>
379 and <STRONG>COLOR_PAIRS</STRONG>.
381 The <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG> routine accepts negative values of foreground and back-
382 ground color to support the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">use_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> extension, but only
383 if that routine has been first invoked.
385 The assumption that <STRONG>COLOR_BLACK</STRONG> is the default background color for all
386 terminals can be modified using the <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">assume_default_colors(3x)</A></STRONG> exten-
389 This implementation checks the pointers, e.g., for the values returned
390 by <STRONG>color_content</STRONG> and <STRONG>pair_content</STRONG>, and will treat those as optional pa-
393 X/Open Curses does not specify a limit for the number of colors and
394 color pairs which a terminal can support. However, in its use of <STRONG>short</STRONG>
395 for the parameters, it carries over SVr4's implementation detail for
396 the compiled terminfo database, which uses signed 16-bit numbers. This
397 implementation provides extended versions of those functions which use
398 <STRONG>short</STRONG> parameters, allowing applications to use larger color- and pair-
402 </PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
403 <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>de-</STRONG>
404 <STRONG><A HREF="default_colors.3x.html">fault_colors(3x)</A></STRONG>
408 <STRONG><A HREF="curs_color.3x.html">curs_color(3x)</A></STRONG>
412 <li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
413 <li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
414 <li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
416 <li><a href="#h3-Overview">Overview</a></li>
417 <li><a href="#h3-Color-Rendering">Color Rendering</a></li>
420 <li><a href="#h2-CONSTANTS">CONSTANTS</a></li>
421 <li><a href="#h2-VARIABLES">VARIABLES</a>
423 <li><a href="#h3-COLORS">COLORS</a></li>
424 <li><a href="#h3-COLOR_PAIRS">COLOR_PAIRS</a></li>
427 <li><a href="#h2-FUNCTIONS">FUNCTIONS</a>
429 <li><a href="#h3-start_color">start_color</a></li>
430 <li><a href="#h3-has_colors">has_colors</a></li>
431 <li><a href="#h3-can_change_color">can_change_color</a></li>
432 <li><a href="#h3-init_pair">init_pair</a></li>
433 <li><a href="#h3-init_color">init_color</a></li>
434 <li><a href="#h3-color_content">color_content</a></li>
435 <li><a href="#h3-pair_content">pair_content</a></li>
436 <li><a href="#h3-PAIR_NUMBER">PAIR_NUMBER</a></li>
437 <li><a href="#h3-COLOR_PAIR">COLOR_PAIR</a></li>
440 <li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
441 <li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
442 <li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></li>
443 <li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>